外文翻译-文献翻译-机械设计与制造

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1、 Mechanical Technology in the rubber industry outlined in the applicationIn the development of human society in the modern process, rubber industries is an indispensable Economy, Trade and Industry. In the rubber industry in the development of rubber technology and rubber machinery(the electromechan

2、ical) to the process and development of technology played an important role in promoting this. The development of rubber industry, rubber and rubber machinery industry technology constitutes a technical rubber products all the technical process and industrial technology system. Made in 1820 by the B

3、ritish human-driven single-roller rubber mixing machine.1826 twin-roller Drum open rubber mixing machine into production beginning of the human rubber machinery production prelude. So far, human society has been the application of rubber machinery 180years of history.Since 1839, a series of rubber m

4、achinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion (1858),screw extruder(1879), rubber calendering machine(18431900),closed rubber mixing machine(1916).Rubber machinery and equipment ,at tha

5、t time, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role.1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic Thiofide D, the discovery and use of Mand furthe

6、r promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use.1920 accession to the carbon black rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Therefore, the application of carbon bl

7、ack rubber industry and promoting the process and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, British, Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial technologies. And the establishment of a series of synthe

8、tic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the regions natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base.Rubber is a highly flexible rubber typical materials, its physical p

9、roperties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and deformation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, pressure-type, shape, curing, process procedures, in or

10、der to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastic, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on the elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory can

11、not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic-rheological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda.1928,the United States set up the “Evolution Society”,1940,the Briti

12、sh set up the rheological Club(later renamed the Institute of Evolution).In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Instute.1948 convening of the International Society of Rheology. In 1953 the establishment of the International

13、 Association of Rheology. Since then one involving applied mathematic, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines-have emerged Rheology, and gradually has been extensively applied. Rheological not only in the rubber ,plastics, coa

14、tings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: involves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Rheology in the rubber indu

15、stry, widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing, rolling, extrusion, injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain structure and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing a fo

16、ur kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3(glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state).Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state In the course of processing molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility ,

17、and a high flexibility based elastic material.Because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory rubber exploration and the principles of the invention, especially Rheology and application of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether in the filler, v

18、ulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry in a qualitative changes. At the same time, all kinds of rubber machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber ma

19、chinery ,and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to hundreds of thousands of kilowatts stem watts, weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber product

20、s in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices.Compound rubber machinery industry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health g

21、lue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing; press for the compression machine for plastic, heat-Lian compound mainly used for preheating and plastic; crusher for crushing such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities; mill mainly used

22、 for waste plastic block grinding; refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewable impurities; reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch Lian; breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Fim compression; crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compressio

23、n; experimental rubber mixing machine; the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc.Calendered rubber, rubber products processing is in the process of one of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to

24、modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, this specifications, speed, semi-finished products high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, the machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has re

25、ached more than 10553000mm,roller line speed of up to 120m/min above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within0.0025mm.And achieve full electronic control of the computer and automation level.Closed Compound(mixer),rubber and plastic mixing and refining one of the main equip

26、ment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed(20 to the root speed/min).the velocity(speed of 30 to 40/min)and high-speed(60 to speed/min) three. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80/mixer at high spee

27、d over armed.Rubber extruder(screw extruder), the worlds first since 1879-screw extruder. Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery in a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different varieties have been supporting complet

28、e specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production filter plastic extrusion machine for removing plastic mix and the Health and the impurity; Lian plastic extrusion mach

29、ine for the continuous plastic glue Health Lian; granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation; compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate; esulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfurization; xtrusion dehydration Gechengiao extruder for dehydr

30、ation and regeneration plastic dry. Cable extruder for the cable coated molding; row Gsa exturder. For mixing compound from the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extrusion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credit

31、ed. It has become the driving force of the rubber products processing and optimazation of the equipment. Molding Machine, also known as the Vote Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure machinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical in

