Cross-Cultural-Communication-Unit-1-4-跨文化交际

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1、 IntercuItural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions:Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are diffe

2、rent from yourself?Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you?How do cultural differences influence communication?Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential?Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?CHAPTER 1Co

3、mmunication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureChallenge?Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic,technological,political,and social relationships.This is called Globalization.

4、Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures.However,it could resulting more competition for natural resources,international conflicts and security,environmental issues,and world health issues.CHAPTER 1-Communication and

5、Culture:The Challenge of The FutureOther challenges:Due to the worlds increasing population,we will see.more people are moving to developed countries(shifting populations).This could bring more communication issues in multicultural societies.Meanwhile,aging population in more developed countriesCoul

6、d bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations(this can be treated as co-culture).No Direct Mind-to-Mind ContactWe can only InferWe seek to define the worldCommunication is self-ReflectiveThe Brain is an open system-we learn to communicateCommunication has a cons

7、equence CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureDefining Communication:its a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.Principles of Communication:a)It is a dynamic processb)It is symbolicc)It is contex

8、tual(situations)d)it is self-reflectivee)we learn to communicatef)it has a consequenceFunctions of Communication:a)Gather information about other peopleb)Fulfill interpersonal needsc)Establishes personal identitiesd)Influence others Dominant CultureIts the one in power-control.Control the major inst

9、itutions within the culture such as:church,gov.,education,military,mass media,monetary systems,etc.Co-CulturesThey are numerous.Distinct and unique patterns of communication that they have learned.Can be based on race,ethnic background,age,sex,or other factors.CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The

10、 Challenge of The FutureWe learn our culture through proverbsOffer an important set of instructions CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureCulture isTransmitted from generation to generationLearnedSharedBased on symbolsDynamicAn intergrated system We learn our culture from fo

11、lk tales,legends,and myths.The Epic of GilgameshWencheng(Sumerian)We learn our culture through art Art is a symbolic way of communicating(pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass)We learned our culture through mass mediaCulture is transmitted from generation to generationCulture is based on symbo

12、lsCulture is subjected to changeCulture is integratedCulture is EthnocentricCulture is adaptive CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureDefining Culture:its a set of human-made objectives and subjective elements thatincreased the probability of survival satisfaction for the pa

13、rticipants in an ecological nicheshare with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place.Subjective elements include:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.Basic functions of Culture:adapt to a partic

14、ular ecology,and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.Elements include:History,Regligion,Values,Social organizations,and Language.CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureIn order to study cross-cultural communicat

15、ion,we must pay attention to the following:a)Each individual are unique.b)Stereotyping.c)Objectivity.d)Communication is not a Cure-all.CHAPTER 2 The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe deep structure of culture is the unconscious ass

16、umptions about how the world operates.It makes each culture unique,and explains how and why of a cultures collective action.At the core of any cultures deep structure are its social organizations(or social institutions).Lessons about life and ways for living that lifeIts based on cooperationThree mo

17、st enduring and influential social organizations that deal with deep structure issues areFamilyState(Community)Religion(Worldview)CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityWhy do most serious confrontations and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences?Different civilizat

18、ions have different views on the relations between God and man,the individual group and the group,the citizen and the state,parents and children,husband and wife,as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities,liberty and authority,equality and hierarchy.-p.51 CH

19、APTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe Deep Structure of Culture contains the following:A cultures most important beliefsHistory(origin)Involves deep and emotional feelingsSupply much of a persons identity CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityThe Importance of F

20、amily:The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge,values,attitudes,roles,and habits from one generation to the next.Through word and example,the family shapes a childs personality and instills modes of thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual-p.55 CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Cul

21、ture:Roots of RealityTraditionally,most people encounter two families during the course of their life:the family they are born into and the family that is formed when and if they take a name.But there are fewer typical American families in the U.S.than ever before.Most of these changes were brought

22、about by the following:Economic changesTechnological innovationsDemographicsGender roles and opportunities for women(Examples:Single parent,never married couples,adopted child etc.)Can you think of any similar changes in China?CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityGlobalization has

23、 major impact on traditional family structure all through the world.The two characteristics of globalization that have been the most responsible for those changes are(1)mass media and(2)migration.Mass MediaFamily values exposed to different set of valuesExample:materials&money vs.spirituality&princi

24、plesMigrationMillions of workers leave their families and move from one place to another place to seek jobs or higher wages.CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityFamilies perform a series of key functions in all cultures.These functions include teaching members of the culture about

25、 economics,socialization,values and religion,individualism and collectivism,and social skills.CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory is the witness that testifies to the passing of time;illumines reality,vitalizes memory,provides guidance in daily life,and brings us tidings

26、of antiquity.A cultures history affects individual perception and behavior and how people relate to another culture.Two assumptions:Historical events help explain the character of a culture.What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next generation tells us about the character of that cultur

27、e.CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of United States:Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought many English values,system of law,and the basic organization of commerce during 16th century.“Life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness”liberties had to be se

28、cured against abusive power of government(independent from Britain)Environmental factors brought psychological effects on the settlers:survival based on individualism CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of Russia:The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and

29、 suffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,and English)therefore,militarized absolutism.Molded by the type of leadership that has control the country for thousand of years follow orders and accept“words”(dictums)of their leaders.A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and

30、cultural arts.The size of land have created the people to think(muse)about life.CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of China:“Consider the past then youll know the present”the importance of history.History links all members of the culture.Chinas long history of physical a

31、nd cultural isolation.may partly attributed their intense national pride.They were the source of the culture of most of neighbors.Considered others were inferior.View family value as priority and civilization has been built on agriculture-Collectivism CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of

32、 RealityHistory of Japan:Based on series of islands,Japan is yet another isolated country strong sense of self-identity,acutely aware of anything that comes from outside.250 years of feudal period loyalty for the feudal lords in the past(now companies);discipline and sacrifice;lack of individualism.

