考研考博-英语-山东师范大学考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

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1、住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东师范大学考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Higher cognitive abilities may come with a pitfall-a susceptibility to judging people based on stereotypes.A new study from New York University l that highly intelligent people are quicker to learn stereotype

2、s and base decisions off them.It may come down 2 someones ability to detect and encode patterns.Its not all bad news 3,as these high-intelligence people are likely to quickly update and 4 their ideas on stereotypes when introduced to new information.For the study,1,257 individuals were shown a（n）5 0

3、f computerized male faces that were paired with a description of past behavior,either positive or negative However,the researchers manipulated avatar faces 6 people with noses that were purposely wider were associated with negative traits,7.those with more narrow noses were associated with positive

4、traits.8this,individuals were asked to complete a task in 9 they had to trust an individual online who was represented by an avatar face 10 those the volunteers were shown in the trait association task.Individuals who 11 higher on pattern detection,12 0f higher intelligence,were also more likely to

5、associate wider noses with negative traits,and were 13 likely to trust wide-nosed avatars in the final task.Pattern detection is an essential part of human intelligence,and is one of the main features that helped our brains evolve 14 what they are today,but the skill has its limits.Finding that high

6、er pattern detection ability 15 people at greater risk to detect and apply stereotypes,but also to reverse them,implicates this ability as a cognitive mechanism 16 stereotyping,added co-author Jonathan Freeman in a statement.While stereotypes can be useful and a way to avoid danger,17 associating po

7、lice officers with safety or gunmen with danger,there are pitfalls t0 18 people based on a generally held idea.Stereotypes cause you to judge people 19.knowing anything about them-we wouldnt want others to do that to us,20 why not afford them the same Courtesy 1选？A.foundB.predictedC.estimatedD.imagi

8、ned答案：A 本题解析：本题考查上下文语义十动词辨析。由第二段首两句For the study.the researchers.一等信息可推知下文主要是在介绍这项新研究的研究过程和研究发现，因此空格句应该是以新研究发现佐证首句观点，故空格处应表示“（新研究）发现、表明”的含义，A.found正确。2.Text 4 Though often viewed as a problem for western states,the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal

9、 tax dollars,says Professor Max Moritz,a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015,the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its$5.5 billion annual budget fighting firesnearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.In effect,fewer federal funds tod

10、ay are going towards the agencys other worksuch as forest conservation,watershed and cultural resources management,and infrastructure upkeepthat affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone district

11、s.As Moritz puts it,how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?“Its already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,”he says.We need to take a magnifying glass to that.Like,“Wait a minute,is this OK?”“Do we want instead to

12、 redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?”Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire,researchers say.For one thing,conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive.Over the past decade,the focus has been on climate

13、 changehow the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element,Moritz says,it shouldnt come at the expense of the rest of the equation.“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked,and the interactions go both ways,he

14、 says.Failing to recognize that,he notes,leads toan overly simplified view of what the solutions might be.Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only o

15、ut of necessity,says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.But acknowledging fires inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws,policies,and practices that make it as safe as possible,she says.“Weve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,”Balch says.“

16、It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.”The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to_A.discover the fundamental makeup of natureB.explore the mechanism of the human systemsC.maximize the role of landscape in hum

17、an lifeD.understand the interrelations of man and nature答案：D 本题解析：根据题干关键词overly simplified view和Moritz mentions可以定位到第八段第二句。定位句指出“如果不能认识到这一点，将会导致一个关于解决方式的过于简单的看法”。而所谓的“这一点”，应该回溯至上一句，莫里兹在该句中强调人类体系和我们生活的这片土地是彼此联系的，其互动是双向的，由此可知，过于简单的观点是由于没有正确理解人类与自然的关系而导致的，故正确答案为D。3.Text 4 A US drug company has increase

18、d the price of an acne cream by more than 3,900%to$9,561 in less than 18 months in the latest example of drugprice cheating,which has enraged the American public and become a central topic of debate in the presidential election campaign.Novum Pharma,a recently formed privately held Chicago-based com

