状语从句 (2)

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1、三状语从句副词性从句（状语从句）状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为十大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较 、方式和程度。1时间状语从句(1)常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till,（ until ）特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely wh

2、ene.g I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.when, while, as引导时间状语从句时的异同 when引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词；从句的动作可以和主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生，此时相当于af

3、ter。当when从句谓语动词是延续性动词时，可与while互换。 e.g I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad. ( =while ) When they came home, I was cooking dinner. (不能用while) When the film ended, people rushed out of the hall. ( =after ) when从句置于主句后面，同时从句中谓语动词又是短暂性动词时，常表示“此时突然”。 e.g I was walking along the street when I ca

4、ught sight of a tailors shop. He was enjoying his dinner when a loud noise came on the door. while引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，有时侧重主句和从句动作的对比。 He took a bath while I was preparing dinner. as常可与when, while通用，但它较强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，常译作“边边”也可用来说明两种正在发展和变化的情况，此时常译作“随着”。 e.g He sang happily as he walked along

5、the path. The day gets longer and longer as summer comes. until, till引导的时间状语从句 主句谓语动词为延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定句式，意为“一直到”，表示主句动作一直延续到until/till从句表示的时间才终止；主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，意思是“一直到才”，表示主句动作到until/till从句表示的时间才开始。 e.g He worked until/till it was dark. He didnt work until/till it was dark. until和till意义

6、相同，通常可换用，但在强调结构、倒装句或句首，一般用until。e.g I didnt know about it until/till he told me. It was not until he told me that I knew about it. Not until he told me did I know about it.since引导的时间状语从句since从句中的动词不同，其起算时间也不同。since + 瞬间动词过去时，从该动作发生时起算；since + 延续性动词过去时，从该动作结束时起算。e.g He has worked very hard since he e

7、ntered the factory. (enter为瞬间性动词，该句意为“从他入厂以来，他工作一直非常努力。”) We havent seen each other since I worked in the factory. (work为延续性动词，该句意为“从我不在工厂以来，我们没见过面。”可说成 We havent seen each other since I stopped working in the factory.） since常用于Its + some time + since sb. did sth.结构。试比较： Its two years since he joine

8、d the army. （他参军有两年了。） Its two years since he was a soldier. （他退役有两年了） before和after引导的时间状语从句before和after表示的时两个时间活两个事件之间的先后关系。Before引导的从句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句时过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。After引导的从句中的动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句用过去时，从句一般要用过去完成时。e.g They had got everything ready before I arrived. 我去之前它们准备好了一切。After he had wo

9、rked in the factory for five years, he went abroad. 他在这家工厂工作了5年后出国了。注意：如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中用的时某个状态动词，before和after句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。e.g He arrived after the meeting started. 会开完时他来了。She did not understand me before I explained it to her. 在我解释给她听之前，她一点都不了解。as soon as等意为“一就”的时间状语从句的几种不同表达 as soon as表示

10、“一就”，在表述已发生的动作时，hardlywhen, no soonerthan也可表示同样的意思，但主句谓语动词要用过去完成时，从句用过去时，还可转换成倒装结构。 As soon as he saw the policeman, he ran away. = He had hardly seen the policeman when he ran away. = Hardly had he seen the policeman when he ran away. = He had no sooner seen the policeman than he ran away. = No soo

11、ner had he seen the policeman than he ran away. immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,也可引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思，用法也与as soon as基本相同。上述句子可转换成： He ran away immediately/directly/instantly he saw the policeman. He ran away the moment/the minute/the instant he saw the pol

12、iceman. 2地点状语从句常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywheree.g Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.注意：where引导的状语从句和where引导的定语从句常可转换，判断它属于哪类从句的关键是看where前面有没有被修饰的、表示地点的先行词。试比较： Stand where you are! （状语从句） Stand at the place where

