暑期雅思阅读课讲义完整版

《暑期雅思阅读课讲义完整版》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《暑期雅思阅读课讲义完整版（86页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、王晓春雅思阅读课讲义IELTS Reading Lecture Notes by Spring Wang（版权所有 严禁翻印）目 录第一章雅思阅读考试基本情况介绍第二章雅思阅读考试词汇学习第三章雅思阅读与英语句子第四章雅思阅读与英语段落结构第五章雅思阅读核心解题技能第六章List of Headings 题注意事项和解题方法第七章Summary题注意事项和解题方法第八章TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题注意事项和解题方法第九章Matching题注意事项和解题方法第十章Multiple Choice题注意事项和解题方法第十一章Sentence Completion题注意事项和解题方法第十

2、二章Short Answer Question题注意事项和解题方法第十三章Table/Diagram/Flow Chart题注意事项和解题方法第十四章最新仿真阅读材料附录 第一章雅思阅读考试基本情况介绍雅思考试（IELTS）考试的全称是：International English Language Testing System（国际英语语言测试系统）。它是由剑桥大学地方考试委员会，英国文化委员会和澳大利亚教育国际开发署共同举办的国际英语考试。考题主要是由剑桥大学地方考试委员会出，英国文化委员会和澳大利亚教育国际开发署主要负责一些考务管理方面的事情。雅思考试是针对去英语国家留学或移民人员的一种语

3、言能力的测试。接受雅思成绩的国家以前是以英联邦和欧洲为主。而现在北美也越来越多地接受雅思成绩。雅思考试分为Academic Module（学术类考试，简称A类考试）和General Training Module（普通培训类考试，简称G类考试）。A类主要是为留学，G类主要是为移民。两类考试的听力和口语部分完全一致，但在阅读和写作部分有所区别。A类阅读考试l 考试时间为60分钟。要特别注意的是：听力部分的考试会在结束后专门提供10分钟的时间用于誊写答案。而阅读部分没有这个优待，没有专门的誊写答案的时间。解答试题，誊写答案等所有的事情都必须在60分钟内完成。所以大家要习惯于直接把答案写到答题纸上。

4、l 阅读文章方面：阅读部分总共是三篇文章。每篇文章的篇幅在800-1200词左右。与其它的阅读考试相比，这个阅读量是非常大的。对大家是一个极高的挑战。文章体裁多为议论文，说明文以及研究报告。文章大多取材于一些世界著名的报刊杂志（如“经济学家”/Economist,“卫报”/Guardian，“金融时报”/Financial Times，“国家地理”/National Geographic）和一些政府，组织的年度发展报告。内容会涉及到社会，经济，以及科学领域的各个方面。但是一般不会涉及到专业性太强的题材。在实际考试中，三篇文章的难度一般是递增的。但有时候难度变化也不是很明显。一般来说，要想顺利答

5、题，需要掌握的词汇量在6000-7000左右。l 题量方面：共有38-42道题（现在一般都是40道题）。l 题型方面：题型多样化是雅思阅读考试的一大特点。经常考到的题型主要有八种：T/F/NG（对，错，未提及）， Summary（摘要）， List of Headings（段落标题）， Matching（配对）， Sentence Completion（完成句子），Short-answer Questions（简答），Multiple Choice（选择）， Diagram/Table/Flow Chart（图表）。l 评分标准：阅读部分的评分标准并不是固定的，会随着题目的难度系数和题量略有变

6、化。但一般来说是这样的：40道题中，答对16-18为5分，19-22 / 5.5分，23-25 / 6分，26-28 / 6.5分，29-31 / 7分，32-35/ 7.5分，36-37 / 8分，38-39 / 8.5分，40 / 9分。如何复习备考1完成每次课所布置的作业。2反复研究精读剑2-7（或剑4-7，如果时间来不及）所有的真题，总结出最为有效的解题思路。除了剑桥真题，有时间的同学还应当完成一定量的高质量的模拟题（具体见本人的雅思阅读资料库）。3除了解题，大家还要对所有的阅读文章进行精读。可以重点做到以下几个方面：l 研究文章的篇章结构。找出每一段的主题句或中心思想。l 研究文章中

7、出现的长句和难句。仔细分析句子的成分和结构。l 重视学习文章中重复出现的生词和词组l 反复研究题干信息和文章对应信息的转述表达4还要泛读一定量的文章（每天至少达到60分钟的阅读时间）。 主要是多读一些雅思考试经常取材的著名杂志和报刊。如前面提到的“经济学家”/Economist,“卫报”/Guardian等。可访问浏览以下网址：l 经济学家 / Economist的网址：l 卫报 / Guardian 的网址：http:/www.guardian.co.ukl 国家地理 / National Geographic 的网址：其它有价值的英语学习（阅读）网站：l 英国BBC http:/www.b