19、pany,bought the rights to drug Aloquin in May 2015.The 60g cream,which contains two cheap ingredients,was sold by its previous owner,Primus Pharmaceuticals,for$241.50.Nowm almost immediately increased the price by l,100%,and hiked the price higher still in January 2016.Figures seen by the Financial

20、77mes show the company increased the price a third time last week to take the cost to$9,561.So-calledprice cheating,in which companies buy the rights to older drugs and then vastly increase their cost,has provoked outrage across the country and led to calls for reform of the US healthcare system.Ear

21、lier this month,Hillary Clinton claimedIts time to move beyond talking about these price hikes and start acting to address them.AlI Americans deserve full access to the medications they need-without being burdened by excessive,unjustified costs.Clinton said she would change the law to allow theemerg

22、ency importationof safe altemative treatments from abroad.Aloquin contains two cheap active ingredients:a decades-old antibiotic,iodoquinol,and an extract from the aloe vera plant.Iodoquinol can be bought for as little as$30 a tube and aloe vera cream costs a few dollars.The drug is labelled aspossi

23、bly effective,as the US Food and Drug Administration has stated that there is only limited evidence that the drug is effective.Novum has also drastically increased the price of its other two skin creams,Alcortin A and Novacort.The drugs are prescription only,with the cost being mostly covered by hea

24、lth insurance or government assistance.In instances when the full cost of the treatment isnt covered by insurance,Novum provides coupons to reduce the proportion that patients have to pay,while collecting the rest from the health plan.The company,which is privately held and does not publish figures

25、on sales or profits,did not reply to requests for comment.A spokesman told the public that the firm was founded bya group oflike-minded investors who believe in the firms focus ofproviding therapeutic innovations that are affordable for patients.The price of the Aloquin is considered as cheating for

26、_.A.the price has been raised for many timesB.patients cannot get access to medicines they needC.the increase ofthe price has been dramaticD.the drug is not effective at all答案：C 本题解析：推理判断题。根据定位词定位到第三段。该段中提到了“price cheating”（“价格欺骗”），即“公司买下之前药品的生产权，之后大幅提升其价格”，所以Aloquin的定价被认为是欺骗，原因是之前药品价格很低，之后售价急剧上升，故C

27、项为正确选项。【干扰排除】价格被提高多次并不是问题，主要问题在于价格上升了3 900%，故A项错误；该公司药品价格升高，但文中并没有提到患者不能获得这些药品，所以B项错误；第六段提到，药品被认为“可能有效”，并不是说药品完全无效D项错误。4.Being a good parent is,of course,what every parent would like to be.But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very_1_,particularly since children respond diffe

28、rently to the same style of parenting.A calm,rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,_2_,a younger sibling._3_,theres another sort of parent thats a bit easier to_4_:a patient parent.Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.Still,_5_every parent wo

29、uld like to be patient,this is no easy_6_.Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a_7_and composed style with their kids.I understand this.Youre only human,and sometimes your kids can_8_you just a little too far.And then the_9_happens:You lose your patience and eith

30、er scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too_10_and does nobody any good.You wish that you could_11_the clock and start over.Weve all been there._12_,even though its common,its important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue,you can say something to your child that you may

31、_13_for a long time.This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also_14_your childs self-esteem.If you consistently lose your_15_with your kids,then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.We are all becoming increasingly aware of the_16_of m

32、odeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.In fact,the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when_17_by stress is one of the most important of all lifes skills.Certainly,its incredibly_18_to maintain patie

33、nce at all times with your children.A more practical goal is to try,to the best of your ability,to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with_19_situations involving your children.I can promise you this:As a result of working toward this goal,you and your children will benefit and_20_fro

34、m stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.11选？A.turn backB.take apartC.set asideD.cover up答案：A 本题解析：此处考察动词搭配+上下文语境。空格句句意：你会希望时间倒流，一切重新再来。turn back为（使）往回走，take apart为拆开/拆解，set aside为把.放一旁/不理会，cover up为盖起来，均不符合句意，故选A。5.Text 1 Roberta Gordon never thought shed still be alive at age

