考研应用作文大全

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1、考研英语最新题型应试指导第一部分应用文写作第一节私人和公务信函一、概述书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函(Business Letter or Official Correspondence)和私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。值得注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。下面我们将逐个进行介绍。1.信端(Heading)信端即信头，一般包括写信人的地址和写信日期。一些正式信函的信

2、端还包括发信人或单位的电话号码、电报挂号、电传、传真和邮政编码等。西方国家中有些信端甚至还有单位负责人的姓名、职务和职称等。信端的目的是使收信人一看便知道书信来自何处，何时发出，便于复信和查阅。用一般的信纸写信时，信端应写在信纸的右上角，若字数较多，可从信纸中间或偏右的地方写起。若字数较少，可适当多向右移一些，使整个信端的重心落在右上角。信端的写法主要有并列式和斜列式两种。从目前情况来看，前者更为常用。采用并列式时，每行开头要左对齐；采用斜列式时，每行开头逐次向右移二三个字母的距离。例如(1)并列式16 Fuxing StreetHaidian DistrictBeijingPost Code

3、:100035Peoples Republic of ChinaTel:63211234Aug.20,2004(2)斜 列 式(Indented Form)16 Fuxing StreetHaidian DistrictBeijingPost Code:100035Peoples Republic of ChinaTel:63211234Aug.20,2004写信端时，先写发信人的地址，地点的名称按由小到大的顺序排列，然后与其它项目和发信日期。具体次序是：第一行写门牌号和街名；第二行写区名、市(县)名、省(州、邦)名，往国外寄的信，还要写上国家的名称；国家名称的前面加上邮政编码，其后可写上电话

4、号码，最后一行写发信日期。如果写信人的地址是机关单位的名称，则将其作为第一行。如果写信人的单位没有门牌号码和街名，则第一行可写上所在班级或专业组的名称；第二行写系、科、室名称；第三行写学校名称；第四行写市(县)、省(州)名称；然后再写邮政编码、国名、电话号码、发信日期等项。如果使用标点符号，则在每行末尾加逗号，最后一行的末尾加句号。但当前的信件中行末大都不加标点符号，但在每行之内该用标点符号的地方，仍要用标点。特别要注意的是，门牌号码和街名之间要加逗号。月份和日期之间不可用逗号。在西方国家，城市名称之后往往写有字母或数字(如New York,1 0 3),表示城市的邮政编码。关于发信日期的写法

5、，应注意以下几点：年份应完全写出，不能简写。月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May,June,July,因为较短，不可缩写。写日期时,可用基数词1,2,3,4,5.28,29,30,31等，也可用序数词1st,2nd,3rd,4th,5th.28th,29th,30th,311st等。但最好用基数词，简单明了。日期可有下列几种写法：Oct.20,2004 10 May.,2004 3rd June,2004 Sept.16th,2004其中，最为通用。2.信内地址(Inside Address,Introductory Address)信内地址收信人的姓名和地址

6、，写在信纸的左上角，从信纸的左边顶格开始写，低于写信人地址和发信日期一二行，也分并列式和斜列式两种，但应与信端的书写格式保持一致。其次序是，先写收信人姓名、头衔和单位名称，占一二行，然后写地址，可占二至四行，例如：并列式Ms.Joanna KerryPeking UniversityHaidian District,100871BeijingChina斜列式Ms.Joanna KerryPeking UniversityHaidian District,100871BeijingChina3.称呼(Salutation)对收信人的称呼应自成一行，写在低于信内地址一二行的地方，从信纸的左边顶格开

7、始写，每个词的开头字母要大写,至于末尾处的符号，英国人用逗号，但美国和加拿大英语则多用冒号。称呼用语可视写信人与收信人的关系而定。给外国人写英文信时，称呼用语要注意以下几点：对没有头衔的男性一般称呼Mr.。Mr.用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，不可只用在名字之前，例如对的称呼，应该是：Mi.或Mr.White,不可是：Mr.Phil。若称呼多个男性，则在姓名前用Mr.的复数形式Messrs.o对一般以人名为名称的公司和企业常用这种称呼，例如：Messrs.Black and Brothers布莱克兄弟公司。对女性一般称呼Mrs.,Madam或 Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前，或姓

