考研考博-英语-承德石油高等专科学校考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

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1、住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-承德石油高等专科学校考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Text 3 There are plenty of good reasons for a young person to choose to go to university:intellectual growth,career opportunities,having fun.Governments are keen on higher education,seeing it as a means t

2、o boost social mobility and economic growth.But they tend to overestimate the benefits and ignore the costs of expanding university education.As more young people seek degrees,the returns both to them and to governments are lower.Employers demand degrees for jobs that never required them in the past

3、 and have not become more demanding since.In a desperate attempt to stand out,students are studying even longer,and delaying work,to obtain masters degrees.Part of the usefulness of a degree is that it gives a graduate jobseeker an advantage at the expense of non-graduates.It is also a signal to emp

4、loyers of general qualities,such as intelligence and diligence,which someone already has in order to get into a universiry.Some professions require qualifications.But a degree is not always the best measure of the skills and knowledge needed for a job.With degrees so common,recruiters are using them

5、 as a crude way to screen applicants.Non-graduates are thus increasingly locked out of decent work.In any case,the premium counts only the winners and not the losers.Across the rich world,a third of university entrants never graduate.It is the weakest students who are drawn in as higher education ex

6、pands and who are most likely to drop out.They pay fees and sacrifice earnings to study,but see little boost in their future incomes.Many school-leavers are being misled about the probable value of universitty.Governments need to offer the young a wider range of options afier school.They should star

7、t by rethinking their own hiring practices.School-leavers should be given a wider variety of ways to gain vocational skills and to demonstrate their employability in the private sector.Ifschool qualifications were made more rigorous,recruiters would be more likely to trust them as signals of ability

8、,and less insistent on degrees.Such measures would be more efficient at developing the skills that boost productvity and should save public money.To promote social mobility,govemments would do better to direct funds to early-school education and to helping students who would benefit from university

9、but cannot afford it.Young people,both rich and poor,are ill-served by the arms race in academic qualifications,in which each must study longer because that is what all the rest are doing.It is time to disarm.Non-graduates have little access to decent works because_A.a degree is the best measure of

10、employabilityB.applicants with degrees are commonC.a degree is necessary for recruiters generallyD.applicants without degrees are locked out of works答案：C 本题解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到文章第三段。该段指出，随着学位变得越来越常见，招聘人员把学位作为筛选求职者的一种简单粗暴的方法。结果，非大学毕业生越来越多地被那些体面的工作拒之门外，故C项为正确选项。【干扰排除】第三段第四句提到，但学位并不总是衡量工作所需技能和知识的最佳标准，A项“学

11、位是衡量就业能力的最佳标准”错误；B项“有学位的求职者很普遍”符合原文，但不是造成这一现象的真正原因；D项“没有学位的求职者被工作拒之门外”过于绝对，且不能作为原因。故均排除。2.Text 2 For years,studies have found that first-generation college studentsthose who do not havea parent with a college degreelag other students on a range of education achievement factors.Their grades are lower

12、 and their dropout rates are higher.But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education,colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.This has created“a paradox”in that recruiting first-generation students,but then watching

13、many of them fail,means that higher education has“continued to reproduce and widen,rather than close”an achievement gap based on social class,according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journalPsychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic,as it outlines a

14、 potential solution to this problem,suggesting that an approach（which involves a one-hour,next-to-no-cost program）can close 63 percent of the achievement gap（measured by such factors as grades）between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities,and th

15、eir findings are based on a study involving 147 students（who completed the project）at an unnamed private university.First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.Most of the first-generation students（59.1 percent）were recipients of Pell Grants,a federal grant fo

16、r undergraduates with financial need,while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesisthat a relatively modest intervention could have a big impactwas based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in pote

17、ntial but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students“struggle to navigate the middle-class culture o

18、f higher education,learn therules of the game,and take advantage of college resources,”they write.And this becomes more of a problem when colleges dont talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students.“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how socia

19、l class can affect studentseducational experiences,many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how studentslike themcan improve.”The author of the research article are optimistic because_A.the problem is solvableB.their approach is costlessC.the recr

20、uiting rate has increasedD.their findings appeal to students答案：A 本题解析：细节题【命题思路】这是一道原因细节题。主要考查考生准确理解题干，精准定位，并能正确划分和掌握定位信息的能力。【直击答案】根据题干关键信息“research article are optimistic because”定位到第二段第一句“But the article is actually quite optimistic,as it outlines a potential solution to this problem”。as引导的句子即为正确答案

21、所在。A项中的“this problem”是原文原词的复现，“solvable”和“solution”属于同根替换。A项从形式、语义上都与原文符合，确定为最佳答案。【干扰排除】C项和D项都是无中生有，故排除；B项属于反向干扰，原文指出这个解决措施是“nexttonocost”，并非选项的“costless”。3.Amold Schwarzenegger.Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you.Its easy to beat plastic.Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starrin

22、g in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to c

23、urb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.One their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish littl

24、e and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have“done our bit”without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions-a kind of“moral licensing”that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversatio

25、n around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping hags and straws,were ignoring the balance of power that implies that as“consumers”we must shop sustainably,rather than as“citizens”hole our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It

26、s important to acknowledge that the environment isnt everyones priority-or even most peoples.We shouldnt expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things.Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of lar

27、ge numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will“eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.

