考研考博-英语-山东圣翰财贸职业学院考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

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1、住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东圣翰财贸职业学院考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration,and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S.job market,the complaints are

2、unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S.and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress.If this doesnt change,American

3、businesses,communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S.farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the U.S.,the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.Todays farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico,are more likely to b

4、e settled,rather than migrating,and more likely to be married than single.They are also aging.At the start of this century,about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.Now,more than half are.And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as i

5、mplausible as it has been all along:Native U.S.workers wont be returning to the farm.In a study published in 2013,economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolinas farm-labor market and concluded,“There is virtually no supply of native manual farm laborers”in the state.This was

6、true even in the depths of a severe recession.Mechanization is not the answer eithernot yet at least.Production of corn,cotton,rice,soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized,but many high-value,labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries,need labor.Even dairy farms,where robots currently do onl

7、y a small share of milking,have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result,farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce.Starting around 2012,requests for the visas rose sharply;from 2011 to 2016 the nu

8、mber of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work,which is limited to 66,000 annually.Even so,employers frequently complain that they arent allotted all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive and unreliable.One

9、survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids,which remove some workers and drive otherunderground.Petitioning each year for laborersand hoping the government provides enough,and that

10、 they arrive on timeis no way to run a business.In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau,71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western growers have responded by movingoperations to Mexico.Without reliable access to

11、 a reliable workforce,more growers will be tempted to move south.According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy,Americans are consuming more fresh produce,which is good.But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere.In 1998-2000,14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was impo

12、rted.Little more than a decade later,the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.Rural U.S.communities that might have benefited didnt.In effect,the U.S.can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.The U.S.needs a simpler,streamlined,multi-year visa for agricultural workers

13、,accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S.residency for workers who meet the requirements.Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty,and the country as a whole will lose out.Agriculture employers complain about the H-2A visa for i

14、ts_?（）A.slow granting proceduresB.limit on duration of stayC.tightened requirementsD.control of annual admissions答案：A 本题解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。题目问的是农场主们抱怨H-2A的原因是什么。根据专有名词定位在第7和8段，又根据题干另一关键词employer可以直接定位在第8段的第二句话：雇主们经常抱怨说他们分配不到所有需要的工人。紧接着就提到了过程很繁琐，昂贵和不可靠。所以，他们不满的就是这个过程，对应到了procedure.2.Happy people work

15、differently.Theyre more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new researchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluence_1_firmswork,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper._2_,firms in happyplacesspend more on R&D（researchan

16、d development）.Thats becausehappiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking_3_formakinginvestmentsforthefuture.The researchers wanted to know if the_4_and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would_5_the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.citiesaverage happiness_6_by

17、 Gallup polling with the investment activityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas._7_enough,firmsinvestment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were_8_.Butisitreallyhappinessthatslinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingelseabouthappiercities_9_whyfirms there spend m

18、ore on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various_10_that might make firms more likely to investlikesize,industry,andsalesandforindicatorsthataplacewas_11_tolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally_12_evenafteraccountingforthesethings.The correla

19、tion between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors_13_to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of“younger and less_14_managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was_15_stronger in places where

20、happiness was spread more_16_.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happinessinequality._17_thisdoesntprovethathappinesscausesfirmstoinvestmoreortotakealonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveit at least_18_at that possibility.Its not hard to

21、imagine that local culture and sentiment would help_19_how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and_20_R&Dmorethantheaverage,”saidoneresearcher.16选？A.rapidlyB.regularlyC.directlyD.equally答案：D 本题解析：空格所在句与空格后一句都在说明投资

22、与快乐分布是否均衡之间的关系。空格后一句表明公司似乎会对大多数人都相对快乐的地方投入更多的资金，而不是快乐分布不均的地方，由此可知，空格处应填入equally与空格后一句inequality形成反义复现，表明“在快乐传播更均衡的地方，这种关系同样也更为密切，故D为正确答案。3.In World War II the factory was heavily bombed and rebuilt afierwards.Bankruptcy forced the factory to close its doors in 1980.After years of 1,large parts of th

23、e factory had become ruined and run 2,An unsafe,abandoned place,with widespread vandalism the factory soon 3 into a source of nuisance to the local 4.The project aims to reconvert the old textile factory into a city park.This reconversion is part of a mixed-use development urban renewal project 5 by