8、氏和名字之前，一般不用在名字前Madame此词可以单独使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前Mrs.没有复数形式。若称呼多个女性，则在姓名前用Mme.的复数形式Mmes.而对以女子名字为名称的公司、企业可用Mesdames称呼。Miss多用于未婚女子，此词可缩写为M s,用于姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用于名字之前。对收信人的称呼，也可用头衔或职位的名称，不分性别。例如Professor(缩写为Prof.),Doctor(缩写为D r.),General(缩写为Gen.)。这些称呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，如 Prof.(Phil)White 等。对外公函中对收信人的称呼，可用Gentlemen(

9、而不是Gentleman),Dear Sir(s)ffl My dearSir(s)等。Gentlemen之前不能加D e a r,后面也不能带姓名。用 Sirs时，前面常用Dear 一词，但也可单独用Sir。若收信人是妇女，则无论已婚或未婚，都可单独使用Madam或其复数Mesdames。对外国高级官员的称呼，如国家元首、政府首脑、部长、大使、公使和特使等，可 用(Dear)Sir,(Dear)Mr.Chairman,(Dear)Mr.Premier,(My dear)Mr.Ambassador,Your Excellency(复数为 Excellencies)。对君主制国家的国王和皇帝等男

10、性君主，可以Sir称呼，对女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主，可用Madam称呼。有时也用Your Majesty称呼以表示。客气和尊敬Your Majesty可兼指男性和女性，其复数为 Your Majestieso对王室成员，如太子、王子、亲王和公主等，一般可用(Dear)Sir或(Dear)Madam但在正式尊称时，一般用 Your Highness(复数为 Highnesses)o收信人称呼先 生(男 人)Mr./Esq.夫 人(已 婚)Mrs.小 姐(未 婚)Miss夫人、小姐统称Ms.夫妇俩人Mr.and Mrs.两位或两位以上男子Messrs两位或两位以上女子(已婚)Mesdames两位

11、或两位以上小姐(未婚)Misses常见的头衔(汉英对照)如下：教授 Professor博士 Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.)医学博士 Medical Doctor(M.D.)总统或校长President主席或董事长Chairman副主席或副董事长Vice Chairman副总统或副校长Vice President首相 Prime Minister总、理 Premier省长或州长Governor市长Mayor参议员Senator大使 Ambassador秘书长 Secretary General一秘 First Secretary二秘 Second Secretary院长 Director,D

12、ean副院长 Vice Director系主任 Dean,Head,Chair馆长 Chief Librarian,Curator阁下 Excellency神甫Father4.信的正文(Body of the Letter)信的正文每段第一行应往右缩进约四五个字母。在写事务性信件时，正文一般开门见山，内容简单明了，条理清楚。在写私人信件时，信写好之后若有什么遗漏，可用P.S.表示补叙。5.结束语(ComplimentaryClose)结束语是写信人表示自己对收信人的一种谦称，只占一行，低于正文一二行，从信纸的中间或偏右的地方开始写。第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。结束语视写信人与收信人的

13、关系而定例如写给机关、团体或不相识的人的信，一般用：Yours(very)truly,Yours(very)faithfully,Yours(very)sincerely,等等。写给上级和长者的信一般可用：Yours(very)respectfully,Yours(very)obediently,Yours gratefully,Yours appreciatively,Yourobedient servant,等制。写给同志或同事的信一般可用：Fraternally yours,Comradely yours,等等。写给熟人或朋友的信可用：Yours,Ever yours,Yours aff

14、ectionately,As ever,Yours sincerely Yours devotedly,(Most)Fondlyyours,Yours excitedly,Intimately yours,等等。写给亲属或挚友的信一般用：Yours,Ever yours,Yours as ever,As ever,Yours affectionately,Lovingly yours,(Much)Love,WithLove,Lovingly,Your loving son,Your most affectionate,Your devoted friend,Devotedly,等等，意即：“您

15、的”、“永远是您的、“您的亲爱的”、“您的爱子(孩子、姐妹、侄、侄女、祖 母)”、“您的挚友”等。写给挚友的信有时也可用：Yours hurriedly,Yours hastily,Yours in haste,等等。写信给挚友，表示歉意时，可用：Contritely yours,Regretfully yours,Yours in(with)regret,Yours in(with)deep remorse 等。在欧洲一些国家里，多 把Yours放 在sincerely等词的前面。在美国和加拿大等国，则多用，把yous放 在Sincerely等词之后。Yours 一词有时也可省略。6.签 名