28、”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isnt saying people should stop caring about the environment.Its just that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or e

29、ven primary,approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.Its just about putting things into perspective.We dont have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action(and rein in polluting businesses),alongside engaged citizens pushin

30、g for change.DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be_（）A.a win-win arrangementB.a self-driven mechanismC.a cost-effective approachD.a top down process答案：D 本题解析：根据题干中的定位信息“DeSombre”以及“the best ways for a collective change”我们可以定位到文中的第五、六段，“Elizaberth R.DeSombre.for the chan

31、ge to be structural”，大意为这个教授认为集体性的改变大多数人行为最好的方法就是使其变成结构性的，第六段进一步从市民和政府的角度，阐述了这种结构化的改变。对比选项，只有D选项“自上而下的过程”最为符合。4.People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers.Some ima

32、gine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2.：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without j

33、obs to give their lives 5，people will simply become lazy and depressed.6，todays unemployed dont seem to be having a great time.One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans.Also，some research s

34、uggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs.Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesnt 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work

35、 would be filled with unease.Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.Today，the 15 of work may be a

36、 bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，”says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and em

37、otional 17 of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard days work，I often feel 18，”Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I dont have to work，I might feel rather different”perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.14

38、选？A.disturbB.restoreC.excludeD.yield答案：A 本题解析：语义衔接题。空格所在处为谓语动词部分，对应的宾语是circumstances“环境，境况，情境”，所填入的动词应能够与circumstances构成搭配。Disturb“打扰”不能跟circumstances连用，restore“恢复；修复”和exclude“排除；不包括”不符合文意，故均排除。因此D为正确答案。5.In World War II the factory was heavily bombed and rebuilt afierwards.Bankruptcy forced the fac

39、tory to close its doors in 1980.After years of 1,large parts of the factory had become ruined and run 2,An unsafe,abandoned place,with widespread vandalism the factory soon 3 into a source of nuisance to the local 4.The project aims to reconvert the old textile factory into a city park.This reconver

40、sion is part of a mixed-use development urban renewal project 5 by Sogent,the urban development company of Ghent.Surrounded,as it is,by a 6 0f functions and users,the park is under a lot of outside pressure.The aim was to create a diversified park which could 7 this pressure and stimulate a 8 commun

41、ity life for the neighbourhood.The design briefproved a simultaneous exercise in creating a site with plenty of flow,9 preserving walls and constructions and maintaining a l0,workable zoning of the parks functions.The orthogonal plan ofthe old textile factory is 11 as a basic template for a zoning o

42、fthe park.New,organic green spaces and a paths network 12 with what remains ofthis underlying structure.By preserving some historical marks,the park becomes anarchitectural 13.On another level,the integration of portraits of former employees in the factory（central gangway）,14 a social dimension to t

43、he historical one already present in the parks design.On the whole,new meaning and new life are 15 by the bringing together of past and present.The walls and structures become the historical placemat for the development of new activities.16 the diversified park was 17 there has been a revival of act

44、ivity in the neighbourhood.The reconversion has positive 18 0n the buildings and quarters around the park.Thanks to the public participation sessions,locals have felt very 19 with the project.The park is now being used 20 across the generations（senior citizens,families,children）,becoming,much like i

45、t used to be,the meeting place for the neighbourhood.12选？A.relateB.compareC.linkD.contrast答案：D 本题解析：动词辨析题。空缺处之后是过去的工厂旧址，可知是将改造后的工厂与原先的旧址进行“对比”，造成视觉上的反差，所以D项为正确选项。【干扰排除】已经将旧工厂改造了，所以不会再将两者联系起来，故A项“使联系”和C项“联系”错误；B项“比较”侧重比较两者的相同之处，原文将两者放在一起是为了形成视觉上的差异，所以B项排除。6.Students ofmanagement theory have long l wh

46、at constitutes the worst kind of book-the CEO autobiography or the management tome that promises to 2 the secrets ofbusiness 3 0ne syllable.But inManagement in 10 WordsSir Terry Leahy,a former boss of Tesco,has performed a remarkable act of alchemy:combining two dismal forms to.4 an excellent book-a

47、 veritable management page-turner that has interesting things to say about everything from the evolution of British society to the art of 5 huge organisations.Sir Terry is an example of a type of Briton that is becoming increasingly 6:a working-class boy made 7 by dint of quick wits and hard work.A