33、Collectivism cooperative efforts,group identification and group action.CHAPTER 3 Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityHow identity influences and guides expectations about your own and others social roles,and provides guidelines for your

34、communication interaction with others.Factors include:political views,religious beliefs,lifestyle choices,ethnic similarity,economic interest,etc.Some selected social identities in chapter:Racial IdentityEthnic IdentityGender IdentityNational IdentityRegional IdentityOrganizational IdentityPersonal

35、IdentityCyber and Fantasy Identity CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe initial exposure to our identity came from our family-where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs,values,and social roles.Later,education and mass media can play a considerable role in our identit

36、y development.lThree-stage identity development models(Phinney)lUnexamined ethnic identity-ethnic identity search-ethnic achievementlFour-stage identity development models(Martin and Nakayama)lModel for minority:Unexamined identity-conformity-resistance and separatism-integrationlModel for majority:

37、Unexamined identity-acceptance-resistance-redefinition and reintegration CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Stereotyping-a means of organizing your images into fixed and simple categories that you use

38、 to represent an entire collection of people.can be positive or negativenarrow our perceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,and overgeneralized)stereotypes are learned(again,begins with our early education)may evolve out of fear of persons from groups that differ from ones ownHow to avoid stereotypes?

39、aware of your tendency to engage in categorizationopen to new information and evidencebeing aware of your zone of discomfort CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 1)-they are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.The

40、se sentiments often include anger,fear,aversion,and anxiety.directed at a social group and its membersinvolve with evaluative dimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral)possess centrality(strong belief)Functionsego-defensive:hold prejudice without having to admit.utilitarian:receiving rewards by holding on

41、 to their prejudicial beliefs.value-expressive:when they believe their attitudes are expressing the highest and most moral values of the culture.knowledge:able to categorize,organize,and construct their perceptions of other people in a manner that makes sense to them.CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Indivi

42、dual:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 2)Five expressions of prejudice:antilocution;avoidance;discrimination;physical attacks;exterminationCauses:Societal sources-major organizations and institutions produce laws,regulations,and norms that create prejudice within a society.Ma

43、intaining social identity-the connection between our identity and culture can be personal and emotional.Anything that threatens that bond can become the target of prejudice.Scapegoating-minority group gets the blame.How to avoid prejudice?Personal contact&education CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individu

44、al:Cultural IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Racism-is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice-the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.can be categorized as either personal or institutional.institutional can refer to schools,corporations,hospitals,or criminal justice system.m

45、ay be intentional or unintentionalsome can be easily to detect,while others are almost impossible.How to avoid racism?Try to be honest to yourselfObject to racist jokes and insults whenever you hear themRespect freedomExamine the historical roots of racism CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultur

46、al IdentityThe Dark Side of Identity-Ethnocentrism-is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other.links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping,prejudice,and racism.can be viewed as three levels:positive,negative,and extremely negative.most people are ethnocentriccontributes to c

47、ultural identityWhy there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative ethnocentrism?The more ethnocentric you are,the more anxious you are;when we are fearful,we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and less willing to trust someone from another culture.How to avoid ethnocentrism?A

48、void dogmatismCHAPTER 4 Shaping Interpretations of Reality:Cultural Values CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural ValuesPerception is the process of selecting,organizing,and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world.CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation o

49、f Reality:Cultural ValuesPerception is selective.A part of perception is determined by culture.Perceptual patterns are learned.BeliefsA storage system.Shaped by individuals culture.Accepted as truths.Usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.ValuesBeliefs from the basis of our val

50、ues.Represents what is expected or hoped for,required or forbidden.Can be classified as primary,secondary,and tertiary.Beliefs Value Attitude Behavior(p.139,Remember this)CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural ValuesCultural patterns=Perceptions+Perceptual patterns(p.140 Remember this)

51、Cultural patterns are complex,integrated,dynamic,and can be contradictory.Hofestedes 5 Value Dimensions1.Individualism vs.Collectivism2.Uncertainty avoidance3.Power distance4.Masculinity vs.Femininity5.Long term vs.Short termKluckhohns and Strodtbecks Value Orientations1.Human nature2.Relationship b

52、etween humankind and nature3.Sense of time4.Value placed on Activity?5.Social relationships CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural ValuesHalls High-context(HC)&Low-context(LC)OrientationsContext-information surrounds an event.HC=most of the information is already in person.LC=mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.Face and FaceworkFace=as a metaphor for the self-image you want to project to other people.Facework=construction and communication of face.58 以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，以上有不当之处，请大家给与批评指正，谢谢大家！谢谢大家！