16、(Signature)信末的签名一般低于结束语一二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始写。若写信人是女性，与收信人又不相识，则一般在著名前用括号注上Miss,Mrs.或M s.,以便对方回信时知道如何称呼。有的还有署名后写上自己的职称、职务或头衔7.附 件(Enclosure)信件若有附件，应在左下角注明Encl.或Enc.。若附件不止一个，则应写出2(或3,4,5等)E nds.,例如:Enc:ResumeEncls:Grade Certificate8.再 启(Postscript,缩写为 P.S.)再启部分用于补叙正文中遗漏的话，一般应尽量少用，正式的函件中更应避免使用。二、注意事项首先，写信者

17、应设身处地想到对方，尊重对方的风俗习惯。其次，英文信应该行文流畅、言简意赅，避免冗长。这就是说，写信者应用尽可能少的文字表达其必须传递的信息，而且写信者应将其所需传递的信息表达清楚，以免对方产生误解。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人。因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多选用些礼貌婉转词语。最后，除了避免语法、拼写、标点错误外，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。三、常用句式常用的起首语有：1)Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.2)Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5,1997.3)A thousa

18、nd thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.4)Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.5)Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.6)ln reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say.7)Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on C

19、hristmas Eve.8)What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th!9)lt is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.10)First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to me.11)With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that.14)1 am very much pleased to i

20、nform you that my visit to your country has been approved.15)1 wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.16)1 am too excited and delighted at your good news.17)1 am very obliged to you for your warm congratulations.常用的结束语有：1)Awaiting your good news,2)Looking forward to your early reply,3)

21、Hoping to hear from you soon,4)We await your good news.5)l hope to hear from you very soon.6)We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.7)l look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles.8)Your early reply will be highly appreciated.9)Any other particulars wanted we shall be p

22、leased to send you.10)The help you give me is sincerely valued.11)1 hope everything will be well with you.12)Please let us know if you want more information.13)1 hope you always enjoy yourself.14)1 wish you very success in the coming year.15)Please remember me to your family.16)With best regards to

23、your family.17)AII the best.18)With love and good wishes.四、分类举例1)私人介绍信(Private Letter of Introduction)例 1Directions:One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a university in New York to study forseveral months.Please write a letter to an American friend in New York and introduce Li Fang

24、tohim/her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Mrs Mark,I am giving Miss Fang Li,a classmate of mine,this note of introduction to you and Mr.Mark,whenshe goes to visit New York City.Miss Li is my good friend.She is invited by a university to study there fora few

25、 months.She is a kind young lady.I believe you will enjoy meeting and knowing each other andbecome friends.It is my hope that you will kindly invite her to stay in your house for a few days.Kind regardsVery affectionately,X X X*lt is my hope that.是一个强调句式，意同 I hope that.stay in your house表示在你家小住。例 2D

26、irections:Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D.C.next month.Write a letter to Tonywho is there and introduce Mary to him.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write theaddress.Dear Tony,This letter will introduce my best friend Mary Brown of whom youve often heard me mention.

27、She isgoing to be in Washington D.C.next month to lecture.I want very much to have her meet you there.And this seems like an excellent chance for you to meet each other.I think both of you will have a lotin common.So far as I know,you both are interested in modern literature.Once you meet her,you wi

28、llreally enjoy her company.Any kindness to her will be duly appreciated by me.Yours affectionately,X X X*这是一个向朋友介绍朋友的介绍信。Tony和 Mary都是写信人的朋友，在他看来，他们志同道合，有共同爱好，所以希望他们相识，信中说“you both are interested in modern literature once you meet her,you will really enjoy her company%2)应 聘 信(Accepting Request for an

29、 Interview)例 1Directions:You have just received a letter from a company,which replied your application for a joband asked you to go to the interview on August 30.Please write a reply which is about 100 words andyou do not need to write the address.Dear Mr.Wang,Thank you for your reply of August 20 a

30、bout my application for a position.It came to hand thismorning as a pleasant surprise.I am glad to tell you that I will attend the interview at the time you set forthe morning of August 30.I will bring along full details of my testimonials as you suggested.I would like to introduce myself to the com

31、pany and hope to be a member of it.I would certainlyspare no effort to acquit myself to your satisfaction.Yours respectfully,X X X*come to hand表示收到。set表示设定时间。spare no effort不遗余力。3)推荐信(Letters of Recommendation)例 1Directions:You are preparing to introduce your student to sb.Write a letter about 100 w

32、ords andexpress your opinion clearly.1）what the referee want to obtain2）the reason you want to introduce him or her.3）the opinion and suggestion of yourself.You do not need to write the address.Dear Professor Smith,It is my pleasure to recommend my student Mr.Wang Gang for admission to your departme