48、scholarship to a local public school and a taste for the grocery business 8 him with a ladder up:he started his career stacking shelves at Tesco and ended 9 as CEO for 14 years.When Sir Terry was 10 to the top job,Tesco was struggling in third place in Britains supermarket hierarchy behind Sainsbury

49、s and Marks&Spencer.Rumour had it that a tobacco company had toyed with buying the supermarket but 11 the idea believing it would be bad for the brand.Today Tesco is Britains largest private employer and the third-largest supermarket in the world,12 in 14 countries and offering banking and insurance

50、 13 fruit and vegetables.Sir Terry argues that the secret has been 14 innovation.Tesco introduced loyalty cards in order to 15 information on its customers and encourage them to keep coming back.And the trove of customer information provided by the loyalty card eased Tescos entry_16 banking and e-co

51、mmerce.17,Sir Terry readily 18 that there is no science to management:he got the 19 for one of Tescos most successful innovations-small stores in town centres-from visiting a wholesaler and 20 how much business it was doing selling to small shops.20选？A.observingB.seeingC.watchingD.noticing答案：D 本题解析：

52、动词辨析题。根据文章Sir Terry readily adnuts that there is no science to management:he got the idea for one of Tescos most successful innovations-small storesiIl town centres-from visiting a wholesaler and how much businessit was doing selling to small shops.可知D项最符合文意，故D项为正确选项。【干扰排除】四个选项在表示“注意到，看到某人做某事”的意思时，都

53、可用。A项observing意为“观察，注意地看，仔细地看”，常用结构为observe sbdo sth，observe sbdoing sthobserve that.B项seeing强调结果，意为“看见”一般不用进行时。C项watching表示“观看；注意，警戒，留意”。7.For centuries,philosophers and theologians have almost unanimously held that civilization as we know it depends on a widespread beliefin free will-and that losi

54、ng this beliefcould be calamitous.Our codes of ethics,for example,assume that we can freely choose between right and wrong.In the Christian tradition,this is known asmoral liberty-the capacity to discern and pursue the good,instead of merely being compelled by appetites and desires.The great Enlight

55、enment philosopher Immanuel Kant reaffirmed this link between freedom and goodness.Ifwe are not free to choose,he argued,then it would make no sense to say we ought to choose the path of righteousness.The sciences have grown steadily bolder in their claim that all human behavior can be explained thr

56、ough the clockwork laws of cause and effect.This shift in perception is the continuation of an intellectual revolution that began about 150 years ago,when Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species.Shortly after Darwin put forth his theory of evolution,his cousin Sir Francis Gakon began

57、 to draw out the implications:If we have evolved,then mental faculties like intelligence must be hereditary.But we use those faculties-which some people have to a greater degree than others-to make decisions.So our ability to choose our fate is not free,but depends on our biological inheritance.Many

58、 scientists say that the American physiologist Benjamin Libet demonstrated in the 1980s that we have no free will.It was already known that electrical activity builds up in a persons brain before she,for example,moves her hand;Libet showed that this buildup occurs before the person consciously makes

59、 a decision to move.The conscious experience of deciding to act,which we usually associate with free will,appears to be an add-on,a post hoc reconstruction of events that occurs after the brain has already set the act in motion.In 2002,two psychologists had a simple but brilliant idea:Instead of spe

60、culating about what might happen if people lost belief in their capacity to choose,they could run an experiment to find out.Kathleen Vohs,then at the University of Utah,and Jonathan Schooler,of the University of Pittsburgh,asked one group of participants to read a passage arguing that free will was

61、an illusion,and another group to read a passage that was neutral on the topic.Then they subjected the members ofeach group to a variety of temptations and observed their behavior.Would differences in abstract philosophical beliefs influence peoples decisions?Yes,indeed.When asked to take a math test

62、,with cheating made easy,the group primed to see free will as illusory proved more likely to take an illicit peek at the answers.When given an opportunity to steal-to take more money than they were due from an envelope of$1 coins-those whose beliefin free will had been undermined pilfered more.On a

63、range of measures,Vohs told me,she and Schooler found thatpeople who are induced to believe less in free will are more likely to behave immorally.Another pioneer of research into the psychology of free will,Roy Baumeister of Florida State University,has extended these findings.For example,he and col

64、leagues found that students with a weaker belief in free will were less likely to volunteer their time to help a classmate than were those whose belief in free will was stronger.Likewise,those primed to hold a deterministic view by reading statements likeScience has demoiistrated that free will is a

65、n illusionwere less likely to give money to a homeless person or lend someone a cellphone.Immanuel Kant？A.concluded that the illusion of free will can stimulate the development of societyB.demonstrated that extra meaning of freedom was attached to some actionsC.reassured the status of freedom as the foundation of justice