2012年职称英语理工阅读

《2012年职称英语理工阅读》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2012年职称英语理工阅读（14页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、阅读理解+第四五篇 Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope iscalled WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in th

2、e known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seen before,” said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving

3、in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After

4、 six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISEstands for “Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.” As its name suggests, the WISE camera takespictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiati

5、on is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digitalcamera takes a picture of a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.

6、When these waves enter the camera through the lens, theyre processed by the camera, which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras dont see them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye

7、, longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes cant. Noteverything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space -but they absorb most of the ligh

8、t that reaches them. They dont reflect light, so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kin

9、d of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures.These objects are “failed stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. Theyre so dim that theyre almost impossib

10、le to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：trashcan / tr,kn/n垃圾箱infrared/infrred/ adj红外线asteroid/strid/ n.小行星dwarf/dw:f/ n. 矮星注释：1.NASA （美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3. faint

11、stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。4. polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5. lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap. 她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6. infrared radiation：红外线辐射7. spectrum

12、of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8. Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动练习：1 .What is so special about WISE?A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telesc

13、ope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third paragraph?A make. B shoot. C take D photograph.3. The camera on WISEA is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radia

14、tion while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the following is NOT correct about asteroids according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take ast

15、eroids pictures by ordinary cameras,D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids5.What is implied in the last paragraph?A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WI

16、SE telescope.答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（ in the known universe ）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2. A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights ，看不见红外线辐射（ infrared radiation) ，

17、而WISE 的相机能够看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids ，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。5. B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。译文：第四十五篇 小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”（聪明），大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款商强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只

18、能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。（这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近）。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer （广域红外勘测探测器）的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE

19、能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到

20、他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，像WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在线外频谱中，它们是发光的。+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem ekusistm （生态系统） EngineersResearch by the University of Exeter

21、1埃克塞特(英国英格兰西南部城市) has revealed（露出, 透露, 显示） that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of （由于）their activity as ecosystem engineers and predators（食虫动物）. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology i:kldi（生态学）, found that ants have two distinct distinct | dstktadj. 清楚

22、的; 截然不同的; 明显的 effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest（巢、窝） building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients（营养物） in the soil. This can indirectly间接地 impact the local populations居群 of many animal groups（动物居群）, from decomposers 分解者to speci

23、es much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on（捕食） a wide range of other animals, including larger prey（被捕食者） which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.【Dirk dirk d:k n.短剑, 匕首 】Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said: “A

24、nts are very effective predators（食肉动物） which thrive（繁荣、茁壮成长） in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial（领地的意识）3 and very aggressive（侵略性）, defending（防卫、保护） their resources and territory（领土、领地） against other predators（食肉动物）. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.I

25、n this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties （微妙、精妙）of it. What we found is that despite（尽管、不管） being predators, their presence （存在、出席）can also lead to an increase in density（密度） and diversity（多样性） of other animal groups4. They genuinely（真正的、诚实的、由衷的） play

26、a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web（草原食物网）, Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations（组合） and densities of black garden ants黑色花园蚂蚁 and common red ants常见的红蚂蚁, both species which can be

27、 found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores草食动物 and decomposers腐生物. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predat

28、ion 掠食is counteracting抵消 the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: “What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory掠食 impacts have the bigger

29、effect thereby因此 counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms

30、are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and throug

31、h their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：predator / predt/ n食肉动物nutrient/ nju:trint/ n 营养物；adj营养的decomposer/,di:kmpuz/ n腐生物；分解体prey/prei/ v捕食；n被捕食的动物subtlety/ stlti/ n ，微妙，精妙herbivore/ h:biv: / n 食草动物注释：1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著

32、名的传统大学之一。2. nest building ：筑巢3. territorial ：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5. biomass ：物质名词，由bio和mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6. biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.the maintenance of ant services

33、 to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。练习：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2. As predators, antsA p

34、rey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soilC collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dir Sanders study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C

35、attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants predat

36、ion counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B How do ants affect the animal di

37、versity in a given ecosystem?C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境（见第二段）。2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包

38、括比它们体积更大的动物（ larger animals) 。 prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。3.D Dirk Sanders说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a low density of ants）的话，能使其他动物的品种

39、和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对

40、蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。译文：第四十六篇 蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。第二，它们捕食的动物种

41、类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得到的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁

42、在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响。”蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易

43、受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不消楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。7完形填空+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional sem

44、iconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnet

45、ic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 thes

46、e circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat.

47、 Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.What makes this possible is a previously undetected

48、 brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery

49、.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per

50、 square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fis

51、her said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do exte

52、nsive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.词汇：optical / ptikl / adj光学的 incoherent /, inkuhir

53、nt/ adj非相干的capacitive / kpsitiv/ adj. 电容（量）的 semiconductor /,semikndkt n半导体rectification /, rektifikein/ n改正，修正 ceramics / si rmiks n陶瓷注释：1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。2. heat load：热负荷 3. magnetic moment：磁矩4. optical rectification：光学校正 5. doctoral s

54、tudent：博士生6. positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷7. shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“（光）通过”。8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度9. incoherent light：非相干光10.Its already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。练习：1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D ba

55、ttery2. A modifications B effects C applications D results3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally4.A Under B At C On D Over5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism6.A plant B equipment C source D line7.A down B up C together D apart8. A this B that C those D it9. A material B lens

56、C meter D detector10.A produce B convey C use D conduct11.A remote B poor C effective D rare12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting14.A compact B modern C durable D handy15. A others B some C all D both答案与题解：1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能

57、发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。optical microscope （光学显微镜）、optical instrument （光学仪器）或optical fiber （光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect

58、 of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently（频繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。4. A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的

59、磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案A。6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉（source）。power plant （发电厂）、power equipment （电力设备）或power line （输电线）与上文的意思接不上。7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation （电荷分离）。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替

60、代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。9.A从本句句末的such as glass 判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（ material ）而产生的。10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is tra

61、veling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。11.C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor

62、或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C 说这种样机（ this prototype ）、技巧（ this skill ）或这一奇迹（ this miracle ）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（ this technology ）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering （输送）和transmitting（发射）与“

63、能量转换”挂不上号。14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact（紧凑小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。第十三篇 没有太阳能电池的太阳能密歇根大学的研究着们发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。Stephen Rand是电力工程和计算机科学系以及物理和应用物理系的教授，他讲道：“研究者们找到了制造光电池的方法”光具有电磁成分。而以前的科学家认为电磁光太微弱，不值得去关注。Rand和他的同事的发现是，在适当的强度下，当光通过一个不导电的物质，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象