33、nt forpursuing a master degree in accounting.I am engaged in accounting teaching at a university in Beijing China,I enjoy my work and all of myChinese students,who are so clever and friendly.However Mr.Wang Gang excels almost any others.Heis not only outstanding in the field of accounting but also g

34、ifted for the English language,for he seems tounderstand almost every word I say in class.As concern as his personality,I find him honest,responsible,and cooperative.I bet youll like him too.I recommend him enthusiastically.If you need further information regarding Mr.Wang Gnag,do nothesitate to con

35、tact me.Best regards,Sincerely yours,X X X*be engaged in 表示从事（工作），as concern as关于、提及例 2Directions:You are asked to write a recommendation of your student for a position of marketing clerkabout 100 words please express your reason clearly.You do not need to write the address.Dear Mr.Manager,I am writ

36、ing this letter to recommendate my student Wang Gang who is seeking the position ofmarketing clerk of your company.He says you are satisfied with his presentation at the interview and require recommendation to beattached to his exceptional academic performance in the college.As his political instruc

37、tor,I think Mr.Wang is well qualified for the position he seeks.He always ranksamong the top five in his grade,has passed CET-6 and obtains a certificate of intermediate computerskills.Mr.Wang is a studious,selfless,and aspiring young man,and he is awarded the title of ThreeGood Activist by the coll

38、ege every year.I believe he is a good candidate worthy of your consideration.Your sincerely,X X X*interview即面试，be well qualified表示完全具有资格、很合格例 3Directions:You are going to write a recommendation for sb.as you will introduce him or her a job.Please express your idea clearly about 100 words.You do not

39、need to write the address.Dear Sirs,I take delight in recommending Mr Wang Gang to the Education Department of your university.Mr Wang is a conscientious and strong-minded young man.He was first trained for two years inBeijing Normal University and assigned to work as a high school teacher.His desir

40、e,however,was toinstruct English in a university.Then he entered the Beijing Institute of Education to study English foranother two years.His academic record was exceptionally good,especially in American literature course.Now,He has graduated from the institute and hopes to study further abroad,whic

41、h will benefit hisfuture employment prospect and may help fulfil his desire.I should appreciate it very much if you would consider him.Yours sincerely,X X X*take delight in表示很乐于（做某事）。例 4Directions:Your are asked to write a recommendation for a student.Please give your suggestionsand express your opi

42、nions clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.To Professor Zhang,I have the pleasure of writing this letter of recommendation for Mr.Li Ming,who is a student of mine.He wishes to be considered an applicant for the MS course of biology at your college.Mr.Wang is a gifted young ma

43、n.He has devoted his heart to his study and research.Not only has heobtained As in all major subject areas,but he has also published several articles in the school journal,illustrating his originality and his deep understanding of science.For his competence,he is respected byeveryone who knows him.I

44、 feel sure that,if he is accepted by your college,he will be able to develop his talent to its fullestpotential.I sincerely hope you will give him favorable consideration.Yours cordially,X X X*推荐信经常使用一些褒奖的形容词来描述被推荐人。以下是一些常用的描述品行和能力的词语，供大家参考：bright,clever,capable,gifted,talented,ingenious,outstanding

45、,prominent,diligent,assiduous,industrious,conscientious,hardworking,humorous,good-humored,cooperative,compromising,competent,original,innovative,ambitious,creative,original,innovative,inventive,imaginative,firm,persistent,persevering,resourceful,kind-hearted,generous,honest,helpful,cheerful,consider

46、ate,devoted,dedicated,committed,promising,far beyond the average person 等。以上各词应根据语意选择，但不要过于堆砌。4)祝 贺 信(Letters of Congratulation)例 1Directions:Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate your friend Li Ming,who did wellin the passed college entrance exam and has been enrolled in Peking U

47、niversity.You do not need to writethe address.Dear Ming,We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination thisyear and have been admitted into Peking University.Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations onthis exciting occasion.You have all along be

48、en working hard at your professional studies,and you are excellent in mostsubjects.Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results.We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you.Wish you greater achievements in yourcollege education.Yours cordially,X X X*对朋友高考胜利的祝贺信应包括对其所付出

49、努力的肯定，对其成绩的祝贺和对未来的祝福。例 2Directions:Your friend Steven and Jenny have just had a new baby boy.Please write a letter of about100 words to congratulate them.You do not need to write the address.Dear Jenny:How happy you must be to have a beautiful new baby boy.The happiness in my heart is just thesame w