8、bc.co.uk （可收听即时新闻，推荐使用）l 时代周刊l 联合国新闻中心http:/www.un.org/Newsl 英国观察家http:/observer.guardian.co.uk/l 泰晤士报http:/www.thetimes.co.ukl 英国金融时报l 探索频道l 美国广播公司l 今日美国l 每周标准NB： l 该讲义由上海新东方王晓春老师撰写，未经本人同意，不得翻印或转载。l 联系方式：Email / springwang6l 本人博客：l 本人的雅思阅读资料库地址，用户名，密码另行通知（为安全起见，用户名和密码会随时变更，请及时下载）。资料库严禁在网上公布！l 由于时间限

9、制，第二至第四章为自习内容，不在强化/精品课上讲解。该部分内容旨在巩固阅读基础，提升阅读实力。对于大家，特别是没有参加过雅思基础班学习的同学，具有一定的参考价值。第二章雅思阅读考试词汇学习赠考生词汇学习七言律诗四级词汇是基础学术单词为提高真题生词勤收集词根词缀助记忆合理猜词为补充牢记根本在阅读黄沙百战穿金甲不克词汇终不还NB：Academic Word List（简称AWL，即英语学术词汇表）包含了学术英语中使用频率最高的570个词目，也是在学术类雅思考试中极为常见的词汇，需要重点掌握。AWL词汇和英语单词常用词根词缀见本人的阅读资料库。雅思阅读与猜词法英语学习到了一定的层次时，衡量一个人英语

10、水平的高低，在很大程度上要看这个人对生词的推断猜测能力，英语水平越高的人，其利用文章上下文、构词法等知识和技巧猜测生词的含义和用法的能力越强。具有一定猜词能力的人可以在遇到生词时不必去查阅词典或请教别人，同时也培养了自己学习英语词汇的兴趣和掌握词汇的自信心。以下是几种常见的猜词方法。1根据构词法猜词 （见词根，词缀讲义）2根据标点符号猜词英语中的冒号 （：），括号 （）， 破折号 （）等标点符号的主要作用就是提示在这些符号前后的文章内容之间互相补充解释、分析说明的关系的。因此在阅读文章遇到生词时应特别注意生词前后句子上下文里所使用的标点符号，通过标点符号的暗示来推断生词的基本含义。如：But

11、more significantly, it will deliver materials and machines into space for industrial purposes unimagined two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was added to the vocabulary.Personality is to a large eGtent inherent A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.We live in a societ

12、y in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive：an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.3根据句子和词语间的逻辑关系猜词在英语文章的阅读过程中，我们应该留意文章中的词语之间，句子之间的上下文语义关系和逻辑关系。有时通过这些逻辑关系，我们也可以基本上推断出所遇到生词的大致含义。可以利用的句子和词语

13、间的逻辑关系有以下几种：l 同义互释关系But as every policeman knows, eGternal controls on peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.It is frequently assumed that man loves in widening circles his family, his village, his tribe, or clan, the nation, and fina

14、lly humanity.The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradoG：it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way: “A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies,

15、his hand is open.”l 反义互释关系Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is eGposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.In fact, he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is such a blessing and not just a menace.But as every policeman knows, eGternal controls o

16、n peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.l 种属关系TaGes will be increased on automobiles, taGis, and motorcycles, vehicles such as these crowded our city streets.The conference was attended by prime-ministers, minister, ambassadors, presi

17、dents and other important national dignitaries.l 连续系列关系On passing through the prism, the ray of light was transformed into a row of seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.4根据文章中下定义的句子猜词Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or he

18、r actions and liable for their consequences.The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social eGpectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.5根据文章中生词所在的上下文内容猜词The brave group of colonists fina

19、lly had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter.Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves.They will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a

20、 change of taste toward a more savory-flavored menu.EGercise 1 After each sentence, write a definition for each boldfaced word. A dictionary should not be used before the analysis of the meaning of each word.The student should be familiar with the curriculum set of courses of his or her certificate

21、or degree program.Some courses have prerequisites: requirements that must be met before the course can be taken.Sherrys anger, or more accurately, malevolence toward her brother became obvious when she tried to push him down the stairs.John has a homogenous collection of books, all on the Civil War.

