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1、考点考点4 4 主旨大意与篇章结构主旨大意与篇章结构考点4主旨大意与篇章结构(1)标题类常见的设问方式:The best title/headline for this passage might be .The text/passage could be entitled .What is the best title for the passage?Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?(2)主旨类常见的设问方式:This passage chiefly deals with .Whats t

2、he topic of the article?What is the subject discussed in the text?With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?The main idea/key point of this passage is that.From the passage we know that.The story mainly tells us that.What does the writer mainly tell us?The last paragraph is chiefly concerned

3、with .Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?(3)篇章结构的设问方式:Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?Which of the following shows the structure/organization of the passage?The second paragraph is developed by .The passage is mainly de

4、veloped/organized by .How does the author develop the passage?1.归纳文章标题归纳文章标题 典例典例1 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter,including things that fall off garbage trucks as they dr

5、ive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do notallow them

6、 at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers arguments:many cit

7、ies with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags,which are easily recycled but require more energy to pro-duce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at,they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that

8、 has appeared as its replace-ment:reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is,the longer its life andthe more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However,longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better

9、 for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.27.What is the best title for the text?A.Plastic,Paper or Neither B.Industry,Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Th

10、row Away D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control 思路点拨思路点拨主旨大意题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此 A 项符合文章主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。答案答案 A2.概括文章大意概括文章大意 典例典例2 In the 1760s,Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup,Rozes chai

11、n shops also set a new standard for dining out,which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today,scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat:diners served themselves about 20 percent more pas

12、ta(意大利面食)when their plates matched theirfood.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one,customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters,too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness,they couldnt tell how much theyd had:those given extra-lar

13、ge shares ate more than everyone else,but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller,and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money,but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places,fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.O

14、ne way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round:put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical,rather than pop,music was playing,diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents alsohave an effect:diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草)stayed longer and spent more than th

15、ose who smelled lemon,or no scent.Meanwhile,things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad”tables,crowding,high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door,sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly

16、concerned about badtables,”given that theyre profitable.As for crowds,a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation,suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.60.What does the last paragraph talk

17、 about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaurants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.思路点拨思路点拨主旨大意题。根据段落主题句确定段落主旨是最常用的方法。分析最后一段可知,本段第一句是本段主题句(同时,你可能以为会导致顾客减少消费的一些因素不好的餐桌位置、拥挤的环境和价格高都未必是对的),由此确定答案为 D 项。答案答案 D3.篇章结构题篇章结构题四步解

18、题法四步解题法 典例典例3 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.However,now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibili

19、ties.For previous generations,college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades,however,continued connection with and dependence on family,thanks to cell phones,email and social media,have increa

20、sed significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult respon-sibility,universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To p

21、repare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves“trying on”new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面)and personally.While we should provide“safe spaces”within colleges,we must also make it safe to

22、express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体)differs from the family,many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.

23、If students rely on administrators to regulate their social be-havior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover,the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristi

24、c of young adults:the response to beingcontrolled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定)and controlled,the in-sensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely t

25、o burst out,particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore,there is the desire for their dor

26、ms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values,social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation,of the necessary tension between safety and self-

27、discovery.70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:IntroductionP:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion 思路点拨思路点拨文章第一段引入主题,第二段描述了大学时期是怎样变成青春期的延续的,第三段提出如何解决这一问题,第四段和第五段提出了解决这个问题的原因,最后进行总结。答案答案 C巩固技能练巩固技能练Passage 1(2019江苏苏州学业质量阳光指标调研江苏苏州学业质量阳光指标调研)High prams(婴儿车)with cover

28、ings that protect a babys head could go some way towards reducing exposure to dangerous particlepollution.By installing air quality sensors and taking prams for a walk,a team at the University of Surrey,the UK,has found that higher prams are better,because most particle pollution is concentrated in

29、the first metre above road level.On average,children in prams breathe at a height of about 0.85 metres,meaning they are ex-posed to about 60 percent more pollution than adults.On top of this,particle pollution is more dangerous to babies than adults,says Jonathan Griggs at Queen Mary University of L

30、ondon,who was not involved in the study.Babies breathe faster than adults and they are easily hurt for the effectsof pollution because the protective mechanisms in their lungs are not yet fully developed,he says.When choosing the best pram for defending against pollution,the weather is alsoa factor.

31、Hot summer air concentrates pollution close to the ground,makingseat height particularly important.But when the air is cold,the heat from car exhausts(排气管)causes dangerous particles higher in the air,after which they fall.In these cases,prams with some kind of covering can help protect children from

32、 pollution falling down on them from above.“There are very few existing studies to draw conclusive evidence of which pram design is the best,”says Prashant Kumar,who led the research.So far he is only able to identify broad things to look for in a pram.In the future,it may bepossible to purchase add

33、-on air filter(过滤)systems for prams.One currently indevelopment is called Brizi,which consists of a flat headrest with wings on eitherside of the babys head.Air is sucked in on one side,cleaned,and blown out on the other,creating a bubble of slightly higher air pressure,which keeps out particles.“De