50、ith you.Now youve experienced the joy that only a new mother knows as her baby is put into herarms for the first time.I am sure that the little stranger must look like his father and some years later he will be a smartfellow.May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you and

51、 Steven and your littleWhats-his-name.Best wishes to all of you!Very sincerely yours,X X X*庆贺孩子出生的信一般都写给孩子的母亲例 3Directions:Your high school classmate Zhanghong has just graduated from Cambridge University.Please write a letter to congratulate her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to w

52、rite theaddress.Dear Zhanghong:How time flies!Here you are graduating from Cambridge University and planning to find a job in acomputer cooperation in the United States.Congratulations on the job well done while at university and good luck to you during your new career.I wish you success in all your

53、 undertakings and hope youll find your career a source of great joy andhappiness.Any time when you come back home,l wish you would come to my place.Then,we may recall ourhigh school life.Everything will be well with you I believe.Sincerely yours,X X X*写作时要充分挖掘导语中的有效信息，特别是high school classmate等细节信息。例

54、 4Directions：Bill got a Doctorate in literature for Tsinghua University.Write a letter to congratulatehim.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Bill,I got the news from Mike that you have received a Doctorate in literature from Tsinghua University.Icongratulate y

55、ou for this.To have reached this milestone in your scholarship at a young age is reallygreat.It means,I believe,years of assiduous study and hard work on your part.And it is an achievementyou can be well proud of.As your best friend,I hope you can reach higher level in your study and domore contribu

56、tion to the society.My best wishes to you!Sincerely,X X X*朋友年轻有为，获得博士学位，应该祝贺。正如信中所说，这一成就是“多年来刻苦学习和努力工作的结果(years of assiduous study and hard work)o 英文有一句成语：No sweet no sweat.世界上不劳有获的事情是没有的。例 5Directions:Write a letter of congratulation to a friend who win the scholarship in Tsinghua University.You sh

57、ould write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Jiang,I take great pleasure in sending congratulations to you on your winning the scholarship to theTsinghua University of American literature.While Im not a little surprised,Tm all happy to get the good news.I know you have got ex

58、cellentmarks for all the courses you took.It is great to know that you have achieved the goal you set for yourself.It is an award that you richly deserve.Tm really proud of you.Warmest congratulations.Cordially yours,X X X*这是一封祝贺信。字词之间流露出祝贺的诚意，如“great pleasure,not a little surprise,ugreatH例 6Directi

59、ons:You have just found an article about your friend Jims success in research on Jinghuanewspaper.Write a letter to him to congratulate him.You should write about 100 words and do not needto write the address.Dear Jim,We are very happy to learn from todays Jinghua newspaper the great news of your su

60、ccess Apaper on Teaching Theory.You carft image how pleased we are.It is a well-deserved recognition of your remarkable work.We are lucky in having you among ourfriends,and we are so proud of you and happy for you.Please accept our warmest congratulations.Yours cordially,X X X*写作中应擅用破折号，以达到简单明了的目的。I

61、t is a recogn市。n o f表示这是对某人某事的认同和肯定。5)求助信(Letters of Asking for Help)例 1Directions:You want to study further for a Masters degree and you are preparing for the entranceexam.Since you have difficulty in English,you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help fromyour good friend Fang.You d

62、o not need to write the address.Dear Fang,I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you,with the hope that you will be kind to help me.I have been longing to apply for the entrance examination for MA candidates for a long time becauseI want to pursue advanced studies.Unfortunately I find myself far

63、from the required standard,especiallymy very poor English.At this moment,the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request,whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance.I promise to be a diligent student.Ifyou agree,I will come to your house once a week at a time most

64、convenient to you.Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.Your friend,X X X*Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.多次承你帮忙，不胜感激！例 2Directions:Suppose you are a senior majored in physics and plan to study further abroad.Pleasewrite a letter of

65、 about 100 words to professor Li and ask him to write a reference for you to a U.S.university.You do not need to write the address.Dear professor Li,I am a undergraduate from the Department of physics and I fortunately took a major course on whichyou lectured.Your lessons impressed me deeply.As a se

66、nior,I face the choice between hunting for a job and continuing to study.I prefer to apply for achance to pursue a Masters degree abroad.I have taken required English exams and got excellent scores.Whafs more,I have finished mypersonal statement,which is attached to this letter.Tm now writing to ask if you can write a reference forme,which will greatly facilitate my admission into a U.S.university.Best wishes for your health.Your Student,X X X“在请求别人写推荐信时应写明自己的目的和打算，并为对方提供相关信息。例 3Directions:You p