35、76.She definitely didnt think shed still be working.But cvery Saturday,she goes down to the local grocery store and hands out samples,earning$50 a day,because she needs the money.More and more older people are finding themselves in a similar situation as Baby Boomers reach retirement age without eno

36、ugh savings and as housing costs and medical expenses rise.Many people reaching retirement age dont have the Densions that lots of workers in previous generations did,and often have not put enough money into their 401（k）s to live off of.Other workers did not have access to a retirement plan through

37、their employer.That means that as people reach their mid-60s,they either have to dramatically curtail their spending or keep working to survive.This will be the first time that we have a lot of people who find themselves downwardly mobile as they grow older:Diane Oakley,the executive director of the

38、 National Institute on Retirement Security,told me.Theyre going to go from being near poor to poor.The problem is growing as more Baby Boomers reach retirement age-between 8,000 t0 10,000 Americans turn 65 every day,according to Kevin Prindiville,the executive director ofjustice in Aging,a nonprofit

39、 that addresses senior poverty.Older Americans were the only demographic for whom poverty rates increased in a statistically significant way between 2015 and 2016,according to Census Bureau data.While poverty fell among people 18 and under and people 18 t0 64 between 2015 and 2016,it rose to 14.5 pe

40、rcent for people over 65,according to the Census Bureaus Supplemental Poverty Measure,which is considered a more accurate measure of poverty because it takes into account health-care costs and other big expenses.In the early decades of our work,we were serving communities that had been poor when the

41、y were younger:Prindiville told me.Increasingly,were seeing folks who are becoming poor for the first time in old age.This presents a worrying preview of what could befall millions of workers who will retire in the coming decades.If todays seniors are struggling with retirement savings,what will bec

42、ome of the people of working age today,many of whom hold unsteady jobs and have patchwork incomes that leave little room for retirement savings?The current wave of senior poverty could just be the beginning.And this could have larger implications for the economy.If todays middle-class households cur

43、tail their spending when they retire,the whole economy could suffer.The poverty rate cited in Paragraph 4 is_A.preciseB.questionableC.undoubtedD.accountable答案：A 本题解析：事实细节题。根据定位词定位到第四段。该段指出，根据人口普查局的补充贫困标准（被认为是衡量贫困的一个更准确的指标，因为它涵盖了医疗费用和其他重大开支），在2015至2016年间18岁及以下人口和I8岁至64岁人口的贫困率下降，而65岁以上人口的贫困率上升到14.5%。可

44、知以上数据是精确的，故A项为正确选项。【干扰排除】根据以上分析B项“可质疑的”、C项“毋庸置疑的”和D项“可解释的”均不符合文义，故均排除。6.Higher cognitive abilities may come with a pitfall-a susceptibility to judging people based on stereotypes.A new study from New York University l that highly intelligent people are quicker to learn stereotypes and base decisions

45、 off them.It may come down 2 someones ability to detect and encode patterns.Its not all bad news 3,as these high-intelligence people are likely to quickly update and 4 their ideas on stereotypes when introduced to new information.For the study,1,257 individuals were shown a（n）5 0f computerized male

46、faces that were paired with a description of past behavior,either positive or negative However,the researchers manipulated avatar faces 6 people with noses that were purposely wider were associated with negative traits,7.those with more narrow noses were associated with positive traits.8this,individ

47、uals were asked to complete a task in 9 they had to trust an individual online who was represented by an avatar face 10 those the volunteers were shown in the trait association task.Individuals who 11 higher on pattern detection,12 0f higher intelligence,were also more likely to associate wider nose

48、s with negative traits,and were 13 likely to trust wide-nosed avatars in the final task.Pattern detection is an essential part of human intelligence,and is one of the main features that helped our brains evolve 14 what they are today,but the skill has its limits.Finding that higher pattern detection

49、 ability 15 people at greater risk to detect and apply stereotypes,but also to reverse them,implicates this ability as a cognitive mechanism 16 stereotyping,added co-author Jonathan Freeman in a statement.While stereotypes can be useful and a way to avoid danger,17 associating police officers with s

