审计流程与解释

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1、审计流程与解释审计流程与解释Contents 一.Organization that Affect Auditing 二.CPAs Firms 三.AICPA 四.Generally Accepted Auditing Standards 五.Audit Report 六.Audit Objectives 七.Auditors Responsibility for ErrorsFraud and illegal Acts 八.Audit process 九.Fundamental concepts in conducting an Audit 十.Limitation of Financial

2、 Statement Audit 十一.Auditors as an Expert page 2Organization That Affect Auditing in U.S.A(一一)American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA):1887(二二)Institute of Internal Auditors(IIA):1941(三三)American Accounting Association(AAA)(四四)Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC):1934(五五)Independ

3、ence Standards Board(ISB):1997(六六)General Accounting Office(GAO)(七七)State Association of CPAS(八八)State Board of Public Accountancy(九九)Financial Accounting Standard Board(FASB):1973(十十)Government Accounting Standards Board(GASB):1984 page 3 Organizations Associated With the Public Accounting Professi

4、onPrivate Sector Organizations Public Sector OrganizationsAmerican Institute of Certified public Accountants(1887)State Societies of Certified Public AccountantsPractice Units(CPA Firms)Accounting Standard SettingBodies FASB 1973 and GASB1984State Boards of AccountancySecurities and Exchange Commiss

5、ion(1934)U.S General Accounting OfficeInternal Revenue ServiceState and Federal courtsU.S.congress page 4Organization That Affect Auditing in TAIWAN(一一)省、市會計師公會省、市會計師公會(二二)中華民國會計師公會聯合會中華民國會計師公會聯合會(1925)(三三)財政部證券暨期貨管理委員會財政部證券暨期貨管理委員會(1960、1981、1997)(四四)中華民國會計研究發展基金會中華民國會計研究發展基金會(1984)(五五)中華民國內部稽核協會中華

6、民國內部稽核協會(1988)page 5CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMSThe legal right to perform audits is granted to CPA firms by regulation of each state.CPA firms also provide many other services to their clients，such as tax and consulting services.1.Big Four International Firms-The for largest CPA firms in the U

7、nited states are called the“Big Four”international CPA firms.2.National Firms Three CPA firms in the United States are called national firms because they have offices in most major cities.3.Regional and Large Local Firms-There are only approximately 100 CPA firms with professional staffs of more tha

8、n 50 people.4.Small Local Firms-More than 95percent off all CPA firms have fewer than 25professionals in a single-office firm.page 6Characteristic of public Accounting profession(一一)服務公眾的責任服務公眾的責任(二二)需要公眾的信任需要公眾的信任(三三)複雜的學術主體複雜的學術主體(四四)獻身專業的資格獻身專業的資格(五五)最大的責任風險最大的責任風險 page 7Activities of CPA Firms(一

9、一)Attestation And Assurance Services1.Audit2.Examination3.Review4.Agreed-Upon Procedures5.Other Assurance(二二)Non-attestation Services1.Accounting&Bookkeeping 2.Tax Services3.Consulting4.Financial Planning5.Business Evaluation page 8Other Assurance Services Performed CPA Firms1.Risk Assessment servic

10、es2.Performance measurement service3.Elder Care Assurance4.Accounting and Compilation service page 9 STRUCTURE OF CPA FIRMS Three main factors influence theOrganizational structure of all firms:1.The need for independence form client.2.the importance of a structure to encourage competence.3.the incr

11、eased litigation risk faced by auditors.page 10Organizational Structures Proprietorship General Partnership General Corporation Professional Corporation Limited Liability Company Limited Liability Partnership -TAIWAN -TAIWAN page 11AICPA CouncilBoard of DirectorsPresidentEducationFederal Taxation Pr

12、ofessional DivisionContinuing Professional EducationCPA ExaminationFederal Taxation Executive committeeAuditing standards BoardAccounting and ReviewServices CommitteeExecutive CommitteeAccounting StandardsExecutive CommitteeQuality ControlExecutive CommitteeProfessionalEthicsDivisionDivision for Fir