24、 Sogent,the urban development company of Ghent.Surrounded,as it is,by a 6 0f functions and users,the park is under a lot of outside pressure.The aim was to create a diversified park which could 7 this pressure and stimulate a 8 community life for the neighbourhood.The design briefproved a simultaneo

25、us exercise in creating a site with plenty of flow,9 preserving walls and constructions and maintaining a l0,workable zoning of the parks functions.The orthogonal plan ofthe old textile factory is 11 as a basic template for a zoning ofthe park.New,organic green spaces and a paths network 12 with wha

26、t remains ofthis underlying structure.By preserving some historical marks,the park becomes anarchitectural 13.On another level,the integration of portraits of former employees in the factory（central gangway）,14 a social dimension to the historical one already present in the parks design.On the whole

27、,new meaning and new life are 15 by the bringing together of past and present.The walls and structures become the historical placemat for the development of new activities.16 the diversified park was 17 there has been a revival of activity in the neighbourhood.The reconversion has positive 18 0n the

28、 buildings and quarters around the park.Thanks to the public participation sessions,locals have felt very 19 with the project.The park is now being used 20 across the generations（senior citizens,families,children）,becoming,much like it used to be,the meeting place for the neighbourhood.12选？A.relateB

29、.compareC.linkD.contrast答案：D 本题解析：动词辨析题。空缺处之后是过去的工厂旧址，可知是将改造后的工厂与原先的旧址进行“对比”，造成视觉上的反差，所以D项为正确选项。【干扰排除】已经将旧工厂改造了，所以不会再将两者联系起来，故A项“使联系”和C项“联系”错误；B项“比较”侧重比较两者的相同之处，原文将两者放在一起是为了形成视觉上的差异，所以B项排除。4.The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on be

30、nefits.After bills,Tony has60 a week to spend,40 of which goes on food,but 10 years ago he was earning130，000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons best restaurants at least twice a week.Then his marriage failed,his career burned out and his drinking became serious.“The co

31、mmunity mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that again,to a certain degree,when people responded to the blog so well.It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost.But its still a daybyday thing.”Now hes living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents.Hes feelin

32、g positive,but hell carry on bloggingnot about eating as cheaply as you can“there are so many people in a much worse state,with barely any money to spend on food”but eating well on a budget.Heres his advice for economical foodies.41._Impulsive spending isnt an option,so plan your weeks menu in advan

33、ce,making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities.I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,lunch and dinner.Stop laughing:its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet.Its also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly,because,being human,youll sometimes

34、 change your mind about what you fancy.42._This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy.With them,theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer.And if you plan properly,youll know that you only need,say,350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bac

35、on,not whatever weight is prepacked in the supermarket chiller.43._You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezerthats not good enough.Mine is filled with leftovers,bread,stock,meat and fish.Planning ahead should eliminate wastage,but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetabl

36、e soup,and all fruits threatening to“go off”will be cooked or juiced.44._Everyone says this,but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters.Shop at butchers,delis and fishsellers regularly,even for small things,and be super friendly.Soon youll feel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for s

37、oups and stews,or beef bones,chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which,more often than not,theyll let you have for free.45_You wont be eating out a lot,but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant1.75 a week for three months gives you21mor

38、e than enough for a threecourse lunch at Michelinstarred Arbutus.Its16.95 thereor12.99 for a large pizza from Dominos:I know which Id rather eat.41选？A.Shopkeepers are your friendsB.Remember to treat yourselfC.Stick to what you needD.Live like a peasantE.Balance your dietF.Planning is everythingG.Was

39、te not,want not答案：F 本题解析：细节题【解析】第二段首句Impulsive spending isnt an option,so plan your weeks menu in advance（冲动消费不是好主意，因此提前计划好一周的菜单）so代表结论，为关键句，段落后也没有其他转折词，本段其余内容为对于plan的具体操作和影响。因此这句话表达了本段的中心意思。so后所给的建议是plan your weeks menu，动词plan为谓语中心词。对应7个备选项中，F项“Planning is everything”（计划是一切）符合本段中心意思，答案为F。5.Now that

40、 members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was bom after 1995,give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market thats tighter than

41、 its been in decades.And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S.this year than last,according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office

42、cubicles will differ from those who came before them.Ifentitledis the most common adjective,fairly or not,applied to millennials（those bom between 1981 and 1995）,the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious.According to the career counselors and expert who study them,Generation Zs are

43、clear-eyed,economic pragmatists.Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years,Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like.They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008,when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both.They aren,t interested in

