机械外文翻译--切削加工新概念

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1、The new concept of cutting processing 切削加工新概念The nowadays cutting tool company cannot only be again the manufacture andthe sales cutting tool,in order to succeed,they must be consistent with theglobalization manufacture tendency maintenance,through enhances the efficiency,cooperates with the custome

2、r reduces the cost.Approaches the instantaneous globalcompetition after this after NAFTA,the WTO time,the world company is makingquickly to the same feeling,is lighter,a cheaper response.In other words,they makethe product and the components contain can in high speed under revolve,as a resultof the

3、cost pressure,best,is lighter moreover must make cheaply.Obtains these goalsa best way is through develops and applies the new material,but these is new and theimprovement material usually all with difficulty processes.In in this kind ofcommercial power and the technical difficulty combination is es

4、pecially prominent inthe automobile and the aviation industry,and has become has the experience thecutting tool company to research and develop the department the most importantdriving influence.For example,takes the modular cast iron to say that,it has become the enginepart and other automobiles,th

5、e agriculture the material which see day by day with theequipment and in the machine tool industry components.This kind of alloy providesthe low production cost and the good machine capability combination.They arecheaper than the steel products,but has a higher intensity and toughness compared tothe

6、 cast iron.But at the same time the modular cast iron is extremely wear-resisting,has fast breaks by rubbing the cutting tool material the tendency.In this wear resistantvery great degree bead luminous body content influence.Some known modular castiron bead luminous body content higher,its resistanc

7、e to wear better,moreover itsmachinability is worse.Moreover,the modular cast iron porosity causes off and on tocut,this even more reduces the life.May estimate that,the high degree of hardness and the high wear-resistingcutting material quality must consider the modular cast iron the high resistanc

8、e towear.And the material quality contains extremely hard TiC in fact(carbonizedtitanium)or TiCN(carbon titanium nitrides)thick coating when cutting speed eachminute 300 meters processes the modular cast iron to prove usually is effective.Butalong with cutting speed increase,scrap/The cutting tool j

9、unction plane temperaturealso is increasing.When has such situation,the TiC coating favors in has the chemicalreaction with the iron and softens,more pressures function in anti-crescent moonhollow attrition coating.Under these conditions,hoped has one chemical stabilitybetter coating,like A12O3(alth

10、ough under low speed was inferior to TiC hard or iswear-resisting).The chemical stability becomes an important performance performance dividingline compared to the resistance to wear the factor,the speed and the temperature isdecided in is processed the modular cast iron the crystal grain structure

11、and theperformance.But usually thick coating of TiCN and TiC or only ductile iron oxides inthe soil coating is applied to,because the today majority of this kinds are processedthe material the cutting speed in each minute 150 to 335 meters between.Is higherthan each minute 300 meter applications reg

12、arding the speed,the people to this kindof material are satisfied.In order to cause this scope performance to be most superior,the mountainhigh researched and developed and has promoted in view of modular cast ironprocessing material quality TX150.This kind of material quality has hard also theanti-

13、distortion substrate,is very ideal regarding the processing modular cast iron.Itscoating the oxide compound coating which hollowly wears by thick verywear-resisting carbon titanium nitrides and a thin anti-crescent moon,the top is thinlayer TiN.This kind of coating which needs the center warm chemis

14、try gas phasedeposition using the state of the art production resistance to wear and the anticrescent moon hollow attrition which the CVD coating complete degree of hardnessmoreover the tough smoothness increases(MTCVD)the craft.Substrate/The coatingcombination performance gives the very high anti-p

15、lastic deformation and the cuttingedge micro collapses the ability,causes it to become under the normal speed toprocess the modular cast iron the ideal material quality.The coating ceramics also display can effectively process the modular cast iron.In the past,the aluminum oxide ceramics application

16、 which not the coating toughgood such as nitriding silicon and the silicon carbide textile fiber strengthened thework piece material chemistry paralysis limit.Today but could resist the scrapdistortion process through the use to have the high thermal coating cutting tool lifealready remarkably to in

17、crease.But certain early this domains work piece processinguse aluminum oxides spread the layer crystals to have to strengthen the ceramics,today most research concentrate in the TiN coating nitriding silicon.This kind ofcoating can remarkably open up the tough good ceramics the application scope.Wh

