2008年职称英语冲刺教材

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1、第一部分 模拟试题全国专业技术人员英语等级考试A级试题第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分）阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。Good or Bad?Saccharin(糖精) is the only truly man-made sweetener. It was discovered by accident 100 years ago in an experiment with coal tar(煤焦油). In the experiment, a scientist got some substance (which later h

2、e knew was saccharin) on his finger. “Later, at dinner, he put his finger into his mouth and noticed the sweet taste,” says Eric Walters, professor of biochemistry at the Chicago Medical School.Containing no calories, saccharin is not absorbed by the human body. It began to be disliked by people dur

3、ing the late 1970s and early 1980s when one set of studies showed that it caused cancer in laboratory animals. According to Walters, it is not fair to saccharin because the studies were not perfect.More recent testing with other animals with small amounts of saccharin has not repeated the same resul

4、ts. Even with these experimental results, saccharin labels are still required to carry a warning saying it has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. In 1990, saccharin was allowed to be sold in the market again.Because it is hundreds of times sweeter than table sugar, only a small amount

5、 of saccharin is used at home, in restaurants or in the food-making industry.Another sweetener we commonly use is aspartame(甜味剂). It is not so sweet as saccharin, but much sweeter than table sugar. Unlike saccharin, however, aspartame can be absorbed into the body. It contains 4 calories per gram, t

6、he same as table sugar. But aspartame is 180 times sweeter than sugar.Although aspartame is found in thousands of products, its safety, like saccharin, has still been uncertain. Nevertheless, people allow its use in all foods and drinks.“In my opinion, aspartame is as safe as sugarbut then there are

7、 those who think white sugar is dangerous,” says Walters. “Between aspartame and saccharin, I would pick aspartame. But at normal use levels, I think saccharin is safe too.”16When talking about saccharin and aspartame, Eric Walters most probably thinks that aspartame is safer than saccharin.ARightBW

8、rongCNot mentioned17After doing many experiments, Walters finally found saccharin at dinner.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned18Aspartame is sweeter than saccharin when in hot drinks.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned19Because saccharin was reported to have caused cancer in lab animals, it got a bad name.ARightBWro

9、ngCNot mentioned20Saccharin and aspartame are quite safe at normal use levels, but cause cancer in rats.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned21Saccharin can be absorbed into the body but has no calories.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned22White sugar is considered dangerous if taken in excess.ARightBWrongCNot mentione

10、d第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）阅读，短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第25段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）第2730题从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，THE SERVICE YOU GET ON THE TUBE1.The worlds first underground railway (the Tube) opened in London in January 1863. Today there are 11 lines serving 272 stations, the busiest of which, Kings

11、 Cross, sees the start and finish of around 70 million journeys a year. But the system is in crisis mainly as a result of under investment. Overcrowding combined with poor reliability can lead to problems for travelers, particularly those who use the Tube during its busiest hours.2.This report looks

12、 at service and safety on the Underground. Its based on the findings of our survey of passengers. Last June e interviewed 1,698 Tube travelers outside 46 Underground stations in London; 517 regular travelers were contacted again and asked more detailed questions by phone.3.Since 1981 the number of p

13、assengers using the Tube has increased by almost half. The increase in passengers has not been matched by an expansion of the Underground system and there is widespread congestion, particularly during the peak hours. London Underground Limited (LU) states that over the busiest rush hour no more than

14、 one person should have to stand for each seated passenger. But LUs own statistics show that this standard is often not met over large areas of track on a daily basis.4.Forty-three per cent of regular travelers mentioned graffiti, rubbish and generally dirty conditions as one of the aspects of the U

15、ndergrounds service they disliked. The aim set by the Government for train cleaning is that carriages should be cleaned internally every day they are in use. LUs figures show it has come very close to achieving this. But there are no standards to define or measure how well trains have been cleaned.

16、LU has made progress in dealing with rubbish at major stations but graffiti, old coaches and unmodernised stations remain serious problems.5.Well over half of the regular travelers said they were dissatisfied with the information provided when something goes wrong on the system. 72 per cent of those

17、 who were dissatisfied complained that the information was wrong or given too late. 49 per cent couldnt hear or understand what was said. LU told us that a new system has been installed, which should mean clearer messages. However, the new system applies only to messages broadcast within stations. T

18、hose coming from a central control room may not improve for some time to come.6.Most of this report reflects the experiences of regular Tube travelers but we also asked those who do not travel every day for their views. The most popular type of ticket bought by these travelers was a one-day pass. Fe

19、w appeared to have had problems finding their way around the system 89 per cent said finding their way around was easy.23Paragraph 2( )24Paragraph 3( )25Paragraph 4( )26Paragraph 5( )A Poor AnnouncementsBDirty and OutdatedCPassengers Opinions CountDOvercrowdingEA Waste of TimeFOccasional Users27The

20、Tube system in Britain is facing a .( )28Some Tube travelers were interviewed more than once to get ( )29LU has already taken measures to improve its .( )30 Only few Tube travelers say they have problems in.( )Amaking complaintsBfinding their wayC their opinions on the TubeDserious financial problem

