外文翻译---相控阵和雷达技术的突破

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1、毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译翻译（1）题目相控阵和雷达技术的突破翻译（2）题目发射KU-波段的相控阵天线在FSS通信系统中的应用学院电子信息学院专业英文译文 1：相控阵和雷达技术的突破【摘要】 许多人认为雷达是一个成熟的领域，不会发生任何新的变化，这种看法存 在很久了，没有比这个看法更错误的了。当我 1950 年参与到雷达领域的时候，我也 有过同样的看法，例如，我认为麻省理工学院的雷达丛书已经是包罗万象了，不需要 增加任何新的内容。然而我是多么的错啊，从那时起雷达技术领域中已经发生了许多 令人眼花缭乱的发展，雷达一直受益于Moores定律和许多新的技术上的成果,例如， MMIC GaAs TR

2、 组件和相控阵组件。现在雷达技术发展得更快了，在这篇文章里， 我将给出某些最近突破的例子。【关键词】雷达；有源相控阵；M MIC； MEMS； T/R组件；相控阵；AESA；电扫；GaAs； GaN； SiC； CMOS；数字波束形成；自适应阵列；旁瓣对消器；超宽带天线；金属材料； 电子管；真空电子器件；回旋管；磁控管；速调管；行波管；微波功率组件； MPM； 功率放大组件； SBX； GBRP 0： SEA-BASED X-波段雷达24层楼高的SEA-BASED X-波段相控阵雷达是一个世界奇迹。1： GaAs MMIC T/R模块（单片微波集成电路）在过去的十年成功和广泛的应用了 MMIC

3、和AESA（有源电子扫描阵）2：低成本 19K AESA谁说 AESA 是非常昂贵的，在 DARPA （Defense Advanced Research Projects AgJncy 国国防部先进研究项目局）的低资金Y19K资助下使35GHZ相控阵成为可能。DARPA 已经资助发展了10 X-band,10 smW，单T/R芯片模块。3：低成本的MEMS（微机电系统）相控阵 即使我们只有一个低损耗的移相器，那么就能够用在一个模块上安装很多的移相而MEMS提供了这个可能。MEMS开关已经提高了 3个数量级的可靠性，在2003年10 月报道，开关寿命已经达到 6000 亿.这还有降低损耗的需要

4、，通过 4 位移相器用 RADANT 透镜在 1 维空间扫描的天线损耗是 1.25dB.2 维扫描需要2 个镜头，所以2 维 的 RADANT 阵列扫描对于 2 路的损耗就是 5Db, 但是正在取得进展。4： GaN（氮化镓，属第三代半导体材料），SIC（碳化硅）宽禁带的GaN和SIC MMIC芯片，使，在T/R模块电源上提高1-2个数量级，成 为可能。这项技术将有可能在未来通过升级现有的AESA替换GaAs T/R组件或SIC T/R 与GaN模块，提高10倍电源。这个提供了 10倍的改善在搜索整个或者78%轨道范围 中。5： SiGeSiGe 具有使用 Si 为基质的优势，对集成电路产业的

5、技术，其丰富的资源，可以 借鉴。它以较低的成本提供了较高的性能潜能。 SiGe 在微波输出功率和噪声系数与 GaAs 竞争中没有优势。它提供了低成本和在单芯片上整合多种功能的能力。在一个 芯片上可以增加微波功率放大器和低噪声的数字接收机也可以是增加 A/D 和数字电 路。6： CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体）目前CMOS主要用在微波频率，它也使用在Si基材，这个技术还广泛使用在计算 机产业。它拥有低成本的保证，低功耗的 T/R 模块接收组件。像 SiGe 它有允许许多 功能集成在一块芯片上的优势，甚至超过SiGe.

6、 块芯片上可以有射频，中频基带， 微处理器，内存。可调谐滤波器和A/D转换系统在SOC (系统集成芯片)上。它可由 GaAs或者GaN结合制作出微波功率放大器和低噪声的数字接收机。利用GaN有足够 强大到不受限制的优势。7：数字波束形成( DBF)DBF是被应用在微波AESAs雷达，我们看到它被用的越来越广泛；和模拟波束形 成有许多明显的优势。对于目前正在实施的大型阵列是指数组的水平，但最终还是会 在元素级别上进行。这样做消除了模拟硬件相结合，模拟下变频和所有与他们相关的 错误。反过来这将导致超低副瓣。这将允许多种光束指向不同方向的实现，它将能够 在同一时刻用天线的不同部分实行不同的应用程序。

