高中英语语法名词性从句

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1、 名词性从句是由名词性从句是由if,whether,that if,whether,that 和各种和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，在句子中疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，在句子中起名词作用起名词作用。名词性从句的功能相当于名词名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组词组,它在复合句中能担任它在复合句中能担任主语主语、宾语宾语、表语表语、同位语同位语等，因此分别称为等，因此分别称为主语从句、宾语从主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句句、表语从句和和同位语从句。同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的引导名词性从句的连接词连接词可分为三类：可分为三类：连连接接词词：that,wh

2、ether,if(不不充充当当从从句句的的任任何何成成分）分）连连接接代代词词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,why中世纪，普遍相信地心说中世纪，普遍相信地心说(geocentric theory)。Geocentric theory was wildly believed in the Middle Ages.Geocentric theory:the earth is the center of our planetary systemThat the earth is the cen

3、ter of our planetary system was wildly believed in the Middle Ages.主主语语从从句句是是在在复复合合句句中中充充当当主主语语的的从从句句，通通常常放放在在主主句句谓谓语语动动词词之之前前或或由由形形式式主主语语itit代替，而本身放在句子末尾。代替，而本身放在句子末尾。一主语从句一主语从句(1)It is 名名词词(a pleasure,a pity,a pleasant thing,ones duty,an honor,a shame,no easy job,a fact,a good thing,a waste of tim

4、e)从句从句(2)It is 形形容容词词(clear,important,possible,necessary,strange,unnecessary etc.)从句从句 It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是1.It作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(3)It 不及物动词不及物动词 从句从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎 It had been found that 已经发现已经发现 It must be pointed out t

5、hat 需要指出需要指出 It has been proved that 业已证明业已证明(4)It is 过去分词过去分词(well-known,said,reported,recorded,noted,estimated,believed 等）等）从句从句 2.It 作形式主语和作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较it it 作形式主语为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的作形式主语为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。连接词没有变化。it it引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分，都可引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词用连词thatthat。被强调部分指人可用被强调部分指人

6、可用who who It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is John that broke the window.3.主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况：主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况：（1 1）if if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。If it is true remains a problem.Wh

7、ether it is true remains a problem.（2 2）It It is is said said/reported/reported结结构构中中的的主主语语从从句句不不可提前。可提前。It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3 3）It happens/occursIt happens/occurs结构中的主语从句结构中的主语从句不可提前。不可提前。It oc

8、curred to him that he failed in the examination.That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4 4）It doesnIt doesnt matter how/whether t matter how/whether 结结构中的主语从句不可提前。构中的主语从句不可提前。It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.4.what 与与that引导主语从句的区别引导主语从句

9、的区别 a).a).what what 引引导导主主语语从从句句时时在在从从句句中中充充当当句句子子成成分分，如如主主语语宾宾语语表表语语，而而that that 则则只只是是一一种种“标标识识 ”，告知后面是一个从句。，告知后面是一个从句。1)What you said yesterday is right.It is right what you said yesterday.(what引导主语从句表示引导主语从句表示“的东西的东西”时，一时，一般般 不用不用it做形式主语。）做形式主语。）2)That she is still alive is a consolation.It is a

10、 consolation that she is still alive.b).What b).What 可以解释为可以解释为the thing(s)that,the thing(s)that,即即“的东西的东西/事情事情 ”，而，而thatthat没有实际的意没有实际的意思，只是一种语法作用，如：思，只是一种语法作用，如：What he lost was his newly bought pen.=The thing that he lost was his newly bought pen.宾宾语语从从句句就就是是在在复复合合句句中中作作宾宾语语的的名名词词性性从从句句，通通常常放放在在主

11、主句句谓谓语语动动词词 (及及物物动动词词)或或介介词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。I didnI didnt expect t expect your forgivenessyour forgiveness.I didn I didnt expect t expect you forgiving meyou forgiving me.I didn I didnt expect t expect that you could forgive methat you could forgive me.二宾语从句二宾语从句1.作动词的宾语作动词的宾语

12、(1)(1)由由thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句(that that 通常可以省略通常可以省略)I heard that he joined the army.(2)(2)由由what,whether(if)what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether/if you can change this note for me.当句末为当句末为当句末为当句末为or notor not时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用whetherwheth

13、er而不能用而不能用而不能用而不能用if.if.I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.(3)(3)动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2.作介词的宾语作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.以以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，只有在只有在except,but,besides

14、,in等介词后才可使等介词后才可使用。用。Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit too loose.I like the city,but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.3.3.作形容词的宾语作形容词的宾语 I am afraid(that)Ive made a mistake.如如 anxious,anxious,aware,aware,certain,certain,confident

15、,confident,convinced,convinced,determined,determined,glad,glad,proud,proud,surprised,surprised,worried,worried,sorry,sorry,thankful,thankful,ashamed,ashamed,disappointed,disappointed,annoyed,annoyed,pleased,pleased,hurt,hurt,satisfied,satisfied,content content 等等表表示示情情感感、心心理理活活动动或或确确信信的的意意义义时时，后面的从句