44、taking any chances.The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,especially for those who have college debt.College loan balances in the U.S.now stand at a record$1.5 trillion,according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture

45、found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind.In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students,meanwhile,the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment（followed by professional developmen

46、t and training,and then inspiring purpose）.Job security or stability was the second most important career goal（work-life balance was number one）,followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the great good.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_.A.car

47、e little about their job performanceB.give top priority to professional trainingC.think it hard to achieve work-Life balanceD.have a clear idea about their future job答案：A 本题解析：题目中明确出题段落（from Paragraph 3）。因此，第三段的第一句chose their major with a job in mind（按照自己的理想工作选择专业）和选项D have a clear idea about their

48、future jobs（对自己的未来工作有明确认识）相符合。根据原文中的第二句话（未来雇主最重要的特性是工作的稳定性，第二位是职业发展与培训，第三位是吸引人的目标）排除答案A和B；选项C并未体现。6.Text l For more than two centuries,many people have tr/ed to shake that peculiar branch of the tree of knowledge called economics.Perhaps no one has done it better than Richard Thaler,a University of

49、Chicago professor who has challenged the traditional idea that free markets reflect the self-interests of rational individuals.On Oct.9 he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for recognizing that human behavior is very complex.Economic models cannot be easily simplified an

50、d must bemore humanby admitting that theories based on sel-interest are not always correct.Indeed,the field of economics has long been overdue for a humility check.Mr.Thaler showed his own lack of arrogance in his response to the question of how he would spend the$1.1 million that comes with the Nob

51、el Prize:I will try to spend it as irrationally as possible.In other fields of knowledge,the fact that people do not always act in their own self-interest is pretty obvious.Yet most economists still rely on Adam Smiths 18th-century notion of markets being guided bythe invisible handof forces driven

52、by people seeking their own well-being.What is often overlooked is that Smith himself was more complex.He also took a noble view of human behavior.He wrote:How selfish soever man may be supposed,there are evidently some principles in his nature,which interest him in the fortune of others,and render

53、their happiness necessary to him,though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it.Thalers work largely focuses on why humans often do things contrary to their own good,such as not saving money for retirement.His theories have created a whole new field called behavioral economics,wh

54、ich looks for ways that either governments or companies can,by using suggestions and positive reinforcement,nudgepeople to take action in their long-term interests.Even this new field is subject to a similar critique.Can governments and corporate officials operate any more rationally in trying tonud

55、gepeople whom they deem too irrational?Scholars Richard Reeves and Dimitrios Halikias argue that trying to influence peoples actions is the wrong approach.They suggest that society and its economy are best developed through sel-effective attributes of character,not paternalistic nudges to change beh

56、avior.A humane society,they write,is one in which men and women possess the discipline,self-command and personal autonomy needed to live with a sense of purpose and direction.Unlike other Nobel Prizes,the one for economics has been given only since 1969.The field remains fluid in its theories.Perhap

57、s a future prize can go to an economist who can take Thalers ideas even further and show how prosperity relies on traits of character in a society.Models of economics are best built on models of thought.Economists have ignored Adam Smiths notion that_.A.markets are driven by people seeking their own

58、 well-beingB.people cherish inner happiness more than economic intereslsC.people may act upon sympathy for others instead of their own interestsD.markets should be guided not only by self-interest but also by principles答案：C 本题解析：信息锁定第三段句指出，经济学家坚信亚当斯密理念“引导市场的是那些寻求自身幸福的人们所驱动的看不见的手”。句转而指出，他们却忽略了斯密对人类行为

59、持有的高尚观点：人性中有着某些道德原则使其会埘他人命运感兴趣把他人幸福看做自己的事（尽管他从中无法得到实质利益）。可见，斯密被经济学家们忽略的理念是“人们也可能会出于对他人的同情行事”,C.正确。解题技巧A.为句所述经济学家“信奉的”斯密理念而非胚目所问经济学家“忽视的”斯密理念。13利用第三段词汇ha【）1）iness、interest捏造干扰但从文中内容“斯密认为市场上人们追求的是利益但又承认人性巾存在同情他人的道德情操”无法推出“人们珍视内心幸福胜过经济利益”这一比较结论。D.夸大斯密对“道德原则（principles）作用”的肯定程度：他只是承认其存在并未提出应用其指引市场。7.Its

60、 not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show thei

61、r tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Arethere inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the targe

62、t is 6 People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 ,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors

63、and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hou

64、r late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for explori