7、它允许在降低3dB发射功率的情 况能够搜索。现在，随着摩尔定律规律的不断前进，由于增加信号处理所需的成本远 远小于减少 3dB 发射功率的获得成本。 DBF 能够减少搜索占用的空间(1/2)，并且 搜索精度能达到 40%。 DBF 也将允许更好的自适应阵列进程。事实上，一个完全的自 适应阵列与没有它的计算和瞬间处罚是一样可以实现的。这可以实现自调谐-自调谐 阵列处理。这个涉及到干扰器是否干扰了数字定位，然后指向这些干扰器束(这些光 束是有效地特征波束)，并利用这些作为主瓣。我们拥有 10 个干扰器，现在必须转 换为11*11的矩阵，而不是1000*1000的矩阵和瞬间时间减少100倍。传统的自

8、适应 完全阵列，不能确定干扰器的位置，我们可以很容易的确定，不至于使我们被蒙蔽。 此方法等效于确定主要成分的方法。8：超带宽阵列由于有超带宽的阵列，可以使一个天线在不同的地带有各种不同的应用。9：电子管的进展(TUBE ADVANCEMENTS)电子管取得了重大的进展；其中有一些是因为有强大的可用的软件，允许电子管 的设计不需要实验和纠错。10：致谢我 想谢 谢 Raymond Hale 和 John DeFalco, 还 有 Raytheon 公 司 提供 的 GaN,SiC,SiGe 和 CMOS。英文原文 1：Phased-Array and Radar BreakthroughsDrE

9、li Brookner Raytheon Comp(MS 31162 528 Boston Post Rd，Sudbury，MA 01776 Te1：9784404007；ELI_BROOKNERRAYTHEONCOM) 【Abstract】 Many think that radar is a mature field， nothing new to happen， it having been around a long time. Nothing can be further from the truthWhen I entered the field in the 50s I thou

10、ght the same thing. The MIT RadiationLabSeries was the definitive volume and there was to be nothing more How wrong 1 was Since then many amazing new developments have taken place， radar having benefiting from Moores law and the incorporation of new technology developments such as MMIC GaAs TR modul

11、es and electronically steered phased arrayThings are moving even faster now. In this paper I shall give examples of some of the recent breakthroughsThe topics to be covered are indicated in Fig1【Key words】 Radar，activephased arrays；MMIC；MEMS；TR module；phased array；AESA；electronic scanning；GaAs；GaN；S

12、iC；SiGe；CMOS；digital beam forming； adaptive arrays ；sidelobe canceler；UltraWideband Antenna；metal materials；tube； Vacuum Electron Device；gyroklystron；gyrotwystron；magnetron；klystron；traveling wave tube； T；microwave power modules ；MPM；power amplifier module(PAM) ； SBX；GBRP0 SEABASED X BAND RADARThe S

13、ea Based XBand(SBX)24 story high phased array radar shown is a new wonder of the world1 GaAs MMIC TR MODULESThe last decade has seen the successful and extensive application of Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits(MMICS)to active electronically steered arrays (AESAs).2 LOW COST ， $19K ， AESAWho

14、said AESAs have to be expensive On DARPA funding the feasibility of a low cost，$19 K35 GHz array was demonstrated ；see Figs6 and 7DARPA has also funded the development of a $10 X-band10smW ，single chip TR module.3 LOW COST MEMS PHASED ARRAYSIf only we had a low loss phase shifterThen we could go bac

15、k to the passive architecture electronic scanned phased array with one module feeding many phase shifters，like 10This could potentially reduce the cost of an electronically scanned phased array by a factor of nearly10. Micro-ElctroMechanicalsystems (MEMS)offer this promiseMEMS switches have improved

16、 their reliability by 3 orders of magnitude over what was reported Oct. 2003 in to a life of 600 billion switches. There is still need for improvement in the loss . The loss through a 4 bit phase shifter used in a 1-D scanned RADANT space-fed lens antenna is 1. 25 dB.Two lenses are needed for 2D sca

17、n so that the 2-way loss for a 2D scanned RADANT array would be 5dB. but progress is being made.4 GaN,SICWide bandgapGaN and SiC MMIC chips offer the potential of one to two orders increase in TR module power；see Fig. 8. This technology would make it possible in the future to upgrade an existing AES

18、A by replacing the GaAs T R modules with GaN or SiC TR modules having 10 times the et. 3his provides either a 10 times improvement in search volume or a 78 increase in track range.5 SiGeSiGe has the advantage of using Si as a substrate ，the technology of the integrated circuit industry and whose ext

19、ensive resources can draw upon . It offers the potential of higher performance at low with GaAs with respect tocostSiGe does not compete microwave output power or noise figure It offers low cost and the ability to integrate many functions on a single chip On one chip in addition to microwave power a