32、jection press, Kok injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4.Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications.Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materials from the use of rubber and rubber products, output of rubber products whic

33、h occupies the lions share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic-tyre 1888,with the development of the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a larg

34、e number of rubber tyres. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to b

35、e certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processer, tire various “parts” of the assembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other components of processed into paste composition tire embryo. Therefore tire moldi

36、ng machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tyres. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore various types and specifications of the tire also endless. Such as cars buses trucks construction vehic

37、les and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tyre varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level. This c

38、onstant tire molding machinery to put a higher demand.Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers; but shaping the contours of the drum; drum, semi-drum, and the core-wheeled four-sheel-core. In addition, all other uses of differen

39、t shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore, a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring tens of thousands of species and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring tens of thousands of species on the number. Thi

40、s shows that the rubber molding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important.Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. the main

41、structure of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanizer, and the autoclave(_including pressure autoclave)and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader, more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermop

42、lastic or thermosetting plastic plastics procession. Becaues of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. Many of the types and forms. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet plat

43、e curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autocalve curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, “omnipotent” said curing machine. Drum curing mach

44、ine, “belt ”and the “V-belt” two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing abd dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories dev

45、ice can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality.For

46、the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and machi

47、nery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment have a clear life, it makes a certain inertia of the operation. Thus to create a difficult change or duo not need rapid changes in

48、the direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of the

49、 people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective.For the rubber industry development, not only the normal process of production of rubber products. Mechanical technology and th

50、e increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid development of the rub

51、ber industry, large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only a rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scrap rubber recyclin

52、g use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress tin the joint development of the road is the only correc

53、t way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of intrinsic motiva

54、tion. Of course also includes scientific management technology devision-making body elements.Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical),the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and social management

55、 technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex become a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry is related to the

56、 development of rubber industry “carrot and stick” scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, it is a “carrot and stick” form of the technology.And in the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible and intangibl

57、e. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals; after a hard

58、stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technologies into the outcome of the objection process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthening the role o

59、f rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished rubber using

60、 and frugal behavior needs. 机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述在人类社会的现代进程中，橡胶工业也是一门不可缺少的经济产业。而在橡胶工业发展的过程中，橡胶工艺及橡胶机械（或机电）技术的进步和发展起了重要的推动作用。橡胶工业的发展，橡胶工业技术及橡胶机械技术构成了橡胶制品的全部技术过程和产业技术体系。1820年英国制成了由人力驱动的单辊式炼胶机。1826年双辊筒式的开放式炼胶机投入生产，拉开了人类橡胶机械生产的序幕。至今，人类社会橡胶机械的应用已经有180多年的历史。1839年以来，一系列的橡胶机械设备陆续问世，出适应橡胶硫化技术应用的硫化设备外，其他橡胶机械，如柱塞式胶管

61、挤出机（1858），螺杆挤出机（1879），橡胶压延机（18421900年），密闭式炼胶机（1916）等橡胶机械设备，先后投入当时的橡胶工业生产过程，对推动橡胶工业的发展气了一定的推动作用。1904年，氧化铅、氧化镁等无机硫化剂的发现，特别是1919年有机硫化促进剂D、M的发现和应用，进一步促进了生产效率的提高，大大改善了橡胶制品的使用性能，扩大了使用范围。1920年把黑炭加入到橡胶中，才使得橡胶制品的性能得到改善和提高。因此，黑炭的应用有促进了橡胶工业进步和全面发展。20世纪初及中叶，苏联、美国、英国、德国、法国等国家，先后发明了合成橡胶工业技术，并建立了一系列橡胶合成生产装置及工厂。再加上