18、en machining,the work piece has processed the surface is depends upon thecutting tool and the work piece makes the relative motion to obtain.According to thesurface method of formation,the machining may divide into the knife point path law,the formed cutting tool law,the generating process three kin

19、ds.The knife point path law is depends upon the knife point to be opposite in thework piece surface path,obtains the superficial geometry shape which the work piecerequests,like the turning outer annulus,the shaping plane,the grinding outer annulus,with the profile turning forming surface and so on,

20、the knife point path are decided thecutting tool and the work piece relative motion which provides in the engine bed;The formed cutting tool law abbreviation forming,is with the formed cutting toolwhich matches with the work piece final superficial outline,or the fonned grindingwheel and so on proce

21、sses the formed surface,like formed turning,formed millingand form grinding and so on,because forms the cutting tool the manufacture quite tobe difficult,therefore only uses in processing the short formed surface generally;The generating process name rolls cuts method,is when the processing thecutti

22、ng tool and the work piece do unfold the movement relatively,the cutting tooland the work piece centrode make the pure trundle mutually,between both maintainsthe definite transmission ratio relations,obtains the processing surface is the knifeedge in this kind of movement envelope,in the gear proces

23、sing rolls the tooth,thegear shaping,the shaving,the top horizontal jade piece tooth and rubs the tooth and soon to be the generating process processing.Some machining has at the same time theknife point path law and the formed cutting tool method characteristic,like threadturning.The machining qual

24、ity mainly is refers to the work piece the processing precisionand the surface quality(including surface roughness,residual stress and superficialhardening).Along with the technical progress,the machining quality enhancesunceasingly.The 18th century later periods,the machining precision counts by th

25、emillimeter;At the beginning of 20th century,machining precision Gao Yida 0.01millimeter;To the 50,s,the machining precision has reached a micron level;The 70s,the machining precision enhances to 0.1 micron.The influence machining quality primary factor has aspects and so on engine bed,cutting tool,

26、jig,work piece semifinished materials,technique and processingenvironment.Must improve the machining quality,must take the suitable measure tothe above various aspects,like reduces the engine bed work error,selects the cuttingtool correctly,improves the semifinished materials quality,the reasonablea

27、rrangement craft,the improvement environmental condition and so on.Enhances the cutting specifications to enhance the material excision rate,isenhances the machining efficiency the essential way.The commonly used highlyeffective machining method has the high-speed cutting,the force cutting,the plasm

28、aarc heating cuts and vibrates the cutting and so on.The grinding speed is called the high-speed grinding in 45 meters/second abovecuttings.Uses the high-speed cutting(or grinding)both may enhance the efficiency,and may reduce the surface roughness.The high-speed cutting(or grinding)requeststhe engi

29、ne bed to have the high speed,the high rigidity,the high efficiency and thevibration-proof good craft system;Requests the cutting tool to have the reasonablegeometry parameter and the convenience tight way,but also must consider the safereliable chip breaking method.The force cutting refers to the r

30、oughing feed or cuts the deep machining greatly,uses in the turning and the grinding generally.The force turning main characteristic isthe lathe tool besides the main cutting edge,but also some is parallel in the workpiece has processed superficial the vice-cutting edge simultaneously to participate

31、 inthe cutting,therefore may enhance to feed quantity compared to the general turningseveral times of even several times.Compares with the high-speed cutting,the forcecutting cutting temperature is low,the cutting tool life is long,the cutting efficiency ishigh;The shortcoming is processes the surfa

32、ce to be rough.When force cutting,theradial direction cutting force death of a parent is not suitable fbr to process the tall andslender work piece very much.The vibration cutting is along the cutting tool direction of feed,the attachmentlow frequency or the high frequency vibration machining,may en

33、hance the cuttingefficiency.The low frequency vibration cutting has the very good chip breaking effect,but does not use the chip breaking equipment,makes the knife edge intensity toincrease,time the cutting total power dissipation compared to has the chip breakinginstallment ordinary cutting to redu