13、you are! （定语从句） Bamboo grows best where its wet and rainy. （状语从句） Bamboo grows best in places where its wet and rainy. （定语从句）3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that e.g My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. Now th

14、at everybody has come, lets begin our conference.原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。because引导的从句可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后面，表示直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句。回答why问句、用于强调结构都用because。e.g He had to do a part-time job after work because he needed money for his marriage. It was because he lost it that he found it more valuable than ev

15、er. since和as引导的原因从句更多见于句首，表示明显的、已知的事实，语气比because弱， 分别可译作“既然”、“由于”，着重点在主句。 e.g Since you have to stay at home, why dont you do some shopping on computer?. As the weather is fine, lets go fishing. for也可引导表示原因的句子，但它是个并列连词，通常表示一种推测的原因或附加的说明，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，前面常有逗号分隔。 e.g It must have rained last night, for

16、the ground is wet. now that, seeing that, considering that等也可以引导表示原因的从句, 语气相当于since，常译作“既然”，口语中that可省去。e.g Now (that) my watch has been sold, whats the use of the watch chain? Seeing (that) youre already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside4目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in

17、 case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thate.g The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 目的状语从句通常由 (so) that, in order that引导,在口语

18、或非正式文体中，有时也会用that或so引导。in order that 引导的目的从句可以放在主句后面，也可放在主句前面，而so that引导的从句通常放在主句后面。目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may(might), can(could), should, will等情态动词。e.g He always takes a seat in the first row so that/in order that he can hear better. （也可说成He always takes a seat in the first row so/that he can hear better.但用的

19、较少。） =In order that he can hear better, he always taked a seat in the first row. The actress wore ordinary clothes in order that/so that she might not be recognized easily. =In order that she might not be recognized easily, the actress wore ordinary clothes. in case, for fear that, lest 等也可以引导目的状语从句

20、，表示 “以防、以免” 。e.g He left early in case he should miss the train. Take your raincoat in case it rains/should rain. Mother hid the sweets and chocolates lest/for fear that her son should see them.5结果状语从句常用引导词： so that, such that （so + adj./adv. 置于句首，引起倒装）特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the ext

21、ent that, to such a degree that He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.1）结果状语从句常由so that, so that, such that等引导，放在主句之后，sothat与suchthat句型在一定条件下可转换。so+形容词（副词）+thatso+形容词+a(an)+单数名

22、词+thatso+形容词+不可数名词so+形容词+复数名词such+a(an)+形容词+单数名词+thate.g It is such a good story that Ill never forget it.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.=It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it.这个箱子太重了没有人能搬的动。 在口语中也可用that引导结果从句。例如： What have I said that he should be so angry with me? 2）so

23、that引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的辨别 so that从句之前有逗号的常为结果状语从句，因表示某一行为带来的结果，从句中的时态常为过去式；so that从句中有may(might), can(could), should, will等情态动词的通常是目的状语从句。例如： I wrote as clearly as possible so that I might get high marks. （目的） I wrote as clearly as possible, so that I got high marks. （结果） He went to the lecture early s

24、o that he could get a good seat. （目的） He went to the lecture early, so that he got a good seat. （结果）3）so, that和so that这三个连词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最常用，so和that多用于口语或非正式文体中。so that从句常用逗号同主句隔开。e.g He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. 他做了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。 What happened that she loo

25、ked so worried and disappointed?她看上去如此忧伤、失望，究竟发生了什么事情？ He didnt abide by the contract, so he was fined. 他没有遵守条约，因此被罚了款。6条件状语从句条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句，非真实条件句在虚拟语气中有详细表述，这里只讨论真实条件句。条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，表示将来要用一般现在时。常用引导词：if, unless 特殊引导词：as / so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case

26、 that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.注意：1）有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句，祈使句后面要搭配and，如： Come tomorrow, and I will tell you. (= If you come tomorrow, ) Give

