SchoolingandEducation

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1、Schooling and Education上学与受教育It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless,it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important

2、.在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere,whether in the shower or in the job,whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning tha

3、t takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.与上学相比,教育更具开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio,from a child to a distinguished scient

4、ist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.传 授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与 陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自

5、己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education,then,is a very broad,inclusive term.It is a lifelong process,a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of ones entire life.Schooling,on the other hand,is a specific,formalized p

6、rocess,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.人们从幼时起就 开始受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开始了。教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形 式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximately the same time,take assigned seats,are taught by an

7、adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take exams,and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government,have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一 时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，

8、使用大致相同的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范 围的限制。For example,high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surroundin

9、g the formalized process of schooling.例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。Electricity电 The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights,radio,televisions,and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without t

10、hem.当今时代是电气时代。人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电话早已司空见惯,以致很难想象没有它们生活会变成什么样。When there is a power failure,people grope暗中摸,摸索 about in flickering candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them,and food spoils in silent refrigerators.当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索；因没有红 绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱

11、也停止工作，导致食物变质。Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.人们只是在两个世纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面经历过了数百万年。Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold

12、many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.科学家不断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的电脉冲。As the heart beats,it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram心电图,which a doctor can study to determine how well t

13、he heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain waves of electricity,which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram lektrenseflgrm.当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive

14、instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals,certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.许多生物细胞发出的电流都是极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。When large numbers of these cells are linked togethe

15、r,the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 非常令人吃惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。它可以在水中发出相当于

16、 800 伏特电 压电流(家庭用户的电压只有 120 伏特)。As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eels body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用 来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。TelevisionTelevision

17、-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.电视-以快速变化与发展为标志的最普遍、最具有影响力的一项现代技术，正在步 入一个极端复杂化与多样化的新时代。这个时代承诺重新塑造我们的生活和我们的世界。It

18、 is an electronic revolution of sorts,made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word television,derived from its Greek(tele:distant)and Latin(visio:sight)roots,can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.这可以称得上是又一次电子革命，其关键在于电视技术与计算机技术的结合。电视这个词 来源于希腊语词根(tele：

19、远)和拉丁语词根(vision：景象)，可以从字面上理解为来自远处的景象。Very simply put,it works in this way:through a sophisticated system of electronics,television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive光电导的plate within a camera)into electronic impulses,which can be sent through a wire or

20、 cable.简单说来，电视是以这种方式工作的，通过一个复杂的电子系统，电视能够将一幅图像(这幅图像被聚焦在一部摄像机内的一块特殊的光导底片上)转换成能经过导线或电缆 发送出去的电子脉冲信号。These impulses,when fed into a receiver(television set),can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system,however.It is a means of expression,

21、as well as a vehicle for communication,and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)时，就可以用 电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像。但是，电视不仅仅是一个电子系统，它还 是一种表达工具和传播渠道。因此，电视成了一个对其他人发生影响的强大工具。The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of t

22、ransmission.First,there is broadcast television,which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second,there is non-broadcast television,which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.电视这 个领域可

23、以根据其发射方式分为两类。第一类为广播电视，通过电视信号的宽带无线电波发射展现在大众面前；第二类为非广播电视，使用受控的发射技术来满足个人以及某些特殊利益群体的需要。Traditionally,television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.电视早已成为大众媒介。我们熟悉广播

24、电视，因为广播电视已经以类似 目前的方式存在了大约 37 年。During those years,it has been controlled,for the most part,by the broadcast networks,ABC,NBC,and CBS,who have been the major purveyors of news,information,and entertainment.在那些年头中，电视绝大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 这 些广播电视公司控制着，这些广播电视公司一直是新闻、信息和娱乐的主要提供者。These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment,placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.这些广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，而且也塑造了我们对电视的理解。我们渐渐把显像 管看作是娱乐的来源，让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。