《主量元素地球化学》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Major Elements “ Wet-chems”: gravimetric/volumetric Major Elements Modern Spectroscopic Techniques En e rg y So u rc e Ab s o rp t i o n D e t e c t o r Sa m p l e Em i s s i o n D e t e c t o r O u t p u t w i t h a b s o rp t i o n t ro u g h O u t p u t w i t h e m i s s i o n p e a k Ab s o rb e

2、 d ra d i a t i o n Em i t t e d ra d i a t i o n Figure 8-1. The geometry of typical spectroscopic instruments. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Major elements: usually greater than 1% SiO2 Al2O3 FeO* MgO CaO Na2O K2O H2O Minor elements: usuall

3、y 0.1 - 1% TiO2 MnO P2O5 CO2 Trace elements: usually 0.1% everything else Element Wt % Oxide Atom % O 60.8 Si 59.3 21.2 Al 15.3 6.4 Fe 7.5 2.2 Ca 6.9 2.6 Mg 4.5 2.4 Na 2.8 1.9 Abundance of the elements in the Earths crust A typical rock analysis Wt. % Oxides to Atom % Conversion Oxide Wt. % Mol Wt.

4、Atom prop Atom % SiO 2 49.20 60.09 0.82 12.25 TiO 2 1.84 95.90 0.02 0.29 Al 2 O 3 15.74 101.96 0.31 4.62 Fe 2 O 3 3.79 159.70 0.05 0.71 FeO 7.13 71.85 0.10 1.48 MnO 0.20 70.94 0.00 0.04 MgO 6.73 40.31 0.17 2.50 CaO 9.47 56.08 0.17 2.53 Na 2 O 2.91 61.98 0.09 1.40 K 2 O 1.10 94.20 0.02 0.35 H 2 O + 0

5、.95 18.02 0.11 1.58 (O) 4.83 72.26 Total 99.06 6.69 100.00 Must multiply by # of cations in oxide Table Chemical analyses of some representative igneous rocks Peridotite Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Phonolite SiO2 42.26 49.20 57.94 72.82 56.19 TiO2 0.63 1.84 0.87 0.28 0.62 Al2O3 4.23 15.74 17.02 13.27 1

6、9.04 Fe2O3 3.61 3.79 3.27 1.48 2.79 FeO 6.58 7.13 4.04 1.11 2.03 MnO 0.41 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.17 MgO 31.24 6.73 3.33 0.39 1.07 CaO 5.05 9.47 6.79 1.14 2.72 Na2O 0.49 2.91 3.48 3.55 7.79 K2O 0.34 1.10 1.62 4.30 5.24 H2O+ 3.91 0.95 0.83 1.10 1.57 Total 98.75 99.06 99.3 99.50 99.23 CIPW Norm Mode is the v

7、olume % of minerals seen Norm is a calculated “idealized” mineralogy Variation Diagrams How do we display chemical data in a meaningful way? Bivariate (x-y) diagrams Harker diagram for Crater Lake Figure 8-2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Ore

8、gon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication). Bivariate (x-y) diagrams Harker diagram for Crater Lake Figure 8-2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication). 橄榄石

9、 (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 SiO239% MgO40% 斜方辉石 (Fe,Mg)2Si2O6 SiO254% 普通辉石 (CaNaK)Al(AlSi) 2O6 SiO248% 角闪石 CaNaK(Al 4O11)2(OH) SiO 239% 黑云母 KAl(AlSiO 3O10)(OH) SiO 239% K2O10% 石 英 SiO2 SiO2100% 钾长石 KAlSi3O8 SiO271% K2O8% 斜长石 NaAlSi3/CaAl2Si2O8 SiO268-50% 霞 石 NaAlSiO4 SiO240% Na2O16% 例 钾长石 SiO2% 的计算 K2O Al2O3 6SiO

10、2 SiO2 = 60.1* 6 / ( 44.2 + 102.4 + 60.1* 6 ) = 71% 实 用 矿 物 化 学 Ternary Variation Diagrams Example: AFM diagram (alkalis-FeO*-MgO) Figure 8-2. AFM diagram for Crater Lake volcanics, Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication). Models of Magmatic Evolution hypothetical set

11、of related volcanics. Oxide B BA A D RD R SiO 2 50.2 54.3 60.1 64.9 66.2 71.5 TiO 2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 Al 2 O 3 14.9 15.7 16.1 16.4 15.3 14.1 Fe 2 O 3 * 10.4 9.2 6.9 5.1 5.1 2.8 MgO 7.4 3.7 2.8 1.7 0.9 0.5 CaO 10.0 8.2 5.9 3.6 3.5 1.1 Na 2 O 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.4 K 2 O 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.5 3.1 4.1

