学术英语医学Unit2

《学术英语医学Unit2》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学术英语医学Unit2（85页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for MedicineUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesAlthough great progress has been made in the treatment andprevention of diseases in the last century,there is no reason forcomplacence.Human health is constantly threatened not only byemerging diseases but also by re-emer

2、ging ones once thought tohave been controlled or eradicated.What causes new diseases?Why do the old enemies resurge?What resources are availablefor us to meet such challenges?What measures should we taketo prevent and reduce those threats?This unit helps you to gaininsight into those issues.Unit 2Re

3、surgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CGet ready for Unit 3ListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in Reasons for emerging and re-emerging

4、diseases Updated information about some most common infectious diseases such as TB epidemic worldwide and particularly in China Measures to be taken to reduce and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases and development of noninfectious diseases Issues to be covered Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent Dise

5、asesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in What can be seen from the following titles of news reports?West Nile outbreak largest ever in U.S.:/edition n/2012/08/22/health/west-nile-virus/index.html August 23,2012,the New York Times West Nile epidemic“worst in history”as virus infects 1,118 in

6、America and leaves 41 dead :/dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2192303/West-Nile-virus-West-Nile-epidemic-worst-history-virus-infects-1-118-America-leaves-41-dead.html 23 August 2012Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in information-filling taskOutbreakYe

7、arCausePrevalenceSARS2 0 0 2 -2003SARS coronavirusStarting in China and spreading globallyAv i a n flu2007H5N1First reported in South Korea and becoming a global outbreakSwine flu2009H1N1A pandemic starting in MexicoPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesTex

8、t ACritical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentencesSuggested answersPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Reemerging Diseases Be vulnerable to th

9、e ancient microbial enemiesPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter internecine squabbles in Congress“New Flu Strain Spreads:Death Toll Reaches Half Million.”Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergen

10、t DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Surgeon General Antibiotics and vaccines medical community from penicillin to polio Journal of the American Medical Association death rate respiratory infectionsPage 26-27Unit 2Resurgen

11、t and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter The World Health Organization WHO Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC a prevention strategy public awareness of infectious diseasePage 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emer

12、gent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Six diseases identified by WTH to be monitored for re-emergence Diphtheria Cholera dengue fever yellow fever bubonic plaguePage 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent

13、 and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter attending to the health conditions of the globe the last Ebola flare-up pathogenic microbes public health authorities the epidemiology division in Columbias School of Public HealthPage 28Unit 2Resurgent and Eme

14、rgent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter clinical professor of medicine interim chief of infectious disease Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center TB is the result of socioeconomic conditions and human behavior.Prisons and h

15、omeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread,with confined populations in close quarters.Page 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter drug resistance incomplete courses of antibiotic therapy the

16、 hardiest new,more powerful lineages multi-drug-resistant strain of TB TB also hitched a ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromisedan emerging disease thus helping reignite an old one.Page 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical readi

17、ng and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter a change in virulence,reflecting mutation in the exterior of the bacterium The misnamed“flesh-eating bacteria”:/medicinenet/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=61933 :/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis rheumatic fever scarlet feverPage 28Unit 2Resu

18、rgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Flu likewise changes its coat and in turn its level of virulence.the pandemic of 1918-1919 :/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic :/virus.stanford.edu/uda/The flu vi

19、rus is a trickster.Why?“Old wine in new bottles.”public health measuresPage 28-29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Vaccination practices the pertussis and diphtheria threats neurological compl

20、ications the waning of immunity a crumbling public health infrastructure organized vaccination efforts vaccination rates Dengue feverPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Even malaria has t

21、he potential to become familiar again domestically,especially if warmer weather combined with urban blight brings mosquitoes and malaria carriers together.with stagnant water serving as mosquito breeding poolsPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Cri

22、tical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter future headlines free of news of worldwide pandemics eternal vigilance close cooperation with the CDCPage 30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesTopics for presentation1.What does the author imply by menti