34、ce about 40%.The high frequency vibration cuttingalso called the ultrasonic wave vibration cutting,is helpful in reduces between thecutting tool and the work piece friction,reduces the cutting temperature,reduces thecutting tool the coherence attrition,thus the enhancement cutting efficiency and the

35、processing surface quality,the cutting tool life may enhance 40%approximately.To lumber,plastic,rubber,glass,marble,granite and so on nonmetallic materialmachining,although is similar with the metal material cutting,but uses the cuttingtool,the equipment and the cutting specifications and so on has

36、the characteristicrespectively.The lumber product machining mainly carries in each kind of joinefs bench,itsmethod mainly has:The saw cuts,digs cuts,the turning,the milling,drills truncateswith the polishing and so on.The plastic rigidity is worse than the metal,the easy bending strain,thethermoplas

37、tic thermal conductivity to be in particular bad,easy to elevate temperaturethe conditioning.When cutting plastic,suitably with the high-speed steel or the hardalloy tools,selects the small to feed quantity and the high cutting speed,and usescompressed air cooling.If the cutting tool is sharp,the an

38、gle is appropriate,mayproduce the belt-shaped scrap,easy to carry off the quantity of heat.Glass(including semiconducting material and so on germanium,silicon)butdegree of hardness high brittleness is big.To methods and so on glass machiningcommonly used cutting,drill hole,attrition and polishing.To

39、 thickness in threemillimeters following glass plates,the simple cutting method is with the diamond orother hard materials,in glass surface manual scoring,the use scratch place stressconcentration,then uses the hand to break off.To the marble,the granite and the concrete and so on the hard materialp

40、rocessing,mainly uses methods and so on cutting,turning,drill hole,shaping,attrition and polishing.When cutting the available circular saw blade adds the grindingcompound and the water;The outer annulus and the end surface may use the negativerake the hard alloy lathe tool,by 1030 meter/minute cutti

41、ng speed turning;Drills ahole the available hard alloy drill bit;The big stone material plane available hard alloyplaning tool or rolls cuts planing tool shaping;The precise smooth surface,availablethree mutually for the datum to the method which grinds,or the grinding and thepolishing method obtain

42、s.Cutting tool in hot strong alloy applicationThe aviation processing also changes rapidly.For example,nickel baseheat-resisting alloy like several years ago the most people had not heard Rene88 nowoccupies to the aircraft engine manufacture uses the total metal quantity 1025%.Hasvery good showing a

43、nd the commercial reason regarding this.For example,these heatstrong alloy will be able to increase the engine endurance moreover to permit thesmall engine work on the big airplane,that will enhance the combustion efficiencyand reduces the operation cost.These tough good materials also present the e

44、xpenseon the cutting tool.Their thermal stability causes on the knife point the temperature tobe higher,thus reduced the cutting tool life.Similarly,in these alloy carbide pelletremarkably increased the friction,thus reduces the cutting tool life.As a result of changes in these conditions,can be ver

45、y pleased to have processedmany titanium alloys and nickel-based alloy materials C-2 hard metal alloys,in theapplication to todays cutting edge of blade to the crushing and cutting depth of thetrench lines badly worn.But using the latest high-temperature processing of smallparticles hard metal alloy

46、s to be effective,cutlery life improved,but more importantlyto enhance the reliability of applications in high-temperature alloys.Small particleshard metal than traditional hard metal materials higher compression strength andhardness,only a small increase in the resilience of the cost.And resulted i

47、n hightemperature alloy processing than traditional hard metal resistance common failuremode more effective.PVD(physical gas phase deposition)coating also by certificate effectiveprocessing heat-resisting alloy.TiN(titanium nitrides)the PVD coating was uses andstill was most early most receives welc

48、ome.Recently,TiAlN(nitrogen calorizationtitanium)and TiCN(carbon titanium nitrides)the coating also could very good use.Inthe past the TiAlN coating application scope and TiN compared the limit to be more.But after the cutting speed enhances them is a very good choice,enhances theproductivity in the

49、se applications to reach 40%.On the other hand,is decided underthe low cutting speed in coating superficial operating mode TiAlN can cause toaccumulate the filings lump afterwards,micro collapses with the trench attrition.Recently,used in the heat-resisting alloy application material quality already