12、 LOI 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.4 Total 99.5 99.2 100.6 100.0 99.7 99.2 B = basalt, BA = basaltic andesite, A = andesite, D = dacite, RD = rhyo-dacite, R = rhyolite. Data from Ragland (1989) Table 8-5 . Chemical analyses (wt. %) of a Harker diagram Smooth trends Model with 3 assumptions: 1 Rocks are rela

13、ted by FX 2 Trends = liquid line of descent 3 The basalt is the parent magma from which the others are derived Figure 8-6. Stacked variation diagrams of hypothetical components X and Y (either weight or mol %). P = parent, D = daughter, S = solid extract, A, B, C = possible extracted solid phases. F

14、or explanation, see text. From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. Figure 8-7. Stacked Harker diagrams for the calc-alkaline volcanic series of Table 8-5 (dark circles). From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. Extrapolate BA B and further to l

15、ow SiO2 K2O is first element to 0 (at SiO2 = 46.5 red line) Thus the blue line the concentration of all other oxides Figure 8-7. Stacked Harker diagrams for the calc-alkaline volcanic series of Table 8-5 (dark circles). From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. Extrapolate

16、 the other curves back BA B blue line and read off X of mineral extract Oxide Wt% Cation Norm SiO2 46.5 ab 18.3 TiO2 1.4 an 30.1 Al2O3 14.2 di 23.2 Fe2O3* 11.5 hy 4.7 MgO 10.8 ol 19.3 CaO 11.5 mt 1.7 Na2O 2.1 il 2.7 K2O 0 Total 98.1 100 Results: Remove plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide

17、Then repeat for each increment BA A etc. Figure 8-8. Variation diagram on a cation basis for the fractional crystallization of olivine, augite, and plagioclase to form BA from B (Table 8-6). From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. Figure 8-9. Equilateral triangle showing

18、 the solution to the bulk mineral extract (shaded area) best fitting the criteria for the variation diagrams in Figure 8-8. From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. Magma Series Can chemistry be used to distinguish families of magma types? Early on it was recognized that

19、some chemical parameters were very useful in regard to distinguishing magmatic groups Total Alkalis (Na2O + K2O) Silica (SiO2) and silica saturation Alumina (Al2O3) Alkali vs. Silica diagram for Hawaiian volcanics: Seems to be two distinct groupings: alkaline and subalkaline Figure 8-11. Total alkal

20、is vs. silica diagram for the alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks of Hawaii. After MacDonald (1968). GSA Memoir 116 The Basalt Tetrahedron and the Ne-Ol-Q base Alkaline and subalkaline fields are again distinct Figure 8-12. Left: the basalt tetrahedron (after Yoder and Tilley, 1962). J. Pet., 3, 342-532

21、. Right: the base of the basalt tetrahedron using cation normative minerals, with the compositions of subalkaline rocks (black) and alkaline rocks (gray) from Figure 8-11, projected from Cpx. After Irvine and Baragar (1971). Can. J. Earth Sci., 8, 523-548. Ne Ab Q 1070 1060 1713 Ab + Tr Tr + L Ab +

22、L Ne + L Liquid Ab + L Ne + Ab Thermal Divide Thermal divide separates the silica-saturated (subalkaline) from the silica-undersaturated (alkaline) fields at low pressure Cannot cross this divide by FX, so cant derive one series from the other (at least via low-P FX) AFM diagram: can further subdivi

23、de the subalkaline magma series into a tholeiitic and a calc-alkaline series Figure 8-14. AFM diagram showing the distinction between selected tholeiitic rocks from Iceland, the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, the Columbia River Basalts, and Hawaii (solid circles) plus the calc-alkaline rocks of the Cascade vo

24、lcanics (open circles). From Irving and Baragar (1971). After Irvine and Baragar (1971). Can. J. Earth Sci., 8, 523-548. Figure 18-2. Alumina saturation classes based on the molar proportions of Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after Shand (1927). Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each type

25、are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid Rocks. Chapman Hall. Figure 8-10a. Plot of CaO (green) and (Na2O + K2O) (red) vs. SiO2 for the Crater Lake data. Peacock (1931) used the value of SiO2 at which the two curves crossed as his “alkali-lime index” (dashed line). b. Alumina saturation indices

26、(Shand, 1927) with analyses of the peraluminous granitic rocks from the Achala Batholith, Argentina (Lira and Kirschbaum, 1990). In S. M. Kay and C. W. Rapela (eds.), Plutonism from Antarctica to Alaska. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper, 241. pp. 67-76. Fig. 8-17. After Le Maitre (1976) J. Petrol., 17

27、, 589-637. C ha r a c t e r i s t i c S e r i e s C onv e r ge nt D i v e r ge nt O c e a ni c C ont i ne nt a l A l k a l i n e y e s y e s y e s T h o l e i i t i c y e s y e s y e s y e s C a l c - a l k a l i n e y e s P l a t e M a r gi n W i t hi n P l a t e A world-wide survey suggests that there may be some important differences between the three series After Wilson (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman - Kluwer