NathanielHawthorne

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1、Nathaniel Hawthorne(18041864)oLifeoWorks&stylesoInfluences on Hawthorne Lifeo Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts.o Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy of seventeenth-century New England.o One of them was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the per

2、secution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692.o When Nathaniel was four,his father died on a voyage in Surinam(苏里南非洲苏里南非洲国家国家),but maternal relatives recognized his literary talent and financed his education at Bowdoin College.o Among his classmates were many

3、of the important literary and political figures of the day:writer Horatio Bridge,future Senator Jonathan Ciley,H.W.Longfellow,and future President Franklin Pierce.Early career In 1836:Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge In1839:He was offered a

4、n appointment as weighter and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of$1,500 a year.(As he looked back on this period of his life,he wrote:I have not lived,but only dreamed about living.He contributed short stories,including Young Goodman Brown and The Ministers Black Veil,to various magazin

5、es and annuals,though none drew major attention to the author.Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into one volume,Twice-Told Tales,which made Hawthorne known locally.)While at Bowdoin,Hawthorne bet his friend Jonathan Cilley a bottle of Madeira

6、wine that Cilley would get marriedbefore he did.By 1836 he had won the wager,but did not remain a bachelor for life.After public flirtations with local women Mary and Elizabeth,he began pursuing the latters sister,illustrator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody.Marriage and familySeeking a possible

7、 home for himself and Sophia,he joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841 not because he agreed with the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody on July 9,1842,at a ceremony in the Peabody parlor on West Street in Bo

8、ston.o Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children.Their first,a daughter,was born March 3,1844.Hawthorne wrote to a friend,I find it a very sober and serious kind of happiness that springs from the birth of a child.There is no escaping it any longer.“oThe Wayside and Europeo In 1852,the Hawth

9、ornes returned to Concord.In February,they bought The Hillside,a home previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Alcott and his family,and renamed it The Wayside.o Their neighbors in Concord included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.o Franklin Pierce:That year Hawthorne wrote the campaign biography of his

10、friend Franklin Pierce,depicting him as a man of peaceful pursuits in the book,which he titled The Life of Franklin Pierce.Relationship between Franklin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne o In the biography,Hawthorne depicted Pierce as a statesman and soldier who had accomplished no great feats because

11、of his need to make little noise and so withdrew into the background.o With Pierces election as President,Hawthorne Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the position of United States consul in Liverpool shortly after the publication of Tanglewood Tales.o In 1857,his appointment ended at the close of

12、the Pierce administration and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy.During his time in Italy,the previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache.o The family returned to The Wayside in 1860,and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun,his first new book in seven years.oLater y

13、ears and death o At the outset of the American Civil War,Hawthorne traveled with William D.Ticknor to Washington,D.C.There,he met Abraham Lincoln and other notable figures.He wrote about his experiences in the essay Chiefly About War Matters in 1862.o Failing health prevented him from completing sev

14、eral more romances.Suffering from pain in his stomach,Hawthorne insisted on a recuperative trip with his friend Franklin Pierce,though his neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned Hawthorne was too ill.o While on a tour of the White Mountains,Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19,1864,in Plymouth.o Haw

15、thorne was buried on what is now known as Authors Ridge in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,Concord,Massachusetts.Pallbearers included Longfellow,Emerson,Holmes,Alcott,James Thomas Fields,and Edwin Percy Whipple.o Emerson wrote of the funeral:I thought there was a tragic element in the event,that might be mor

16、e fully rendered,in the painful solitude of the man,which,I suppose,could no longer be endured,&he died of it.oWritings o Hawthorne had a particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James Thomas Fields.Hawthorne once told Fields,I care more for your good opinion than for

17、that of a host of critics.o In fact,it was Fields who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel rather than a short story.Ticknor handled many of Hawthornes personal matters,including the purchase of cigars,overseeing financial accounts,and even purchasing clothes.Hawthornes Major

18、Works 1)Two collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales 故事新编故事新编Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔 2)The Scarlet Letter 红字masterpiece,which establishedhim as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century Hawthornes Major Workso 3)The House of the Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子七个尖角阁的房子o 4)The Blitheda

19、le Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇o 5)The Marble Faun 大理石雕像大理石雕像o Short stories:o Young Goodman Brown 小伙子古德曼小伙子古德曼布朗布朗o The Ministers Black Veil 教长的黑面纱教长的黑面纱o The Birthmark 胎记胎记 Short story collections重讲一遍的故事（1837）古宅青苔 1846祖父的椅子1840奇异的书1852探戈林故事探戈林故事 1853Novels范肖1828带有七个尖角阁的房子 1851红字1850玉石人像1860 福谷传奇1852 Writing s

20、tyleo Romanticism,more dark romanticismo Long visual descriptionso Formal dialogueso Characters inner struggleo Symbolism and allegoryo Flowing and almost feminineo AmbiguityThe Scarlet Letter(symbolism)AdulteryAbilityAngelInfluences on Hawthorneo Salem-early childhood,later work at the Custom House

21、.o Puritan family background-one of his forefathers was Judge Hawthorne,who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials,1692.o Belief in the existence of the devil.o Belief in determinism.Reasons for Hawthornes Current Popularityo One of the most modern of writers,Hawthorne is relevant in theme and at

22、titude.According to H.H.Waggoner,Hawthornes attitudes use irony,ambiguity,and paradox.o Hawthorne rounds off the puritan cycle in American writing-belief in the existence of an active evil(the devil)and in a sense of determinism(the concept of predestination).o Hawthornes use of psychological analysis(pre-Freudian)is of interest today.o In themes and style,Hawthornes writings look ahead to Henry James,William Faulkner,and Robert Penn Warren Thank you!