23、oning two choices?(Pre.1)Peoples inadequate consciousness enough about the consequence of neglecting the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases Unfinished war against infectious diseasePage 26Tex

24、t A Critical reading and thinkingUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases2.Describe the heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since.(Pre.2)Victory declarations Surgeon General William Stewarts hyperbolic statement of closing“the book on infectiou

25、s disease”A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overPage 26Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases2.Describe t

26、he heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since.(Pre.2)Out-of-expectation outcome Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola Comeback of the old afflictions Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union TB in urban centers like New York City Rising Sroup A streptococcal conditions

27、like scarlet fever The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the worldPage 26Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3.Elaborate on the joined

28、battle.(Pre.3)WHO:establishment of a new division devoted worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in Oct.1995 CDC:launching prevention strategy in 1994 Congress:raising fund from$6.7 million in 1995 to$26 million for 1997Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and

29、Emergent Diseases Topics for presentation 4.Justify“the realization that world health is indivisible”.(Pre.4)Attention to the health conditions of the globe before satisfying OUR most parochial needs Meaninglessness of borders to pathogenic microbes With 24 hours of time,from a crowded marketplace i

30、n Kikwit,Zaire to a New York City subwayPage 27Text A Critical reading and thinkingUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)flu Constant changes in its coat(surfa

31、ce antigens)and resultant changes in its level of virulence Looming next flu pandemic as bad as that of 1918Page 28Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for pres

32、entation 5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)TB Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread Development of drug-resistant strains or even multi-drug-resistant strain A ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunoco

33、mpromisedPage 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)Group A strep A change in virulence Mutation in the exterior of the bacterium fleshing-eating bacteria of

34、 1994 rheumatic fever scarlet feverPage 28Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation 6.Vaccination practices are at the heart of the most infectiou

35、s diseases.Use examples to prove it.(Pre.6)Waning immunity Serious diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union Deterioration in some American cities Increased reports of malariaPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking T

36、opics for presentation 7.What are the four areas of focus according to Bob Howard?(Pre.7)Need for surveillance Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field Appropriate prevention and control Strong public health infrastructurePage 30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resu

37、rgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation 8.“Old enemies never dies.”Justify it medically.(Pre.8)Resurgence of infectious diseases TB Flu Diphtheria Scarlet feverPage 26-30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Cr

38、itical reading and thinking Useful expressions “close the book on infectious disease.”Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences which never really went away,though upscale opera buffs might have thought i

39、t was confined to productions of“La Boheme”虽然上层社会的歌剧迷们也许觉得结核病只是歌剧波西米亚人中的创作，而事实上,结核病就从来没有消失过。歌剧波西米亚人的女主人公咪咪死于肺结核。Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences“Emergence”is in fact regression,a return to the st

40、andard that prevailed universally in the previous century,“出现新病”实际上是一种退步，又回到上个世纪普遍存在的水平。Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences“The war has been won”,one scientist recently quipped.“By the other side.”“

41、战争胜利了”，最近有位科学家嘲弄道。”是对方（传染病）获胜。”Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesIllustration by the film Dustin Hoffman OutbreakPage 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Task 1 Medical Terminology EnglishChinese1.antigen抗原2.micr

42、obe微生物3.virulence毒力，毒性4.biological生物的5.pandemic大流行6.antibiotic抗生素7.pathogenic致病的8.epidemiology流行病学9.streptococcus链球菌10.immunocompromised免疫受损的Page 33-34Text A Suggested AnswersSuggested Answers Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Language building-upLangua

43、ge building-upTask 2 Signpost Language Classification two choices six diseases four areas of focus kind type kindPage 35Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Language building-up Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 1.vanquished 2.sentiment 3.venues 4

44、.crumbling 5.quipped 6.prevailedPage 35-36Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesAdditional activity Resurgent tuberculosis is not confined only to UK.It is global,and China is no exception.It is urgent and pertinent to know the current situation of tuberculosis pr

45、evalence in China,which calls for an investigation.Work in a small group and conduct a research focused on the following aspects in China:historical review of TB epidemiology current incidence of TB measures and policies adopted to control and prevent the disease.Page 44Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent

46、DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText BPage 37Critical reading and thinkingSuggested answersUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Being overshadowed by HIV,malaria,and swine flu Being

47、 consigned by the public to history and novels such as Jane Eyre Public ignorance of the facts:a serious situationPage 37Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Roughly one-third of the worlds popu

48、lation infected with tuberculosis bacilli A new infection occurring every second One in 10 developing into active disease 9.4 million people in 2008$1.1 billion for HIV,$468.5 million for malaria,and just$410.4 million for TB Spreading drug resistance,and even more frightening extensively drug-resis

49、tant(XDR)tuberculosisPage 38Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Malaria:the likes of Cheryl Cole6 and other jet-setting safari lovers HIV:a relatively affluent,successful population of white me

50、n in the developed world Tuberculosis:however,a disease of the neer-do-wells“the vanished bloom and wasted flesh”of sufferers was splashed across play-houses,poetry and novelsUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of t

51、he subject matter The aggressive approach in the screening and diagnosis of latent tuberculosis US:screening among new entrants from countries with an incidence greater than 20 per 100,000 population UK:Further investigation suggested for those from countries with an incidence greater than 20 per 10

52、0,000 populationPage 39Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Use of lower cut-off for positive tuberculin skin tests by US More aggressive in its targeting and treatment of at-risk groups in USPa

53、ge 39Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter World Tuberculosis Day(P40)On 24 March each year In celebration of Dr.Robert Kochs discovery in 1882 of the tuberculosis bacillus as the cause of TB Sto

54、p Tuberculosis Partnership,aiming to halve the numbers of deaths due to tuberculosis by 2015Page 40Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Tuberculosis Alert(P 40)Set up just over 10 years ago In r

55、esponse to the resurgent threat of tuberculosis in the UK Aiming to heighten awareness of tuberculosis and support community-based treatment in the UK and abroad Continuing to growPage 40Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Kn

56、owledge of the subject matter outreach work(P 40)Reaching out to the more vulnerable members of society Extension to other major citiesPage 40Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter the duty of pro

57、fessionals working in the health system(P 41)To help put tuberculosis on both the public agenda and that of the new Government To educate local MP,encourage them to join the APPG for tuberculosis,campaign for further funding to improve services and expand research into new medications To support our

58、 patients to speak out about their experiences of tuberculosis,reduce delay to diagnosis and help to dispel the stigma attached to this diseasePage 41Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions overshadow He was an

59、 excellent player,but he was overshadowed by Jordan.the media spotlight the worlds second most lethal infectious disease consumption has been eradicated in the developed worldPage 37Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking What di

60、d they have in common?Jane Eyre LIN,Daiyu Jane Austen Edgar Allan Poe the Bront sistersPage 37-38Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions be infected with according to estimates to an estimated 863,000 deaths dr

61、ug resistance extensively drug-resistant totally drug-resistant side effects medical,social and psychological supportPage 38Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions the likes of Cheryl Cole the likes of Jane Aus

62、ten in the developed world the media interest at its peakPage 38Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions the general public be hard to stomach On arrival to the UK with a normal chest radiograph cost effectivene

63、ss tuberculin skin tests Interferon gamma tests fewer clinic visits at-risk groupsPage 39Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions on track to achieving this in America the topic under discussionPage 40Unit 2Resu

64、rgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions in the UK and abroad in China and abroad both abroad and at home The power of publicity to help improve funding and investment should not be underestimated.Page 40Unit 2Resurgent a

65、nd Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions gain access to the more vulnerable members of society intravenous drug users Other lessons can be learned from the USA immigration has caused disease to soar A 15-year-old schoolgirl dyin

66、g from a curable disease should be what grabs the attention here.On its website its aims seem to focus,in the majority,on tackling tuberculosis globally,but perhaps we should be looking closer to home.Page 40-41Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions professionals working within the health system Organizations such as Tuberculosis Alert have branched into the avenues of powerful new media outlets such as Fa