13、msPrivateCompaniesPracticeSessionSECPracticesessionPublic Oversight BoardQualityControlInquiryCommittee Page12Staff Levels and ResponsibilitiesStaff Level Average Experience Typical ResponsibilitiesStaff Assistant 0-2 years Performs most of the detailed audit workSenior or 2-5 years Coordinates and

14、is responsible for the audit filed In-charge auditor work，including supervising and reviewing staff work.Manger 5-10 years Helps the in-charge plan and manage the audit，reviews the in-charges work，and manage relations with the client.A manager may be responsible for more than one engagement at the s

15、ame time.Partner 10+years Reviews the overall audit work and is involved in significant audit decisions.A partner is an owner of the firm，and therefore has the ultimate responsibility for conducting the audit and serving the client.Page 13Audit Team ReviewPartner(1)Another partner(1)Review Manager(1

16、)ReviewIn-Charge(1)Review&DirectStaff Assistants(25)page 14A I C P AThe AICA sets Professional requirements for CPA，conducts Research，and publishes materials on many different subjects Materials on many different subjects related to accounting，auditing，attestation and assurance services，management c

17、onsulting services，and taxes.page 15 The AICPA has established the CPA Vision Project to provide a core purpose and a vision for the CPA profession in the year 2011 and beyond.The core purpose of the CPA Vision Project is“CPAmarking sense of a changing and complex world.”The future success of the CP

18、A profession relies a great deal on public perceptions of CPAs abilities and roles.CPAs must become market driven and not dependent on regulations to keep them in business.The market demands less audit and accounting and assurance and more value-adding consulting services.Specialization is critical

19、for the future of the CPA profession.The market demands that CPAs be conversant in global business practices and strategies.page 16Establishing Standards and RulesThe AICPA is empowered to set standards(guidelines)and rules that all members And other practicing CPAs must follow.The requirements are

20、set by committees made up of AICPA members.page 17Membership on AICPAMembers 360,000CPA Firms 39.40%Industry 46.40%Government 4.2%Education 2.3%Other 7.7%page 18There are four major areas in which the AICPA has authority to set standards and make rules.1.Auditing Standards:19722.Compilation and Revi

21、ew Standards:19783.Other Attestation Standards:19864.Code of Professional Conduct:Ch19 page 19Other AICPA Functions Supports research by its own research staff and provides grants to others.Writes and grades the CPA examination.Provides seminars and education in a variety of subject matters.page20Ge

22、nerally Accepted Auditing Standards:Purposes 制定制定GAAS之主要目的，在規範會計之主要目的，在規範會計師查核財務報表之品質，俾查核報告之閱師查核財務報表之品質，俾查核報告之閱讀者，對讀者，對CPA之查核工作及結果有共同之之查核工作及結果有共同之體認。體認。page 21Generally Accepted Auditing Standards:Issue Unit Issue procedures&Codifying19391972 Committee on Auditing Procedures(CAP)1972Present Auditing

23、 Standards Board(ASB)ASB Related Units ASB(2/3)IssueSAS System&Au System page 22Structure of Auditing Standards(一一)Concepts:Organizing Ideas(二二)Postulates:Fundamental Beliefs(三三)Standards:Principal Rules(四四)Interpretations page 23Concepts of GAAS(一一)General Standards 1.Ethical Conduct 2.Independence

24、 3.Due Audit Care(二二)Standards of Field Work 1.Due Audit Care 2.Evidence(三三)Standards of Reporting 1.Fair Presentation page 24Postulates of GAAS(一一)General Standards 1.Potential Conflict of Interest 2.Exclusively on Auditor 3.Profession Obligation 4.Free form Collusive and Other Unusual Irregulariti