27、 him an inch and hell take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, hell )2）if only是if的强调式，通常表示说话人的愿望，如： If only it clears up, well go. If only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. If only I hadnt been late for work. (I wish I hadnt been late for work.)3）在真实条件句中，从句动词通常用一般现在时表示将来时间，主句通常带有情态动词，

28、If you move, Ill shoot you. If I press this button, what will happen? If you come, you can see it. If you finish early, you may go.注 当从句表示将来已经完成或正在进行的动作时，动词用现在完成时或现在进行时， I will return the book on Monday if I have read it. The police wont take your car away if you are sitting in it.注 如果从句表示现在的意图、意愿、决

29、心等，则可以用will / shall，如： If you will read the book, Ill let you have it. If you will help me, we can finish by six. If you will give up smoking / drinking, your health will improve.4）unless 从句中可用否定词，而 if not 从句中不可再加否定词，因此在 unless 引导的否定从句中，不可用 if not 代替 unless ，如： I will go unless no one else does. I w

30、ill go if no one else doesnt. Dont ask me to explain unless you really dont understand. Dont ask me to explain if you really not dont understand. 7让步状语从句常用引导词：though（although）, even if（even though）特殊引导词： as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装； though 可以倒装也可以不倒装），while (一般用在句首, =though)，no matter , in spite of the fact t

31、hat, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichevere.g Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.让步

32、状语从句的几点说明；1）though, although不与but连用，但可以和yet, still连用，如： Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike.2）if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步if 的区别，试比较： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (条件)If he is poor, he is at least honest. (让步) (= even if)3）even if/though含有退一步想的意思（有时用

33、于虚拟） e.g Ill try it, even if/though I may fail. 我会试试，即使我可能失败。4）as（though）引导让步从句一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或谓语动词或状语置于句首，用倒装结构：形容词/副词/动词/分词/名词+though（as, that）+主语+谓语。 表语的倒装： Tired as he was, he still went on with his work.但如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如： Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjec

34、ts. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. 状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very, much等修饰语） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. 谓语动词的倒装： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try

35、 )Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness.5）while (= although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如： While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.注意比较下列各句： While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (让步状语从句) While I was reading, the light went out.

36、(时间状语从句) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (转折、对比，并列分句)6）whetheror引导的让步状语从句为也称为“选择条件-让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如： Whether or not it rains, Im giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. She had to go, wheth

37、er or not she wanted it.7）由连接代词whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, wherever, however引导的让步状语从句：“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句相当于“疑问词ever”.no matter who=whoever, no matter what=whatever, no matter which=whichever, no matter where=wherever, no matter how=howevere.g No matter when/Whenever you call on me,

38、you are welcome.无论你什么时候来都是受欢迎的。 No matter who/Whoever you may be, you have no right to do such a thing. 不管你是谁，你都没有权利做这种事情。8）注意以上几种结构的省略形式： e. g However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome Though(it was) cold, he

39、 still wore a shirt. 天气虽然冷，他仍只穿意见衬衣。8比较状语从句常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较）特殊引导词：the more the more , just as , so; A is to B what / as X is to Y, no more than, no less than, A not so much as B e.g She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the he

40、althier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9方式状语从句1）方式状语从句常由 (just) as, as if/though引导，表示动作的方式。 e.g Do exactly as the doctor says. He walked slowly as if/though he had hurt his leg. 注：在非正式文体中有时会用like代替as引导方式从句。 2）as if/though 引导的状语从句，若描述非事实情况，常用虚拟语气，若描述的是实际情况，用陈述语气。e.g She treats the orphan as if/though he were her own child. （他是孤儿，当然就不是她的亲生孩子，故用虚拟语气。） It looks as if/though its going to rain. （本句用的是陈述语气，说明天真象是要下雨了。） 3）the way 也可用来引导方式状语从句。e.g Mary smiled the way (in which/that) her mother did at her age. （马丽跟她母亲在她那个年纪时笑起来一个样。）