21、Ebroadcasting systemFspeed第4部分:阅读理解(第3145题,每题3分,共45分)下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题,每道题后面都有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。第一篇The Highlands of ScotlandThe drive from England to Scotland provides the traveler with many pleasant changes of scenery. As it is a fairly journey, it is good to be ab

22、le to travel with a friend who can drive a car too.A Scotsman traveling with an English friend may tell him that he is going to see, in the Highlands, the finest scenery in the world. This may sound exaggerated, but on arriving in the Highlands most people readily agree that the scenery is indeed ma

23、gnificent.The Highlands are, as the name implies, the hilly or mountainous region of the country; they form the greater part of the western half of Scotland north of Glasgow.On the first night in Scotland a tourist may choose to stay at a hotel in the little town of Gallander, which is one of the ga

24、teways (通道) to the Highlands. On the following day he can set out to see the various lakes in the neighbourhood, and will be delighted with the wild and romantic aspect of the countryside. When he returns to his hotel he will be glad to eat a copious (丰盛的) “high tea”. This is a meal which, in Scotla

25、nd and many parts of northern England, takes the place of tea and dinner. It consists of one substantial course, followed by bread-and-butter, with jam or honey, and some kind of cake. Tea is drunk with the meal, which is taken at about six oclock in the evening. One has a light supper late in the e

26、vening.The next morning many tourists move on to the west coast, passing on their way Loch Lomond, one of the largest and most famous of the Scottish lakes. (These are Galled “lochs”, with the exception of the Lake of Menteith, not far from Glasgow.) The road twists and turns, dips and climbs, but i

27、s not dangerous. The greatest hazard is the black-faced sheep: these animals are as active and aggressive as goats, and frequently wander recklessly into the road. The tourist may also see a herd of long-haired Highlands cattle, which look fierce but are no more fierce than ordinary cattle. Eventual

28、ly the road runs along the coastline of the sea, where you can see little islands and rocky bays.31According to the passage, a Scotsman traveling with an English friend may tell him thatAthe journey from England to Scotland is long.Bthe Highlands are the most beautiful place in the world.Cthe Highla

29、nds have a lot of hills and mountains.Dthe Highlands are the most dangerous place in the world.32The Highlands, as the name suggests, are a Afind a lot of hills or mountains.Bfind a lot of lakes.Cmeet a lot of Scotsmen.Dhave a “high tea.”33 According to the passage, a tourist in Scotland may choose

30、to spend the first nightAin GlasgowBin Gallander.Cat Loch Lomond.Dat the Lake of Menteith34In the last paragraph the phrase “twists and turns” suggests that the road isAnot straight.Bnot dangerous.Cnarrow.Dcrowded.35Which of the following statements is true of the animals?ALong-haired Highlands catt

31、le dont look fierce.BOrdinary cattle look dangerous.CBlack-faced sheep are less active than goats.DBlack-faced sheep are as aggressive as goats.第二篇Family and Health Care“Chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, have replaced acute infectious illness as the leading causes of death in the U

32、nited States,” says Thomas L. Campbell, a physician specializing in family related medicine. Since most of these diseases cannot be cured, Campbell believes more emphasis must be placed on health promotion and disease prevention.The way to do this is through the family, Campbell says in a report pub

33、lished by the National Council on Family Relations. “The family has a powerful influence on health beliefs and behaviors because it is the primary social agent in the promotion of health and well-being. Preventive health-care programs and policies must focus on the family and use it as an important

34、resource in health promotion.”Campbell points to a number of observable connections between health and family.The family is the primary setting in which attitudes and behaviors regarding diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use are learned and maintained.Unhealthy behaviors and gen

35、etic risk factors for diseases are frequently found within families, as family members tend to share not only genes, but diets, physical activities, and alcohol and tobacco use.Chronic marital (婚姻上) distress and conflict can lead to acute and chronic health changes, such as rising blood pressure and

36、 heart rate and lowering immunity(免疫力) of cells. These physiological(生理上的) changes result in a wide range of diseases, especially heart disease and cancer.Campbell believes that a number of measures be made within the health-care system to accommodate the influence of the family. For example, health

37、 education and preventive care should be targeted toward families as well as individuals and communities. Also, when a risk factor for a disease or condition is identified in one family member, all other family members should be tested.Campbell also recommends that mental-health care be included in

38、wellness programs and suggests that family professionals(therapists, sociologists, and family-life educators) become more actively involved in health promotion.36Campbell believes people should pay more attention to health promotion and disease prevention because most of these diseasesAcan hardly be

39、 cured.Bcan be cured gradually.Ccan cause many deaths.Dcan be cured only by specialists.37According to Campbell, the most effective way to promote health and prevent diseases isAto make new health-care programs.Bto stress the role and the influence of the family.Cto adopt a new medical policy.Dto as