34、signing better prams is only a temporary solution to dealing with pollution itself,”says Griggs.“Its certainly cautious not to stick your child next to an exhaust pipe,and most importantly reduce emissions on roads.”1.One of the research findings is that high prams with coverings are .A.more conveni

35、ent to push B.helpful to block sunshine C.good for protecting babies heads D.effective to protect babies from pollution 2.What can parents do to protect babies?A.Monitor their breathing rate.B.Promote their lung development.C.Offer comfortable seats in hot days.D.Keep babies away from exhausts.3.Wha

36、t does the passage mainly talk about?A.The benefit of high prams with coverings.B.The development of air filter systems for prams.C.The necessity of designing the best prams.D.The urgency of reducing particle pollution.答案答案 语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。作者通过实验和数据表明,带有覆盖物的高婴儿车可以在某种程度上保护孩子少受马路上的颗粒污染。1.D细节理解题。根据第一段

37、 High prams with coverings that protect a babys head could go some way towards reducing exposure to dangerous particle pollu-tion.及第四段最后一句.can help protect children from pollution falling down on them.可知,带有覆盖物的高婴儿车,可以在某种程度上保护孩子少受污染。故选 D 项。2.D细节理解题。根据第四段第三句.the heat from car exhausts causes dangerous

38、 particles higher in the air.可知,汽车排气管排出的热量会导致危险的颗粒物悬在空气中;再根据文章最后一句中的 Its certainly cautious not to stick your child next to an exhaust pipe 可知,婴儿应该远离排气管。故选 D 项。3.A主旨大意题。纵观全文,作者通过实验和数据表明,带有覆盖物的高婴儿车,可以在某种程度上保护孩子少受马路上的颗粒污染。文章第一段 High prams with coverings that protect a babys head could go some way towa

39、rds reducing exposure to dangerous particle pollution.开篇总领,点明文章主题。故选 A 项。Passage 2(2019江苏苏北三市模拟)Are you having so much work to finish and are unable to keep your home clean and healthy?Dont worry.Robotic vacuum cleaners are here to help you in cleaning.The robotic vacuum cleaners are outfitted with

40、sensors,motherboards,Wi-Fi,and lasers to navigate across the home by themselves.They are made so small that they undoubtedly creep under the furniture,cupboards,beds and so on to detect and clean the dust.Whereas the robotic vacuum cleaners dont require any help from you,you just need to set them an

41、d then carry on your work such as cooking,painting,etc.as they can efficiently clean without any supervision.If their batteries die,they will automatically go to the charge station and get charged.The robotic vacuum cleaners make very little noise when compared to that of thestandard vacuum cleaners

42、.To collect all the dirt and grime that has been cleaned,these robotic vacuum cleaners come with a built-in waste bin.You can with no diffi-culty clean this in-built bin and can reuse them again and again.The problematic thing with the standard vacuum cleaner is that the vacuum bags are costly and h

43、ave to be replaced once in 60 days.That is why it is best to invest your money in purchasing the robotic vacuum cleaner.Its purchase price may be a little high,but once you buy it,the maintenance cost will be decreased with so many other benefits.There are different types of robotic vacuum cleaners

44、on the market right now in different sizes.Make a wise decision and buy the best robotic vacuum cleaner that can fulfill all your requirements so that you can be happy and hygienic(卫生的).1.The underlined word“navigate”in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .A.plot the path B.reduce noise C.collect i

45、nformation D.charge the battery2.The robotic vacuum cleaners beat the standard ones in the following aspects EXCEPT that .A.they are cheaper and smaller in size B.they cost less for maintenance C.they make less noise when working D.they are more intelligent and efficient3.Which of the following best

46、 summarizes Paragraphs 2 and 3?A.The original design of robotic vacuum cleaners.B.The technical theory of robotic vacuum cleaners.C.The features of robotic vacuum cleaners.D.The functions of robotic vacuum cleaners.答案答案 语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种机器人真空吸尘器,它能自动工作、自主充电,工作时的噪音很小，且内置的垃圾箱方便清理、持久耐用，这些都是它的特色和优点

47、,作者认为非常值得购买。1.A词义猜测题。根据第二段内容可知,机器人真空吸尘器配有传感器、主板、Wi-Fi和激光，只要设置好，它就可以自动、自主地工作。根据画线词后面的 across the home 可推测，navigate 在句中是规划清扫全家的路线的意思，故选 A 项。2.A细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句 Its purchase price may be a little high,but once you buy it,the maintenance cost will be decreased with so many other benefits.可知，吸尘器的购买价格略高,由

48、A 项中的 cheaper 可知 A 项错误，故选 A 项；B 项的说法符合原文；根据第三段第一句 The robotic vacuum cleaners make very little noise when compared to that of the standard vacuum cleaners.可知，机器人吸尘器发出的噪音小，C项说法正确；根据第二段倒数第二句的 they can efficiently clean without any supervision 可知，它们智能化而且效率高，D 项说法正确。3.C主旨大意题。第二段介绍了机器人真空吸尘器能自动工作、自主充电，第三段