25、es(二二)Standards of Field Work 1.Verifiability 2.Internal control and Reliability 3.Past holds true for the future(三三)Standards of Reporting 1.Application of GAAP results in Fair Presentation page 25Three(3)Categories10generally accepted auditing standardsGenerallyAcceptedAuditingStandardsGAAS Genera

26、lly accepted auditing standards developed by the AICPA in1947 and with minimal changes which，have remained the same.The general standards stress the important personal qualities that the auditor should possess.1.Adequate Technical Training and Proficiency.2.Independence in Mental Attitude.3.Due Prof

27、essional Care 4.Adequate Planning and Supervision 5.Understand the Clients Internal Control 6.Sufficient Competent Evidence.page 26Three(3)CategoriesGENERAL STANDARDSa.The audit is to be performed by a person or persons havingb.adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor.b.In all matte

28、rs relating to the assignment，an independencec.in mental attitude is to be maintained by the auditor or auditors.c.Due professional care is to be exercised in the planning andd.performance of the audit and the preparation of the report.page 27 1.Three(3)Categories STANDARDS OF FIELD WORKa.The work i

29、s to be adequately planned and assistant，if any，are to be properly supervised.b.A sufficient understanding of internal control is to be obtained to plan the audit and to determine the nature，timing，and extent of tests to be performed.c.Sufficient competent evidential matter is to be obtained through

30、 inspection，observation，inquiries，and confirmations to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit.page 28 2.Three(3)Categories STANDARDS OF REPORTINGa.The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accep

31、ted accounting principles.b.The report shall identify those circumstances in which such principles have not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period.c.Informative disclosures in the financial statement are to be regarded as reasonably adequate unless other

32、wise stated in the report.d.The report shall contain an expression of opinion regarding the financial statement，taken as a whole.page 29 3.SUMMARY OF GENERALLYACCEPTED ADUITING STANDARDSGenerally Accepted Auditing StandardsGeneral qualifications and conductField Work performance of the auditReportin

33、g resultsAdequate training and proficiencyIndependence in mental attitudeDue professional careProper planning and supervisionSufficient understanding of internal control Sufficient competent evidenceWhether statements were prepared in accordance with GAAPCircumstance when GAAP not consistently follo

34、wedAdequacy of informative disclosuresExpression of opinion on financial statements page 30一般公認審計則總綱一般公認審計則總綱壹、一般準則壹、一般準則第一條 查核工作之執行及報告之撰寫，由具備專門學識及經驗，並經適當專業訓 練者擔任。.第二條 執行查核工作及撰寫時，應保持嚴謹公正之態度及超然獨立之精神，並盡 專業上應有之注意。貳、外勤準則貳、外勤準則第三條 查核工作應妥為規劃，其有助理人員者，需善加督導。第四條 對於受查者內部控制應作充分之瞭解，藉以規劃查核工作，決定抽查之 質、時間及範圍。第五條 運用

35、檢查、觀察、函證、分析及比較等方法，以獲得足夠及適切之證 據，對所查核財務報表表示意見時有合理的依據。第六條 承辦查核案件應設置工作底稿。page 31參、報告準則參、報告準則第七條 會計師姓名如與財務表發生關連，均應出具報告，表明其承辦工之性質及所承 擔之責任。第八條 查核報告中應說明財務報表之編制，是不符合一般公認會計原則。第九條 財務報表編制所採用之會計原則，如有前後期不一致者，應於查核 報告中說 明。第十條 必要之財務未於財務報表中作適當揭露時，應於查核報告中說明。第十一條 財務報表是否允當達，應於查核報告中表示意見。若表示修正式無保留意 見、保留意見、否定意見或無法表示意見者，應明確

36、說明其情由。肆、附則肆、附則第十二條 本公報係中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會會計題評議委員會於民國五十九年 十一月發布，民國七十二年四月一日經中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會查帳 準則委員會第一次修訂，民國七十四年十二月三十一日經本委員會第二次修 訂，民國八十六年九月三十日經本委員會第三次修訂，民國八十九年一月二 十五日經本委員會第四次修訂，並自修訂日起實施。page 32一般公認審計準則總綱一 般(會計師個人資格)外勤(執行審計)報告(傳逹查核結果)1.專門學驗和專業訓練2.公正態度.獨立精 神並盡專業上應有 之注意3.規畫工作和督導助理4.充分瞭解內部控制5.獲夠及適切的證據6.設置工作底稿7.