22、Many people are uncomfortable with change and resist any innovation.I wish I was ambideGtrous. Then I could use both hands equally well.The student was accused of plagiarism because he had used the words and ideas of an author without crediting the source in a footnote.You should review your lecture

23、 notes immediately after class to correct any errors or fill in missing information. Many students, however, procrastinate and, as a result, their notes are not as useful.A valid research project demands that if the eGperiment is duplicated, the results will be the same. A disparity of the results t

24、hrows doubt on the entire project.第三章雅思阅读与英语句子一 英语句子基本结构The understanding of the sentences is essential to the comprehension of the whole article. To have a good understanding of a sentence, we need first know the structure of the English sentence.For a difficult sentence, the basic reading skill is

25、 to identify its main verb and any other finite verbs (predicate verbs), find their subjects and any objects or complements, and establish the boundaries of each clause to reveal the bare bone of the sentence structure. One way to tackle verbs is to ask, about each in turn: “who (or what) is (or doe

26、s) what?”二 英语句子分类英语句子按结构来分共有三种：简单句，复合句和并列句。1简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，而且句子各个成分都只是单词或短语。在实际雅思考试中，简单句可能会以比较复杂的形式出现，句子也可能会很长。阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主语，谓语和宾语三个基本成分，找出句子的主干，忽略其他成分，将长句变成短句，将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。例如：He loved poetry.The party was finally held after being twice postponed.Automated techniques to measure these cha

27、racteristics and verify a persons identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.练习：For maGimum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers living in the dry region of the United States require a variety of species with overlap

28、ping period of activity. 2复合句：如果一个句子的某个成分是一个完整的句子，则构成了复合句。复合句的基本处理办法是确定句子各层之间的关系，先抓主句的主干，再抓从句的主干，由表及里，层层深入。例如：The house that we are now living in suits us fine.The use of gold as the unit of account during the days of the gold standard meant that the price of all other commodities and services would

29、 swing up and down with reference to the price of gold, which was not fiGed.练习：Plainly enough, anyone must realize it who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.3并列句：由并列连词连接在一起的两个简单句或复合句。并列连词包括and, or, but, both and, as well as, either or, neither nor等。如果在雅思考试中阅读并列句遇到了困难，基本的处理方法是

30、将句子从并列连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法 抓句子主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。例如：John must confess his fault, or he will be punished seriously.Government regulations limit the oil content allowed to be discharged, and the produced water is treated on the platforms to meet those specifications.练习：Government has en

31、couraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.雅思真题阅读文章句子分析实例As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at th

32、e University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70.（剑6 / P45）Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. （剑6 / P27）A

33、modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic

34、make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. （剑5 / P21）练习：Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. （剑6 / P45）练习：The eGplosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change

35、 in many peoples preferences as to where they live. （剑6 / P41）EGercise 2 （for A Module） 分析下列句子的句子成分What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. （剑4 / P71）The film 20GG: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of AI computers. （剑5 / P73）But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs t

36、he Linguistics Department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization. （剑4 / P43）Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke invo

37、lves a widespread mental shift. （剑5 / P44）The sports that were made by the collision will undoubtedly blow away eventually, but its much too soon to tell if there will be any permanent changes in Jupiter.Thus, in this eGplanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code

38、with that of larger institutional structure, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. （剑5 / P21）These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual

39、framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. （剑4 / P18）EGercise 3 （for G Module） 分析下列句子的句子成分It is estimated that in some of the biggest cities of the Third World, more than half of the water entering the system is lost th

40、rough leaks in pipes, dripping taps and broken installations. （剑6 / P111）Researchers in San Diego deprived a group of men of sleep between 3am and 7am on just one night, and found that levels of their bodies natural defences against viral infections had fallen significantly when measured the followi

41、ng morning. （剑5 / P109）A bees brain is the size of a grass seed, yet in this tiny brain are encoded some of the most compleG and amazing behavioural patterns witnessed outside humankind. （剑4 / P126）Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he

42、 found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. （剑5 / P44）The sports that were made by the collision will undoubtedly blow away eventually, but its much too soon to tell if there will be any permanent changes in Jupiter.Thus, in this eGplanation the subject merges his u

43、nique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structure, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. （剑5 / P21）These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated i

44、nto a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. （剑4 / P18）三雅思阅读中的重点句式在英语文章的写作当中，作者经常要用各种手段来突出自己的主题和观点。我们把与文章主题、观点及关键信息相关的语句称为重点句式。而作者用来突出解释和分析主题观点的一些手法，如举例、引用等均为补充说明性的次要句子。在雅思阅读理

45、解过程中，为了能提高阅读的速度和抓住文章的要点与主旨，我们可以利用各种阅读方法，分清文章的主次信息，将次要的、解释分析性、以及补充说明性的词句先略过去不读，重点阅读和掌握那些有关中心思想和主题观点性的句子。雅思阅读中的重点句式有以下几类：1带转折词的句子在英语文章中，带转折词的句子通常用来表达某种与上文内容不同或相反的含义，作者往往喜欢用这种句子来突出自己的观点或主题。因此，在阅读文章时，我们应该重点掌握这种句子。表达转折关系的词汇和短语常见的有：but/yet/whereashowever otherwisein contrast (to)conversely though/although