16、被看作是宾语从句。后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。也也可可以以将将此此类类词词后后的的that that 从从句句看看作作原原因因状状语语从句。从句。4.it 可以作为形式宾语可以作为形式宾语 真真正正的的宾宾语语that that 从从句句则则放放在在句句尾尾，特特别别是是在在带复合宾语的句子中。带复合宾语的句子中。例如：例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.Im afraid that I have to make it clear that its totally up to you yourselves to decide

17、 whether you will go to the South Lake this weekend or not.5.否定的转移否定的转移 若若主主句句谓谓语语动动词词为为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等等，其其后后的的宾宾语语从从句句若若含含有有否否定定意意义义，一一般般要要把把否否定定词词转转移移到到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：

18、注意：若谓语动词为若谓语动词为hope,否定词否定词不能转移不能转移。I hope you werent ill.我想你没有生病吧。我想你没有生病吧。陈述句变为引导的宾语从句陈述句变为引导的宾语从句1.He said,“You are younger than I”.2.He says,“Tom is a good student”.He said that I was younger than him.He says that Tom is a good student.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系一般疑问句变为一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导

19、的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1.She said,“Do you often come here to read newspaper?”2.“Will they go to visit the Great Wall?”he asked.She asked if(whether)I often came here to read newspaper.He asked if(whether)they would go to visit the Great Wall.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系1.He asked,“Where do you live?”2.“H

20、ow can we get to the post-office?”he asked.He asked where I lived.He asked how they could get to the post-office.特殊疑问句变为特殊疑问句变为who,what,when等引导的宾等引导的宾语从句语从句直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系Although Anna is happy with her success,she wonders _ will happen to her private life.A.that B.whatC.it D.this

21、 在在复复合合句句中中作作表表语语的的名名词词性性从从句句，放放在在系系动动词词之之后后，一一般般结结构构是是“主主语语连连系系动动词词表表语语从从句句”。引引导导表表语语从从句句的的thatthat常常可可省省略略。另另外外，常常用用的的还还有有the the reason reason is is thatthat 和和It It is is because/whybecause/why 等结构。等结构。三表语从句三表语从句1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.whetherw

22、hether不可以用不可以用if if代替代替2)This is why we cant get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.同同位位语语从从句句就就是是在在复复合合句句中中作作名名词词的的同同位位语语的的名名词词性性从从句句，对对抽抽象象名名词词做做进进一一步步解解释释。ThatThat一般不能省略。一般不能省略。四同

23、位语从句四同位语从句There is a danger.Oxford will not retain its world position.There is a danger that Oxford will not retain its world position.1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句的功能 同同位位语语从从句句对对于于名名词词进进一一步步解解释释，说说明明名名词词的具体内容，一般由的具体内容，一般由thatthat引导引导 1)The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the peo

24、ple.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语在句子中的位置 同同位位语语从从句句有有时时可可以以不不紧紧跟跟在在它它所所说说明明的的名名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。词后面，而是被别的词隔开。He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)(1)定定语语从从句句中中的的thatthat既既代代替替先先行行词词，同同

25、时时也也在在从从句句中中作作某某个个成成分分（主主语语或或宾宾语语），而而同同位位语语从从句句中中的的thatthat是是连连词词，只只起起连连接接主主句句与与从从句句的的作作用，用，不充当句中任何成分不充当句中任何成分。The idea that one does the work without thinking is wrong.The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(2)(2)定定语语从从句句是是形形容容词词性性的的，其其功功能能是是修修饰饰先先行行词词，对对先先行行词词加加以以限限定定，描描述述其其性性质质或或特特

26、征征；同同位位语语从从句句是是名名词词性性的的，其其功功能能是是对对名名词词进进行行补补充充说明。说明。1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.if,whether引导的名词从句引导的名词从句.选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句选选择择性性疑疑问问从从句句由由关关联联词词if/whetheror或或whetheror not构成构成,如：如：Please tell me whether/if they are

27、Swedish or Danish.I dont care whether you like the plan or not.总结总结.whether 与与 if 均均为为“是是否否”的的意意思思。但但在在下下列列情情况况下下，whether 不不能能被被 if 所所取取代：代：1.1.whether whether 引引导导主主语语从从句句在在句句首首的的位位置置,应应当当用用whetherwhether，不用不用if if Whether it is true remains a problem.Whether he will come,I am not sure.2.2.引导表语从句用引

28、导表语从句用whetherwhether，不用不用if if The question is whether you should accept it.3.3.whetherwhether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if if 不能不能 Im not interested in whether theyll go or not.It depends on whether we have got enough money.4.4.whetherwhether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if if 不能不能 I didnt know whet

29、her to laugh or to cry.She hasnt decided whether to go or not.5.5.引导同位语从句用引导同位语从句用whetherwhether，不用不用if if The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.That与与what的区别的区别a).a).that that 可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语从句，而从句，而whatwhat则只能引导名词性从句，却不可则只能引导名词性从句，却不可以引导定语从句。以引导定语从句。The fact

30、that shocked us is what Id like to tell him.b).Whatb).What引导的从句可以用作介词宾语，而引导的从句可以用作介词宾语，而thatthat引导的从句一般不可以。引导的从句一般不可以。He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.I am curious as to what he will say.c).Whatc).What可以跟不定式，而可以跟不定式，而thatthat不可以。如：不可以。如：I dont know what to do next.d).What d).What 在名词性从句中充当成分，而在名词性从句中充当成分，而thatthat则则不。不。