50、afety or gunmen with danger,there are pitfalls t0 18 people based on a generally held idea.Stereotypes cause you to judge people 19.knowing anything about them-we wouldnt want others to do that to us,20 why not afford them the same Courtesy 3选？A.stillB.thereforeC.indeedD.though答案：D 本题解析：本题考查句内语义十副词辨

51、析。空格句It回指上文“高智商人群更易基于模式化思维评判人”，这本是高智商人群的缺点，但此处却说“这并非全是坏消息”，由此可知，空格句发生语意转折，弱化前文语气D.though符合文意。7.The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits.After bills,Tony has60 a week to spend,40 of which goes on food,but 10 years ago he was e

52、arning130，000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons best restaurants at least twice a week.Then his marriage failed,his career burned out and his drinking became serious.“The community mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that again,to a certain degree,when peo

53、ple responded to the blog so well.It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost.But its still a daybyday thing.”Now hes living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents.Hes feeling positive,but hell carry on bloggingnot about eating as cheaply as you can“there are so many pe

54、ople in a much worse state,with barely any money to spend on food”but eating well on a budget.Heres his advice for economical foodies.41._Impulsive spending isnt an option,so plan your weeks menu in advance,making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities.I have an Excel template

55、 for a week of breakfast,lunch and dinner.Stop laughing:its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet.Its also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly,because,being human,youll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42._This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come i

56、n handy.With them,theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer.And if you plan properly,youll know that you only need,say,350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon,not whatever weight is prepacked in the supermarket chiller.43._You may proudly claim to only

57、 have frozen peas in the freezerthats not good enough.Mine is filled with leftovers,bread,stock,meat and fish.Planning ahead should eliminate wastage,but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup,and all fruits threatening to“go off”will be cooked or juiced.44._Everyone says this,but

58、it really is a top tip for frugal eaters.Shop at butchers,delis and fishsellers regularly,even for small things,and be super friendly.Soon youll feel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,or beef bones,chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which,more often than no

59、t,theyll let you have for free.45_You wont be eating out a lot,but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant1.75 a week for three months gives you21more than enough for a threecourse lunch at Michelinstarred Arbutus.Its16.95 thereor12.99 for a lar

60、ge pizza from Dominos:I know which Id rather eat.41选？A.Shopkeepers are your friendsB.Remember to treat yourselfC.Stick to what you needD.Live like a peasantE.Balance your dietF.Planning is everythingG.Waste not,want not答案：F 本题解析：细节题【解析】第二段首句Impulsive spending isnt an option,so plan your weeks menu i

61、n advance（冲动消费不是好主意，因此提前计划好一周的菜单）so代表结论，为关键句，段落后也没有其他转折词，本段其余内容为对于plan的具体操作和影响。因此这句话表达了本段的中心意思。so后所给的建议是plan your weeks menu，动词plan为谓语中心词。对应7个备选项中，F项“Planning is everything”（计划是一切）符合本段中心意思，答案为F。8.Text l If comfortably outpacing your rivals is the main measure of automotive achievement,Teslas electri

62、c car is a resounding success.The Model S last year outsold its nearest luxury rival,Mercedess petrol-engined S-class,by 30qo in America.And in its top specification the Tesla will also beat the Cerman car in the race from 0-60mph.As a battery-maker Tesla is also moving fast.This week it announced p

63、lans to build agigafactoryin America to make lithium-ion power-packs,that it hopes will propel its vehicles to the mainstream.Teslas acceleration has been rapid.Launched a decade ago by Elon Musk,a founder of PayPal and serial tech entrepreneur,last year it sold around 22,000 cars and by the end of

64、2014 hopes to be making l,000 a week.In early 2015 Tesla will add the Model X,a medium-sized SUV,to its range.However,Teslas impressive growth has not yet tranalaLed into significant profits.A series of b8ttery fires also briefly dented sales growth last year.Nevertheless,Teslas shares surged on February 25th,to value the company at over$30 billion after Morgan Stanley,a bank,joined its adoring fans.It reckons that the battery factory will not only propel it along