49、介绍了它工作时的噪音很小，且内置的垃圾箱方便清理、持久耐用，这些都是它的特色和优点，故选 C 项。Passage 3(2019江苏南京、盐城三模江苏南京、盐城三模)Like a lot of health-care professionals,Dr.Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.“Theres this view that you should suck it up and do one more thing,”says the

50、ER physician and host of CBCs White Coat,Black Art.But that“one more thing”often comes at Goldmans expense.“Youre exhausted and a patient or their family look at you with begging eyes,”he says.“So you have this dilemma:say that your shift is over or give until youre totally spent?”Goldmans work stre

51、ss combined with family tensionafter his mother was diagnosed with dementia 20 years ago.Caring for her over a decade was difficult,as was dealing with his fathers grief.“When someone else is drowning you,you have to grab a life preserver and save yourself,”says Goldman.Setting boundaries isnt just

52、important to busy professionals;everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain.Here are some tips:First,“If someones behavior makes you unhappyand it could be anything from the way they speak to you to repeatedly failing to stick to their promisethen theres room to set

53、 limits,”says Patrick Keelan,a Calgary psychologist.We often avoid setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours.In order to control this impulse,Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of self-kindness.When facing an overwhelm-ing situat

54、ion like the one he was in with his father,Goldman suggests reflecting on what is making you feel uncomfortable,unhappy or unappreciated.“You cant relate to others or be kind to others if you arent kind to yourself,”he says.Second,once youve become aware of your needs,setting and maintaining boundar

55、ies requires clear verbal communication.There are three obstacles to enforcing boundaries in a relationship:fear,guilt and self-doubt,says psychologist Nicole McCance.We often fear that if we set limits,the other person will reject us,or we feel bad claiming our needs.Keelan proposes setting ground

56、rules before relationships become tense.Start by cooperatively listing valueslike mutual respect,support,and loyaltyand then building the guidelines from these values.If youre struggling to reach a consensus,Keelan recommends engaging a third party,such as a therapist,to help.Now,if you want a bound

57、ary to stick to,you cant enable someone to break it.As such,its crucial to establish consequences for transgressions(越轨).Otherwise,McCance says,“Youre giving them permission to violate that boundary.”If they wont respect your boundaries,you have to do some soul-searching about the value of the relat

58、ionship.“When you feel bad more than you feel good in this persons presence,and when the relationship is impacting your self-worth and happiness,its time to reassess it,”says McCance.Saying no is hard,but she suggests framing it as saying yes to healthier relationships.“Were all better mothers and p

59、artners and brothers when we have boundaries.”1.What do we know about Goldman?A.He is in need of support in his work.B.He is caught between his work and life.C.He slides into the state of desperation.D.He always puts his family at the first place.2.What do the underlined words“this impulse”refer to?

60、A.Prioritizing others happiness.B.Avoiding setting limits.C.Failing to stick to their promise.D.Framing the development of boundaries.3.Whats the best title of the passage?A.Do communicate B.Do not cross C.Identify your limitsD.Say no and mean it答案 语篇解读本文以 Dr.Brian Goldman 为例，讲述了许多医疗保健专业人士在工作和生活中由于没

61、有边界意识和行动，总是优先考虑他人的幸福和舒适，导致自身疲惫不堪。由此，作者提出设立界限是十分必要的。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段第一句 Like a lot of health-care professionals,Dr.Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.可知，像许多医疗保健专业人士一样，Dr.Brian Goldman 发现很难在工作和个人生活之间划清界限。故选 B 项。2.A代词指代题。根据第四段第二、三句 We often a

62、void setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours.In order to controlthis impulse,Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of self-kindness.可知，我们经常避免设置限制，因为我们优先考虑他人的幸福和舒适。为了控制这种冲动，Goldman 建议将发展边界作为一种善待自己的方式。由此可见,this impulse就是指优先考虑他人的幸福和舒

63、适，故选 A 项。3.B主旨大意题。本文以 Dr.Brian Goldman 为例，讲述了许多医疗保健专业人士在工作和生活中由于没有边界意识和行动，总是优先考虑他人的幸福和舒适，导致自身疲惫不堪。由此，作者提出设立界限是十分必要的。B 项 Do not cross(不要交叉、混淆)表达了针对这一处境需持有的鲜明态度，故选 B 项。拓展提升练拓展提升练Passage 1(2019江苏江苏,D)The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimers(阿尔兹海默症).He was losing his memor

64、y.A software engineer by profession,Steve was a keen lover of the piano,and the only musician in his family.Music was his true passion,though he had never performed outside the family.Melissa,his daughter,felt it more than worthwhile to save his music,to which she fell asleep each night when she was

65、 young.She thought about hiring a profes-sional pianist to work with her father.Naomi,Melissas best friend and a talented pianist,got to know about this and showed willingness to help.“Why do this?”Steve wondered.“Because she cares,”Melissa said.Steve nodded,tear in eye.Naomi drove to the Goodwin ho

66、me.She told Steve shed love to hear him play.Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench,hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.Naomi put a small recorder near the piano.Starts and stops and mistakes.Long pauses,heart sinking.But Steve pressed on,playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.“It was beautiful,”Naomi said after listening to the recording.“The music was worth saving.”Her responsibility,her privilege,would be to rescue it.The music was still in Steve