40、k each family to donate money to the community.38Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?AFamily is the place where we learn attitudes regarding eating.BFamily is the place where we learn behaviors regarding eating.CWhen conflict occurs in a family its members may suffer from distress

41、 bad to health.DDivorce is the best policy to promote health.39According to Campbell, health education should be centred onAfamilies.Bindividuals. Ccommunities.Dall of the above.40Which of the following is the possible job of a family professional?ATo give advice to family members who have mental pr

42、oblems.BTo help the smart family members to become professors.CTo help the children in the family review their lessons.DTo give the family members medical treatment like doctors.第三篇Accurate TimerThese days timing is everything. Between meetings and appointments, deadlines and conference calls, my sc

43、hedule requires that I know the time down to the minute. Even on weekends, I have got a football team to coach, shows to tape, and planes to catch. If Im sunk. The problem is that its hark if my clocks arent correct. Even the digital clocks can display time inaccurately. Dead batteries, time changes

44、any of these can cause a clock to be inaccurate. Now there is no need to worry, because advanced radio technology has produced a clock which gets the time directly from the U.S. Atomic Clock in Fort Collins, Colorado, the standard for time-keeping the world over. The Atomic Clock by Acron is the mos

45、t accurate, reliable and convenient timepiece you can have.Every morning at 1:00 a.m., this “smart” clock in Colorado automatically resets itself to the exact hour, minute and second. The U.S. Atomic Clock is accurate to ten billionths of a second per day. This means that the clock deviates less tha

46、n one second over a one-million year period. The Atomic Clock even adjusts automatically for daylight saving time, so you dont have to remember to “spring forward” or “fall back” The desktop clock model is the only atomic clock that will not lose time with low power or when you change its batteries.

47、The most accurate clock in the world is of no use if it is difficult to operate. The Acron Atomic Clock is engineered in Germany using the latest scientific technology. It comes in two styles, the wall clock and the desktop model. Both are designed to be functional and easy to use. The desk clocks d

48、isplay features the exact time (in hours, minutes and seconds), month and date, or you can choose to display any two U.S. or world time zones. It weighs only eight ounces, and is the perfect travel clock. It also has dual alarms, perfect for couples. Both the desktop and the wall models have an inte

49、rnal antenna for good reception without unattractive wires.41What is the passage mainly about?AThe importance of timing.BThe working principle of an ordinary clock.CThe features of the U.S. Atomic Clock.DThe manufacturer of the U.S. Atomic Clock.42The U.S. Atomic Clock is so accurate thatAit gains o

50、nly a second in a million years.Bits deviation is within a second in a million years.Cit loses only a second in a million years.Dits deviation can never be detected.43The U.S. Atomic Clock adjusts automatically forAspring time.Bsummer time.Cautumn time.Dwinter time.44Why does the writer want to know

51、 the time down to the minute?ABecause he always chairs meetings.BBecause he has got a football team to coach.CBecause he is the pilot of a plane.DBecause he has a very tight timetable to follow.45Which of the following about the U.S. Atomic Clock is NOT true?AIt has dual alarms.BIt has an outside an

52、tenna.CIt is a perfect travel clock due to its light weight.DIt displays to time zones.第5部分：补全短文（第4650题，每题2分，共10分）阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。Lowering the Risk of Heart DiseaseLike millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of

53、heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. I was three years old at that time. (46) It was there, but I didnt take it seriously.When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me an abno

54、rmally high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. (47) The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level

55、and the nature of the experiment. This test involves inserting a tube through a leg artery up to the heart. A dye is injected so that the amount of blockage of heart arteries can be seen. (48)Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol l

56、evel scared the hell out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life.For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. It was a heart attack just waiting to happen. (29) This was hard to take.This experien

57、ce taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. (50) Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what ate.ABut equally important, I got a taste of what it is

58、like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick.BHe sent me to the National Institute of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial.CI grew up with heart disease.DThe death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured.EAnd with my family his

59、tory, it could not be ignored.FThis is what I had experienced before.(46) (47) (48) (49) (50) 第6部分：完形填空（第5165题，每题1分，共15分）阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。Science and Truth“FINAGLE” is not a word that most people associate with science. One reason is that the image of th

60、e scientist is of one who always collects data in an impartial (51) for truth. In any debate-over intelligence, schooling, energy the (52) “science says” usually disarms opposition.But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a “finagle factor” a tendency by many scientists to give a helpf

61、ul change to the data to (53) desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, (54) has examined the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in his time (55) analyzing the brain size of the skulls as a m

62、easure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the (56)brains, that the brains of Indians and Blacks were smaller, and therefore, that whites constitute a superior race.Gould went back to Mortons original data and concluded that the (57)were an example of the finagle at work. He found that Mor

63、tons “discovery” was made by leaving out embarrassing data, using incorrect procedures, making simple arithmetical (58) (always in his favour) and changing his criteria again, always in favour of his argument. Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not believe that brain size reflects (59).But Gould went on to say Mortons story is only an example of a common problem in (60) work. Some of the leading fig