十四、翻译技巧(9)长句的翻译

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1、教法提示41 Chapter Fourteen-ITranslation of Long SentencesI. Teaching contents1. Review and comments on the assignments2. Translation of long sentences3. Summary4. Assignments5. References for further readingII. Aims of teachingTo make students know about the techniques of translation and especially to

2、I grasp translation of long sentencesIII. Teaching Focus分译法&重新组合译法IV. Teaching proceduresppt. aidedStep One: Review and comments on the assignmentsA. Translation of Attributive Clauses1）译成前置定语（合译法）2）译成并列分句（分译法）3）混合译法4）译成状语从句enlightenment5）特种定语从句的翻译B. Translation of Adverbial Clauses1）前置译法2）后置译法3）译成分

3、句Step Two: Translation of long sentences英汉两种语言句式结构不同，汉语重意合，而英语重形合，句子往往比| 较长。这是因为在英语句子中修饰成分和并列成分较多，而且各种短语或|I 从句充当句子成分，从而形成枝杈横生的“参天大树”翻译长句时，首先II 要通过句法分析弄清原句的基本结构，判断句子是简单句、并列句还是复I教法提示合句，并找出句子的主要成分。还要进一步弄清主要成分和修饰成分之间II 的种种关系，迹象表明判断各修饰成分的归属以及句中代词所指代的对象。III 在正确分析和理解原文的基础上，翻译时还要注意运用恰当的汉语表达手II I 段使译文通顺、达意。翻

4、译长句时一般使用下面几种方法：III A顺译法|I I 汉语的表达习惯是多用小句子，多用较短的前置修饰语，词语相对稳III 定并通常按时间顺序或逻辑顺序来安排词语和句子的先后位置。因此，在II I 翻译英语长句时通常可采用“断句”和“变序”的方法。如果原文所叙述的III 一连串动作基本上按动作发生的时间先后安排或原句的内容按逻辑关系安Ippt. aidedI 排时，翻译时则可按照原文顺序译出。例如：III I1. Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent,；II a new natio

5、n, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all !II I men are created equal.!I87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家，它以自!I 由为立国之本，奉行所有人生来平等的原则。IIII2. The statement declared that the international order must be changed or the !II I gap between developed and developing countries would continue

6、to widen. !I 声明宣称国际经济秩序必须改变，否则发达国家与发展中国家之间的III 差距将继续扩大。Ippt. aidedIII3. Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is ；II I created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas !II I of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth fo

7、r both society jII I and themselves through practical work.I I 历来只有真正老实劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理，才能排除一!I I 切想入非非的发财思想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也III 为自己创造财富和积累财富。II I4. 一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少|II 说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。III IDeed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely !教法提示enlighteningdiscuss

8、iongroup workintegrated. We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of jII I boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be II I steadfast and dedicated.；I IB. 倒译法|I 倒译法是指颠倒英语长句的语序，将句子成分的前部分放到译文的后II部，或将后面部分放到译文前面。这样易会更加符合汉语习惯。!II I1. A student of mathematics m

9、ust become familiar with and fix in mind the signs ；I I and symbols, the definitions and technical terms in mathematics, in order that he !II I may be able to have the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it !II I well for further study.!I I 为了能打下数学基础，掌握好数学，以便进一步学习深造，一个学数II I 学的人必须熟悉并牢记

10、数学中所用的记号和符号，定义和术语。II I I I2. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum !II I when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor !II I under the rather romantic guise of Beat generation, a real phenomenon in ht elate II I fifties.II 50年代

11、后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观：穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代” |I 这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学II 毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。III I3. And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy ；II I the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the !II I outlying regions, because of the sti

12、ff resistance that gets in the way.jI I 吹嘘能在几个小时之内就能占领战略要地的敌人，由于一路受到顽强抵抗，II I 甚至还没能占领外围地带。这一事实使我增强了信心。II IC. 分译法II 分译法是翻译长句时常用的方法。所谓“分译”，就是将长句的某些成II 分从句子主干中拆开，另作处理。运用分译法可以使疑问层次清楚、简洁!I I 明确。当原句中的从句或修饰语与主句间的关系不十分密切时，可以按照II I 汉语多用短句的习惯把从句或短语化为句子，分开叙述。例如：!I1. Manufacturing process may be classified as u

13、nit production with small j 教法提示II I quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical II I parts being produced.；enlightening 制造过程可分为单件生产和批量生产。单件生产指少量的生产，批量生丨I I 产生产指大量II相同零件的生产。III I2. Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation clause under ;II I which each

14、 member nation must give treatment to other member nationsII I imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most !III favored nation.III 关税及关贸总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款，每一个成员国给予丨I I 其他成员国的进口货物的待遇至少应和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。丨III I3. The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tour

