突发事件应对之地雷及爆炸物MinesandIED

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1、突发事件应对之地雷及爆炸物Emergency reaction，mines and IED地雷PURPOSE目的n To increase individual understanding of the mine and unexploded ordnance(UXO)threat and develop countermine skills in order to protect the force while conducting all operations.n提高关于地雷和未爆军火(UXO)的了解，增加我们在工作中的应对能力TRAINING OBJECTIVES训练目标nKNOW TH

2、E TYPES AND MECHANISEMS FOR EXPOLOSIVE DEVICES了解爆炸物的机理和类型nKNOW THE INDICATORS OF MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS了解地雷和陷阱的指示nSTEPS TO TAKE WHEN YOU ENCOUNTER A MINE OR UXO遭遇地雷和未爆物的反应步骤 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION危害认识:-1 MILLION MINES一百万颗地雷RISK MANAGEMENT&REDUCTION风险管理&降低:EXTREMELY HIGH非常高HAZARD危害CONTROLS控制ONE MILLIONU

3、NCLEAREDMINES一百万颗未清除地雷 STAY ON APPROVED ROUTES只走经过确认的路线 STOP,AVOID,REPORT,MARK停下，避开，报告，标志 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS环境意识 LAND NAVIGATION导航 DEVELOP MINE SENSE发展发现地雷的直觉RISK MANAGEMENT SCHEME风险管理计划受到地雷影响的国家What happens to a leg when someone steps on a landmine.踩到地雷后7.Results of stepping on a landmine.踩到地雷后

4、8Iraq伊拉克nAbout 48,000-68,000 Survivors of ERW大约48000-68000幸存者n2011 at lest 141 new casualties(Kurdistan and Northren Iraq)-Only 2 were security forces在2011年有141个伤员，只有2人是安全部队成员nThis is an increase from 2010比2010年上升nSince 1991 8000 casualties from cluster munitions1991年以来，8000名伤员是被集束弹药炸伤Mine Warfare 地

5、雷战Different than other weapons systems区别于其他武器系统nTarget comes to the weapon 目标找上武器nWeapons system activated(planted)without a specific target detected.武器激发不需要探测目标nDont have to be there for it to work.武器必需在现场nCan be crude and still be VERY effective武器可以很糙但不影响效能nRequires advanced planning武器需要提前布置12MINE

6、 TYPES类型nANTI-PERSONNEL-DESIGNED TO KILL OR MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPSn反步兵雷：用来杀死或致残徒步人员nANTI-TANK-DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLESn反坦克类：用来对付履带或轮式车辆，摧毁或使之丧失行动能力Mine Components结构nFiring Mechanism击发装置nDetonator雷管nBooster发火药nMain charge主爆药nSafety/arming mechanism保险装置nCasing/body外壳FUZ

7、E TYPES引信类型nPRESSURE(Mechanical)压发（机械）nOVER PRESSURE/DELAY松发（延时）nSEISMIC震动击发nMAGNETIC磁力击发nCHEMICAL化学击发nTRIP WIRE(PUSH/PULL)拌线（推/拉）nCOMMAND DETONATED指令击发Design设计nUse as little metal as possible,to make location by metal detectors more difficult.n尽量少用金属，减少被探测出来的可能nMines made mostly from plastic are al

8、so very cheap to producen大量使用塑料，非常便宜Anti Personnel Mines反步兵雷nIntended to injure and not to kill(exceptions)故意致伤而不致死（意外）n2-50g explosives 2-50克装药nNeed pressure of 5-20 kg 需要5-20公斤压力引发nDifferent blast options不同的爆炸选择视频：.MoviesAnti personal.wmvAnti Personnel Mines反步兵雷Anti Personnel Mines反步兵雷.Moviesanoth

9、er german invention for the good of humanity.wmvBooby-trap 诡雷 Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷nPurpose:stop a tankn目的：致停坦克nStandard mine-7-10kgn标准雷：7-10公斤nNeed pressure of 100-300 kgn需要：100-300公斤触发Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷视频nBlast爆炸nPenetration射穿nTilt Rod触杆nOff Route路边Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷Blast爆炸DAMAGES VEHICLES DUE TO

10、BLAST通过爆炸来损害车辆SOME FRAGMENTATION MAY OCCUR会产生碎片Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷视频Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷Penetration射穿A SHAPE CHARGE PENETRATES THE TARGET空心装药战斗部穿透目标Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷Tilt Rod触杆Anti-Tank Mines反坦克雷.MoviesAnti tank.wmvOFF-ROUTE MINES路边雷 FIRED EITHER BY TRIPWIRE OR OR COMMAND DETONATED由拌线击发或指令击发ACTIONS

11、UPON DETECTION发现地雷后的行动nSTOP停下nAVOID避开nREPORT报告nMARK(?)标志nCONTINUE MISSION?是否继续？Example for Mine Employment布雷样式AT(Full Width)Minefields反坦克雷区（全宽）9-12 M20-40 MVISUAL DETECTION目测nSURFACE LAID MINES ARE USUALLY VISIBLEn路面布置的地雷通常可以看到nSIGNS OF ROAD REPAIR(NEW FILL,PAVING,ROAD PATCHES,DITCHING OR CULVERT WO

12、RK)n路面被动过（新填土、铺过、路面补丁、挖沟或涵洞）nWIRES LEADING AWAY FROM THE ROADn有线拉出道路nODD FEATURES OR PATTERNS奇怪的现象nPIECES OR WOOD OR DEBRIS ON ROAD.路上有碎屑或木头nSIGNS TREES,POSTS OR STAKES.树上有标记，标杆或木桩nDAMAGED VEHICLES OR DEAD ANIMALS.n损坏的车辆或动物尸体LIKELY LOCATIONS FOR MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS 可能布雷或设陷阱的地点nMOUNTAIN PASSES AND N