20、mplifiers and low noise figure receiver it can have ADs and digital circuitryFig9 shows a moekup of an AESA radar using SiGe TR modules having a 1 W peak output power6 CMOSCMOS now operates at microwave frequencies It too uses a Si subtrate and is the technology widely used in the computer industryI

21、t holds the promise of low cost and low power for the receiver parts of T R modulesLike SiGe it has the advantage of allowing the integration of many functions on a single chip，even more so than SiGeOne chip can have RF，IF，baseband，microprocessor，memory,tuneable filters and ADsa system on a chip(SOC

22、)It can be combined with GaAs or GaN for the microwave power amplifier and low noise figure receiverUsing GaN has the advantage of being robust enough so that a limiter may not be needed 7 DIGITAL BEAM FORMING(DBF)DBF is here for microwave AESAs radarsWe see it being used more and more； It provides

23、many significant advantages over analog beam forming For large arrays it is presently being implemented at the sub array level but eventually it will be done at the element leve1Doing so eliminates the analog combining hard ware，analog down-converting and all the errors associated with them This in

24、turn will lead to ultralow side lobesIt will allow the implementation of multiple beams pointing in different directionsIt will enable the adaptive use of different parts of the antenna for different applications at the same time It permits search with about a 3 dB reduction in transmit power . Now

25、with the continual advance of Moores law. the increased cost due to the increased signal processing needed will be far less than the gain from the 3 dB reduction of transmitter power DBF can also reduce the search occupancy(by about a factor of two)and the search angle accuracy by about 40 DBF will

26、also permit better adaptive array processingIn fact the equivalence of a fully adaptive array without its computation and transient penalties can be achievedThis can be accomplished with AdaptiveAdaptive Array processing This involves no more than locating digitally where the jammers are ， then poin

27、ting beam at these jammers(these beams are effectivelyeigenbeams)and using these beams as sidelobecancelers for the main beam; With 10 jammers we now have to invert an llx 11 matrix instead of a lOOOx 1000 matrix and the transient time is reduced by a factor of 100 ；In a classical fully adaptive arr

28、ay one does not make use of the location of the jammers which we can easily determine rather than putting on our blindfolders; This method is equivalent to the method of Principal Components .8 ULTRA WIDEBAND ARRAYSUltra wideband arrays are here These will allow the use of one antenna for many diffe

29、rent applications at different bands.9 TUBE ADVANCEMENTSTubes are making major advances. Some of these are because of the powerful software that permits the design of availability of tubes without the need for trial and error.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT1 would like to thank Raymond Hale and John DeFalco， bot

30、h of the Raytheon Company for their inputs on GaN，SiC，SiGe and CMOS.英文译文2发射KU-波段的相控阵天线在FSS通信系统中的应用【摘要】波音公司已经开发了一个主动发射的相控阵，应用在 14-14.5GHZ 频谱的FSS（卫星固定业务）。该阵列包括254个主动控制的线性极化的变量辐射元素。瞄准 测量EIRP （等效全向辐射功率）在波束宽度角度为6时是41dBW。从固定的或者移 动的平台，天线能够跟踪卫星，利用角跟踪率优于 30 度/秒和栅瓣扫描角从 60 度到 90度。在与波音公司的商业化使用1515元素的KU频段接收阵列天线，

31、提供给移动 用户通信链路，利用地球静止的固定通信卫星。【介绍】为了满足移动用户通信日益增长的需求，和利用大量的可利用的频段宽度为（下限11.7-12.2GHZ,上限14.0-14.5GHZ）卫星商业资源，波音公司已经推出了商用 的接收相控阵天线及相控阵天线发射的原型。两个发射天线已经建成，其中之一被交 付给NASA （美国宇航局）John H. Glenn研究所，正在用来研究探索下一代空中交通 管制系统。其他发射天线是为波音公司内部使用。这些系统允许高数据率（通常大于 20Mbps）的移动卫星上行到移动平台（如飞机），和较低的利率从移动卫星回程的平 台，用一个固定的地面接收站。天线设计：发射天

32、线架构结合了众多相控阵通信功能。射频能量的分布由一家能量网 络企业整合成一个多层线路板（MLWB）。MLWB还分布有直流和逻辑信号线到254元的 位置。垂直连接器（称为“fuzzbutton”使电和热加入到MLWB的每个模块。该模块 连接到圆波导散热器，这是紧密排列间距16*16的矩形阵列元素。每个模块包含了多层陶瓷密封封装，设有一个专用集成电路硅相位缓冲器和两个 砷化镓器件，该器件提供增益和确定适当的相位到RF信号。该移相器的缓冲连接到 波束控制器移相器模块，传入的射频信号被分成两个通道相。每个通道都分配四个相 位信息，扩增通过两个阶段，联合经由Lange型耦合器。并通过正交波导辐射探测器