15、nament held in !II I Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist jII I service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.I I 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、保丨I I 险球、吊球和扣杀反面技术都十分精湛，最后打成平局。他们看得简II I 直入迷了。II D.重新组合译法jj group work 所谓“重新组合”，就是脱离原句的层次和结构的安排，按汉语叙事!I

16、 I 论理的习惯重新组合成句。运用重新组合法来翻译可以摆脱原文语序和句子II 形式的约束，使译文自然、流畅，更加符合汉语的表达习惯。当原句的表丨II 达次序与汉语表达习惯不同时，则咳打破原文词序和结构，按照时间顺序丨I I 和逻辑顺序重组句子。这是长句翻译中较难掌握的一种方法，需要有较好丨II 的母语和外语驾驭能力。例如：丨III I1. It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves !III the health and contributes to a feeling of well-b

17、eing whether or not exercise adds ;II I to the length of life.；I不管运动是否能延年益寿，但一定量的运动可以增进健康并使人精神愉快,!J这一点却是人们共有的体验。;II I2. They （the poor） are the first to experience technological progress as a curse III which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a ；II means to fight th

18、eir way out of poverty.!I 对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而II 技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到科技进III 步之害的是穷人。!II I3. Lest one assume that a knowledge of electronic structure enabled chemists to !II I arrange the elements in systematic table, it should be noted that electrons were !II I not known until o

19、ver 30 years after the table was in use.!I I 必须指出，周期表使用了三十年以后，人们才知道电子；而决不要认为III 是化学家们知道了点子结构以后，才排成元素周期表的。IIII I Step Three: Exercises；II I Put the following long sentences into Chinese or vase versa.;II I1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will II I approve t

20、he agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.!I 联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查II 人员的协议。（顺译）III I2. Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or ;II I attract each other, it is very easy to compress a gas, while a solid or liquid is ；II I almost incompressible, becau

21、se the repulsion of the electric charges of which its !II I atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.jII 由于气体分子相隔太远，不能互相排斥或吸引，所以气体很容易压缩。而III 固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的，因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的III 任何力都要强得多。（顺译）IIII I3. In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and !I

22、 I I science again approaching the “unity that it had two centuries ago -although ;II I the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can ;I I hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.!教法提示enlighteningdiscussiongroup work虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部II 分，但事实上，各学科之间界线

23、却变得越来越模糊不清，科学再次近似III 与两百年前那样的“单一整体”（倒译）III I4. My mother died in hr 88thyear, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate !III of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass away.!II 我的母亲是在她88岁那年去世的.这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认为!II 有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。（分译）IIII5. What the New Yorker wou

24、ld find missing is what many outsiders find !II I oppressive and distasteful about New York-its rawness, tension, urgency; its !II I bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its judgment; and the congested, !III democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.;I 纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急

25、迫感和催人奋进的竞争性，它的是非观念的严III 酷无情，纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的II格局，这等等一切都使非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约!II 人所眷恋的。（重组）!IIIII I Step Four : AssignmentsIIII I Translate the following into English.!加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁的生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩! 目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发! 建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世瞩目的港口城市，同亚洲、大| 洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班

26、轮，年货物吞吐量达8000万吨，全市就| 业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。|温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包I括多民族的贡IJ I I I JJ1V L 7I*宀7 宀L 7 厂 LI HI /J、II-八 |献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外! 来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一 ! 不是外来移民， 不同的是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的| 多民族城市。现今180完温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出牛的，每4 | 个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性!作用，其中有一

27、半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以夕卜!最大的中国人聚居地。|（1999 年!试题）III教法提示enlighteningindependent jobI I I Key:!The glory of Vancouver results from the crystallization of the Vancouver !教法提示I peoples wisdom and diligence, together with the contributions by people from !I various nations. Canada has vast territory but

28、 a sparse population: with a size ;I larger than that of China, but less than 30 million people. It is its long pursued ； national policy to absorb immigrants. One can safely say that except the Indians,丨I all people in Canada are but immigrants, with the only difference in their length !I of settle

29、ment. In particular, Vancouver is one of the very few multinational cities !I in the world. Of the present 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half are not !I native, and one in every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese Canadians, |I half of whom immigrated here only with in the recent five

30、 years, have been ； playing a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Their ! settlement has made Vancouver the largest region outside Asia where Chinese 丨I live in compact communities.!IIIIStep Five: Reference BooksIII I1. 陈秋劲编著.英汉互译理论与实践（第一版）.湖北：武汉大学出I版社，2005.!2. 范仲英编著.实用翻译教程（第一版）.北京：外语教学与研究出|版社，2005.!3. 郝丽萍等编著.实用英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）.北京：机械|工业出版社，2006.!4. 叶子南著.高级英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）.北京：清华大学|出版社，2001.丨IIII IStep Six: Feedback|! research onI! the studentsII! assignmentsI! for problemsI;and solutions