13、ARROW ROADS WITH NO SHOULDERS OR BYPASSES山垭口和没有路肩的窄路nOLD CHECK POINTS AND BATTLEFIELDS旧的检查站或旧战场nALONG OBSTACLE BYPASSES路障旁边nOBVIOUS REST AREAS/CLEARINGS ALONG ROADSn明显的休息区，经过清扫的路边nABANDONED BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES废弃的建筑物nABANDONED WEAPONS AND TRINKETS ATTRACTIVE TO SOUVENIR HUNTERS丢弃的武器，吸引人的，值得收藏的小玩

14、意儿OTHER DETECTION METHODS其他探测方法nLOCAL CIVILIANS MAY KNOW WHERE MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS ARE LOCATED IN THE AO.n本地人可能会了解哪里埋雷或有陷阱nLOCAL MILITIA FORCES MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE IN LOCATING TACTICAL MINEFIELDS.n本地的武装组织或许能提供关于雷区的帮助nLOCALLY KNOWN MARKING SYSTEMS(ROCK PILES,BROKEN BRANCHES ON TREES,CR

15、OSSED STICKS ON ROADS)n本地人了解关于雷区或埋雷的记号（石头堆、树上的断枝、路上交叉的树枝）LESSONS LEARNED经验nATTACH TOW CABLE TO THE BACK OF VEHICLES TO EASE EXTRACTION OF CASUALTIES AND DISABLED VEHICLESn预备拖车缆绳可以拖拽车辆和帮助伤员nLEAD CONVOYS WITH A HARDENED OR MINE RESISTANT VEHICLEn头车要坚固或具备抗雷性能n TIE DOWN EQUIPMENT IN THE VEHICLEn车内设备绑紧SM

16、ALL UNIT METHODS TO DECREASE VULNERABILITYTO小规模单位如何降低脆弱性nCHECK WITH HIGHER TO CONFIRM ROUTE IS CLEARED BEFORE MOVINGn出发前同上级确认路线已经清理过了n AVOID PREDICTABILITYn避免形成行动惯性n SAND BAG AND HARDEN SOFT SKIN VEHICLESn加强车辆外壳，比如加装沙袋MINE STRIKE触雷nIF A VEHICLE IN A CONVOY ON A PREVIOUSLY CLEARED ROUTE STRIKES A MIN

17、E,ALL OTHER VEHICLES IN THE CONVOY IMMEDIATELY STOP.当车队中的一辆车在一条曾经清理过的道路上触雷，所有其他车辆要马上停下。n MOVING OFF THE ROAD OR TOWARDS THE SHOULDERS(HERRING BONE)COULD EXPOSE MORE VEHICLES TO MINES.驶离道路或开到路肩会导致更多车辆触雷n SECURITY IS PROVIDED BY MAINTAINING VEHICLE SPACING 保持车间距nDISMOUNTED MOVEMENT SHOULD BE RESTRICTE

18、D UNTIL A PATH TO THE DISABLED VEHICLE IS CLEARED AND MARKED.除非道路得到清理并做好地雷标志，所有人不应下车走动MINE AWARENESS TACTICAL HINT 地雷意识及策略提示REGARDLESS OF THE ARMORED VEHICLE,WHEN THE MINE THREAT IS HIGHER THAN THE DIRECT FIRE THREAT,KEEP YOUR HATCHES“CRACKED”OPEN AN INCH OR TWO.THAT WAY,IF YOU DRIVE OVER A MINE,THE

19、 OVERPRESSURE FROM THE EXPLOSION WILL HAVE AN ESCAPE IF THE HULL IS PENETRATED.如果地雷的威胁大于直接火力威胁，不建议使用装甲车辆。车辆窗户打开一两寸，这样当车辆触雷被炸时，进入车辆的压力可以泄出，减少对车内人员的杀伤撤出撤出Self/Unit ExtractionSELF/UNIT EXTRACTION 个体/单位撤出nFREEZE(STOP ALL MOVEMENT IN AREA)n停下（停止在区域内的所有活动）nLEADER REPORTS TO HIGHER AND DESIGNATES PATH TO C

20、LEAR THROUGH MINEFIELD领导马上向上级报告，并指定方向清理撤出通道nEXTRACTION ELEMENT PROBES AND MARKS A CLEARED PATH;CHECKS FOR TRIP WIRES AND BURIED MINES;MARKS PATH AND MINES清理组标志清理通道，检查拌线和埋雷并作标志nOTHER ELEMENTS PROBE TO CLEARED PATH其他成员依标志撤出nEVACUATE CASUALTIES BY PROBING;DRAG TO PATH AND EVACUATE AS REQUIRED.其他成员帮助伤员撤

21、出，按要求沿清理过的路线拖出伤员ABCCluster Munitions集束弹药nair-dropped or ground-launchedexplosive weaponthat releases or ejects smallersubmunitions.空投或地面投放，能释放出子炸弹的母弹nSubmunitions:explosive bomblets that are designed to kill enemy personnel and destroy vehicles 子炸弹：用以摧毁单兵及车辆nThe bomblet cover large area 可以覆盖大片区域nCluster movieCluster Munitions集束弹药.MoviesBombs Cluster.wmvWhat to expect 会发生什么 感应引信武器感应引信武器Marking for Cluster bombs 集束弹的标识 Thank you！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！