33、窃入到一个圆波导介质。变化的相位偏移，使两移相器生成任意方向的线性极化。多 层广角阻抗匹配（WAIM）的基板是用来提供环境保护和优化扫描性能。总结：波音公司已经成功开发了主动控制发射的天线原型，能够用在FSS的频段。该 天线提供一个有效全向辐射功率(EIRP) 36-41dBW,超过一个圆锥扫描量120度。变 量线性极化率和角跟踪率超过30/秒。该设计是基于一个成功的，低成本的商业结构， 为了使天线的开发很实惠。它可以很容易扩大规模，以适应用户巨大的需求。当用于 补充波音飞机接收相控阵天线时，这种发送/接收天线系统为用户提供具有高度功能 的移动通信解决方案。致谢：作者在此感谢D. N. Ras

34、mussen在天线传输范围和近场扫描仪设备上的工作。 英文原文 1：Ku-Band Transmit Phased Array Antenna for use in FSSCommunication Systems(S . A. Raby, R. Y. Shimoda, P. T. Heisen, D. E. Riemer, B. L. Blaser,G. R. Onorati Boeing Phantom WorksP.O. Box 3999, Seattle, WA 98124)【Abstract】Boeing has developed an active transmit phased

35、 array for use in the 14-14.5 GHz Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) spectrum. The array consists of 254 actively controlled elements that radiate variable linear polarization. Measured boresight EIRP is 41 dBW with a beamwidth of 6”. Cross - polarization isolation is better than 25 dB at boresight. The

36、antenna can track a satellite from a fixed or moving platform with angular tracking rates better than 30 degrees/sec and at grating lobe-free scan angles greater than 60” from zenith. The antenna, when used with Boeings commercially available 1515 element ku-band receive array, provides mobile users

37、 a highly capable communications link utilizing Geostationary FSS satellites.【Introduction】To meet the growing demands of mobile communications users, and to utilize the large number of resources available in the commercial satellite FSS band (1 1.7-12.2 GHz downlink, 14.0-14.5 GHz uplink), Boeing h

38、as introduced a commercially available receive phased array antenna and a prototype transmit phased array antenna. Two transmit antennas have been built; one of which was delivered to NASA John H. Glenn Research Center for use in their ongoing research exploring next- generation air traffic control

39、systems. The other transmit antenna was built for internal Boeing use. These systems allow a high-data-rate satellite uplink (typically greater than 20 Mbps) to a mobile platform (e.g., aircraft) and a lower rate satellite backhaul (typically 0.4-0.6 Mbps) from the mobile platform to a fixed ground

40、station.【Antenna Design 】The transmit antenna architecture combines features ofmany ofthe communication phased arrays that Boeing has developed 11-4 and is shown in Figure 1. RF energy is distributed by a corporate feed network integrated into a multilayer wiring board (MLWB). The MLWB also distribu

41、tesdc and logic signals to the 254 element locations. Vertical connectors (termed fuzzbuttons) electrically and thermally join the MLWB to each module. The modules are connected to circular waveguide radiators that are tightly spaced in a triangular lattice and form a 16x16 element rectangular array

42、.Each module contains a multilayer hermetic ceramic package which houses a silicon ASIC phase shifter buffer and two GaAs devices that provide gain and define appropriate phase to the RF signal. The phase shifter buffer interfaces the beam steering controller to the module phase shifters. The incomi

43、ng RF signal is split in-phase into two channels. Each channel is assigned four-bit phase information, amplified through two stages, combined via a Lange-type coupler, and radiated by orthogonal waveguide probes that are embedded in a dielectrically loaded circular waveguide. Varying the phase offse

44、t between the two-phase shifters generates .linear polarization of arbitrary orientation. A multilayer wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) substrate is used to provide environmental protection and to optimize scan performance.【Conclusion】Boeing has successfully developed a prototype actively contro

45、lled transmit phased array antenna for use in the commercial FSS frequency band. The antenna offers an EIRP of 36- 41 dBW over a conical scan volume of greater than 120”, variable linear polarization and angular tracking rates in excess of 30/sec. The design is based on a successful, low cost commer

46、cial architecture making future development of the antenna very affordable. It can be easily scaled to accommodate larger apertures for users with higher throughput demands. When used with Boeings complementary receive phased array antenna, this transmit/receive antenna system provides users with a highly capable mobile communications solution.【Acknowledgments 】The authors would like to thank D. N. Rasmussen for his work characterizing the transmit antenna in the antenna range and near-field scanner facility.