62、东南亚地区的天然橡胶资源生产的规模化，为人类现代橡胶工业的全面发展开辟了物质资源基础。橡胶是一种高弹性的非典型材料，其物理性能十分复杂。大多数橡胶的加工成型过程都有近似熔体的流动和变形过程，而且在橡胶产品的加工过程中，生胶要经过塑动、混炼、压型、成型、硫化的工艺程序，才能成为产品。在现代化工产品中，诸如橡胶、塑料、油漆、纤维、润滑油、陶瓷等一类材料的生产及工程技术的应用，对其材料的复杂力学性质，依据单纯的弹性力学、粘性理论或塑性理论都不能满足这些材料加工过程中的形变要求。于是一种基于对复杂介质力学性质的研究课题流变学理论便提到了人类新学科研究的议事日程。1828年，美国成立了“流变学会”，19

63、40年，英国成立了流变学俱乐部（后改为流变学会）。此外，荷兰、西德、法国、日本等国家也相应成立了流变学会。1984年召开了国际流变学会。1953年成立了国际流变协会。从此一门涉及到应用数学、物理学、弹性力学、材料力学、流体力学、地质学、工程学及其他学科的边缘学科流变学应运而生，并逐渐的到应用。流变学不仅在橡胶、塑料、涂料、印刷、硅酸盐、食品等工业中的到广泛应用，还涉及到基本建设、机械、运输、水利、化学工业等众多工业部门，涉及到许多物体从固体到液体的变化过程。流变学在橡胶工业中广泛应用于橡胶制品加工成型的研究和应用。如对橡胶的混炼、压延、挤出、注射成型等加工过程。高聚物由于它的大分子链状结构和运

64、动特点，在物理聚集态上呈现出四种物理状态：即1个结晶态和3个非结晶态（玻璃态、高弹态、粘流态）。橡胶在正常使用情况下是高弹态，而在加工成型过程中是粘流态，只有硫化处理后才会失去流动性，而变成以高弹态为主的弹性材料。由于19世纪末和20世纪初，对橡胶工艺理论的原理探索和发明，特别是流变学理论的研究和应用是的橡胶工业的发展，无论是在填充剂、硫化促进剂方面、还是在工艺原理方面都发生了深刻的变化，使橡胶工业发展产生了一次质的变化。同时，各种橡胶机械也有了很大的进步和发展。当时的橡胶机械不仅名目众多，而且结构、规格、品种都已经达到一定水平的规模化、精细化、自动化和联动化程度。如有的橡胶机械传动功率达到数

65、百千瓦至数千千瓦，机器重量达到几百吨。在橡胶制品生产过程的塑炼、混炼、压延、压出、成型、硫化六个工艺过程中都有了配套齐全的机械装置。炼胶机械是橡胶工业的基本设备之一。目前生产的开放式炼胶机械达数十种。主要用于生胶的塑炼，胶料的混炼；压片机用于压片、供胶；热炼机主要用于胶料预热和供胶；破碎机用于天然橡胶的破碎等；洗胶机用于除去生胶和废胶中的硬杂质；再生胶混炼机主要用于再生生胶的提炼；烟胶压片机用于烟胶片压片等；绉片压片机主要用于绉片压片工作；试验用炼胶机，主要用于各种少量胶料的试验工作等。橡胶延压机，也是橡胶制品加工过程中的基本设备之一。至1843年三辊压延机应用以来，已有160多年的发展历史了

66、。从近代到现代各种不同规格和新型的压延机不断涌现，其规格大、速度快、半成品精度高，已经成为现代压延机械的主要结构特征。目前生产的压延机最大规模已经大道10553000毫米以上，辊筒线速度高达120米/分以上，压延的半成品其厚度误差已经达到0.0025毫米以内，并达到采用电子计算机机和全称控制的自动化水平。密闭式炼胶机（简称密炼机），是橡胶的塑练和混炼的主要设备之一。现代密炼机的发展，具有高速、高压和高效能的特点，并分为低俗（转速为20转/分）、中速（转速为3040转/分）和高速（转速为60转/分）三种。近年来还出现转速为80转/分以上的高速密炼机械。橡胶挤出机（螺杆挤出机），自1879年世界第一台螺杆挤出机诞生以来，各种形式的螺杆挤出机械大量出现，不同规格品种已配套齐全，已适应不同产品性能特