46、neverthelessunlikein spite of despiteon the contraryeven if/even thoughon the one hand , on the other hand instead (of)not as as rather thaneven sovarydifferent from differ from while2带总结归纳词的句子英语文章中的总结归纳句子常用在段落和文章的结尾部分，用以下结论、做总结、对全文的中心思想和基本大意进行总结概括。因此，这种带总结归纳词的句子通常与文章的主题要点有直接的联系。在阅读文章时，要关注这种词句，这样做，对

47、正确把握文章的观点和主旨有很大的帮助。表达总结归纳的单词和短语有：in a wordin brief in shortabove allall in allon the wholein generalto conclude/in conclusionto sum up/to summarize/in summary3带表达观点动词的句子带表达观点动词的句子往往是与文章的主题、作者支持或反对的观点等重要内容有关的。因此，在阅读英语文章时应留心这些句子的理解和把握。表示提观点的动词有：suggest show indicate point out claim state eGplain mean

48、believe think find that discover that as far as sb be concerned in ones opinion imply4文章中段落的首尾句文章中每个段落的第一句和最后一句通常也很重要，它们所表达的内容常常与文章每个段落的段落大意有关。因此，重点阅读这些语句也会帮助我们迅速了解要点信息，抓住文章的主要内容。第四章雅思阅读与英语段落结构英语段落结构Paragraph Reading- Finding the topic, main idea, topic sentence, and supporting sentenceOne of the mo

49、st important reading skills for English learners to master is the ability to find the main idea and supporting details in a paragraph. Just as understanding the structure of sentences can help in sentence comprehension, understanding the structure of a paragraph can help in paragraph comprehension.

50、A typical English paragraph, in most cases, has three elements: the topic (or subject), the main idea (eGpressed by topic sentence) and the supporting sentences. Recognizing the topic, main idea, and the supporting details is essential to comprehending an essay or your teGtbook fully.1. Topic: the t

51、opic is the subject under discussion. It is the person, thing, place, event or eGperience most frequently mentioned or referred to in the paragraph. We can usually find the topic with the help of a simple question like “What is the author talking about?”, or “Who or what is this paragraph about?”, o

52、r “Who or what is most frequently mentioned or referred to in this paragraph?”. 2. Main idea: the main idea is the central message or the point of the paragraph. It is the general idea eGpressed by the author about the topic. Readers can usually discover the main idea by asking questions like “What

53、does the author want to say about the topic?” or “What idea does the author eGpress about the topic?”3. Topic sentence: the topic sentence is a general sentence that sums up the main idea the sentence that eGpresses the point the author want to make about the topic.4. Supporting sentence: supporting

54、 sentences are specific sentences that eGplain, prove, or suggest the topic sentence by providing reasons, eGamples, studies, definitions, and so on. Although supporting details can take many different forms, their function is always the same. They help clarify the topic sentence and make it believa

55、ble.EGample:The course syllabus or course outline students generally received on the first day of class will usually (I)give the instructors name and office location. It may also (II) list the topics that will be covered in the course along with the objectives of the course those things the student

56、will be eGpected to do at the end of the course. (III)The required teGtbook and test dates may also be given. The point is that the course syllabus contains much important information and should be read carefully.Topic:What? course syllabus (or course outline)Main idea:Point? last sentenceTopic sent

57、ence:Point? last sentenceSupporting sentences:Proof? (I), (II), (III)确定段落的主题句Locating the Topic SentenceIn a paragraph, the sentence that eGpresses the point the author want to make is called the topic sentence. Because the topic sentence tells what the point is, locating the topic sentence becomes

58、an effective way in finding the main idea of the paragraph. You will be able to identify topic sentence easily if you keep the following points in mind:l The topic sentence is more general than most of the other sentences in the paragraph.l The topic sentence answers the question “Whats the point of

59、 this paragraph?”l The topic sentence is developed or eGplained throughout most of the paragraph.l The topic sentence can be used to sum up the entire paragraph.The location of topic sentence1. At the beginningIn a paragraph, the first sentence may be the topic sentence and often is the topic senten

60、ce.EGample 1College differs from high school in several important ways. In the first place, the college student generally does not attend classes in a course everyday of the week but rather two or three times a week. Night courses might meet only once a week. In the second place, in college more inf

61、ormation is presented in a shorter length of time. For eGample, a high school English course may be a year-long course whereas a college English course may be only one semester long. Finally, the college student is eGpected to be an independent learner.Topic: _Topic Sentence: _2. In the middleHoweve

62、r, the topic sentence is not always the first sentence in the paragraph. It may be the second sentence, or the middle sentence.EGample 2Most Americans are accustomed to thinking of the lie detectors as foolproof, as machines that can, without making an error, separate the guilty from the innocent. But the truth is that lie detectors can and do make mistakes. For one thing, the people in charge of lie detectors are not necessarily eGperts. Many states do not even employ licensed eGaminers who have been trained to read and interpret the lie detectors printout. I