50、developing,these coating but became by several combinations.The massivelaboratories and the scene test has already proven this kind of combination and otherany kind of sole coating compares in time the very wide scope application is veryeffective.Therefore aims at the heat-resisting alloy applicatio

51、n the PVD compoundcoating possibly to become the focal point which the hard alloy new material qualityresearch and development continues.With the MTCVD coating,the coating ceramicsgather in the same place,they hopefully become a more effective processing toresearch and develop newly are more difficu

52、lt to process the work piece material themain impact strength.Dry processingIncluding the refrigerant question is technical and the commercial expansionindustrial production tendency another domain which the cutting tool makes.NorthAmerica and the European strict refrigerant management request and t

53、he biggest threeautomobile manufacturer forces them the core supplier to obtain the ISO 14000authentication(the IS09000 environment management edition),this causes therefrigerant processing cost rise.To the car company and their core supplier saidobviously one of responses which welcome is in the sp

54、ecific processing applicationavoids completely the refrigerant the use.This kind did the processing the new worldto propose a series of challenges for the cutting tool supplier.Recently,already appeared some to concern this topic to promulgate the speed,to enter for,the coating chemical composition

55、and other parameters very substantialcomprehensive nature very strong useful technical papers.Wants to concentrate theelaboration in here me does the processing viewpoint1 1 in the operation andcommercial meaning automobile manufacturer new.The metal working jobholders can the very good understandin

56、g relatedrefrigerant use question,but majority cannot understand concerns except the technicalchallenge(for example row of filings)beside does the processing question in thecutting tool-work piece contact face between.Usually may observe to the refrigerantdisperser scrap which flows out,but the pres

57、sure surpasses 3,000 pounds/An inch 2high speed refrigerant also can help to break the filings,specially soft also thecontinual scrap can cause in the cutting tool-work piece contact face trouble.Uses does the cutting craft the components result is the engine bed uses the wettype processing componen

58、ts to be hotter than.Whether before you do allow them tosurvey in the open-air natural cooling?If processes newly the hot components putfrequently to the turnover box,elevates the environment temperature,whethercomponents full cooling and just right enough permission precision examination?Also has t

59、he handling side several dozens on hundred components to be able tooperate the worker to increase the extra burden.With many cutting tools/The work piece technical question same place,theselatent questions need to state whether dryly adds the ability line.Luckily,has verymany ways to elaborate these

60、 questions.For example,the compressed air was provenrow of filings becomes the question in very many applications the situation to havethe successful echo.Another plan is called MQL(minimum lubrication)a technology,it replaces thetraditional refrigerant by the application the quite few oil mists con

61、stitution.This is arecognition compromise plan,this kind of minimum technology can large scalereduce the refrigerant the headache matter,moreover the smooth finish whichprocesses in many applications very is also good.This domain still had very manyresearch to do,moreover the cutting tool company po

62、sitively participated in suchresearch was absolutely essential.If they will not do fall behind the competitor,willbe at the disadvantageous position.In the factory the special details design other perhaps better plan according to theworld in.The manufacturing industry jobholders possibly still could

63、 ask why they dohave to use recent development the technology to replace the refrigerant methoddiligently which the tradition already an experience number generation of personimproved enhances,because implemented especially does the experiment and thedefeat which the processing or the subarid proces

64、sing produced possibly causes thehigher short-term cutting tool cost.The concise answer is when the bit probablyaccounts for the model processing components cost 3%,the refrigerant cost(frompurchases to maintenance,storage,processing)can account for the components cost15%.Perhaps does the dry proces

65、sing is not all suits to each application,but abovediscusses likely other processing questions are same,needs from a wider operation,the environment and the commercial angle appraises.Will be able to help the cuttingtool company which the customer will do this to have the competitive advantage,butth

66、ese will not be able to provide unceasingly is in the passive position.Cutting tool and nanotechnologyCan fiercely change the cutting tool industry the enchanting new domain is theminiature manufacture,or the processing small granule forms the product whichneeds.Must refer to is its here does not have about the cutting tool miniaturemanufacture first matter;Second must say the matter is it is not remote.Why the miniature manufacture and are the cutting tool related.Because mostmain is the partic