37、承辦工作的性質和承 擔的責任8.財表是否符合GAAP9.前後期採用會計原則 不一致10.未作適當揭露11.就財表整體允當性表 示意見：若表示無保 留以外意見，應說明 情由。解釋者審計準則公報 page 33AICPA與與TAIWMAN 之之GAAS不同點不同點(一)形式上:AICPA為一般三條、外勤三條和報告四條等三 部分，但不連續編號；TAIWAN將一般準則中 之第二、三條兩條合併為一，且採連續編號。(二)內容上:AICPA無設置工作底稿的條文；TAIWAN列於 第六條。(三)報告撰擬:TAIWAN 第七、十一兩條等於AICPA報告準 則第四條，但AICPA僅說明表示意見；TAIWAN 清楚

38、的列舉表示意見的類型。page 34INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS DEVELOPING HARMONY International Standards on Auditing(ISAs)are issued by the International Auditing Practice Committee of the International Federation of Accountants(IFAC).IFAC is the worldwide organization for the accountancy profession,with 143 member org

39、anizations in 103 countries,representing more than 2 million account.The ISAs are generally similar to U.S.GAAS,although there are some differences.There is an interest and trend toward harmonization,which means developing uniform accounting and auditing standards throughout the world.page 35WHAT AR

40、E ETHICS?Each of us has such a set of valuesEthics can be defined broadly as A set of moral principles or values.We many or may not have considered them explicitly page 36Ethical behavior is necessary for a society to function in an orderly manner.The need for ethics in society is sufficiently impor

41、tant that many commonly held ethicalvalues are incorporated into laws.page 37Why People Act UnethicallyMost people define unethical behavior as conduct that differs form what they believe would have been appropriate given the circumstances.There are two primary reasons why people act unethically:1.t

42、he persons ethical standards are different form those of society as a whole.2.The person chooses to act selfishly.page 38In many instances,both reasons exist.Persons Ethical StandardsDiffer from General SocietyExtreme examples of people whose behavior violates almosteveryones ethical standards are d

43、rug dealers,bank robbers,and larcenists.Most people who commit such acts feel no remorse whenThey are apprehended because their ethical standards differ from those of society as a whole.page 39The Person Chooses to Act SelfishlyThe following example illustrates the difference between ethical standar

44、ds that differ from general societys and acting selfishly.1.Person A finds a briefcase 2.Person B same situation but containing important papers responds differently.He keeps and$1,000.00.He tosses the the money but leaves the briefcase and keeps the money.Briefcase in a conspicuous place.Brags to h

45、is family and friends He tells nobody and spends the about his good fortune.money on a new wardrobe.It is likely that person B has violated his own ethical standards,but he decided that the money was too important to pass up.He has chosen to act selfishly.page 40ETHICAL DELEMMASAn ethical dilemma is

46、 a situation a person faces in which a decision must be made about the appropriate behavior.A more difficult ethical dilemma to resolve is the following one,Easier Said Than Done,a publication dealing with ethical issues.It is the type of case that might be used in an ethics course.page 41Rationaliz

47、ing Unethical BehaviorEverybody Does ItIt Its Legal,Its EthicalLikelihood of Discovery and Consequences page 42Definition of Ethics遵循-善-情、理、法行為-規矩-情、理、法3 Key Elements 1.行為存有左右兩難的抉擇時 2.品德有對或錯的思考時 3.選擇之“行為”是大眾所肯定的，即“好”的 page 43Independence In Fact and In AppearanceFinancial Interests and Managerial Interests and Family Relationships and litigation Without Independence no value on Audit Report page 44