水文地质专业英语0001

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1、1、Translate these words into English 水文地质学hydrogeologyAtmospheric precipitation参数，参量裂隙均质的，均匀的水力传导系数，渗透系数径流Water conductivity基流碳酸盐carbonate越流，泄漏，渗漏Base flow地层 formation岩浆的蒸发蒸腾数量级地势等势面，等水头面非稳定流储水系数 Storage coefficient有限差分法 Finite difference method大气降水节理，导水系数2、Translate these words into Chineseflowing

2、well 自喷井electrolyte 电解液electrical conductance 电导率 thermal agitation 热骚动 confining boundary 封闭边界 solubility 溶解度 isotropic medium 各向同性介质piezometric head 测压管水头 hydraulic gradient 水力梯度laminar flow 层流recession n.:inhomogeneousstorage coefficient 存储系数moisture content 含水率3、Translate these sentences into Ch

3、ineseisotope capillarity同位素 毛细现象衰退；不景气；后退；凹处anisotropic medium【电工学】各向异性介质is不均匀uniform flow均匀流；等流速cation阳离子critical velocity 临界速度(1) Solar energy drives the hydrological cycle, gravity and other forces also play important roles.太阳能驱动水循环、重力和其他部队也扮演了一个重要的角色。(2) The rate of leakage depends on the depth

4、of water in the river and on the permeability of the river bed .泄漏的速度取决于水的深度在河里和河床的渗透性(3) As hydrology is concerned mainly with water at or near the Earths surface, from our point ofview the dominant process involving atmospheric water is the precipitation of water upon the land surface.水文学主要涉及的是水在或

5、接近地球表面的，从我们的观点来看，占主导地位的过程 涉及大气水的降水地表。(4) Groundwater, or subsurface water, is a term used to denote all the waters found beneath thesurface of the ground表面下的地上。或地下水，地下水是一个术语用来表示所有的水域发现(5) An aquifer is a geologic formation, or a group of formations, which contains water and permits significant amoun

6、ts of water to move through it under ordinary field conditions. 含水层 是地质形成，或一组地层，其中包含水和允许大量的水通过它在普通场条件下。(6) An aquifuge is an impervious formation which neither contains nor transmits water.不透水 层是一个包含和不透水地层水传播。(7) The phreatic surface is an imaginary surface at all points of which the pressure is atm

7、ospheric (conveniently taken as p=0).潜水面是一个虚构的表面在各方面的压力是大气(8) The zone of aeration extends from the water table to the ground surface. It usually consists of three subzones: the soil water zone(or belt of soil water), the intermediate zone(or vadose water zone), and the capillary zone (or capillary

8、fringe). 欧元区的曝气从地下水位延伸 到地面。通常包括三个subzones:土壤水分区土壤水分(或带),中间带(或循环水区)，和毛细区 (或毛细边缘)。（9）The soil water zone is adjacent to the ground surface and extends downward through the root zone. 土壤水分区附近地面和向下延伸至根区。（10）Aquifers may be classed as confined or unconfined, depending upon the absence or presence of a wa

9、ter table,含水层可以归类为限制或无侧限，根据缺席或存在水位。（11）Aquifers, whether confined or unconfined, that can lose or gain water through either or both of the formations bounding them from above or below, are called leaky aquifers, 是否限制或非 承压含水层，会失去或获得水或两者形成的边界之上或之下，被称为漏水的蓄水层。（12）Permeability may be described in qualita

10、tive terms as the ease with which fluid can move through a porous rock and is measured by the rate of flow in suitable units, 渗透率可以定性的条 款中描述的流体可以通过多孔岩石和流速测量的合适的单位。（13）Water is introduced into the cylinder and allowed to flow through it until such time as all the pores are filled with water and the i

11、nflow rate Q is equal to the outflow rate. 水引入汽缸和允许 流经等时间，直到所有的毛孔都装满水和流入率Q等于流出速率。（14）Darcys law is valid for groundwater flow in any direc达西定律是有效的地 下水流动在空间任意方向。（15）Molatity is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in a 1 kg mass of solution. 摩尔浓度是指溶质的摩尔数溶解在一个1公斤的质量解决方案。（16）Steady-state

12、flow occurs when at any point in a flow field the magnitude and direction of the flow velocity are constant with time.稳态流发生在任何时候在流场流速的大小和方向是随 时间常数。（17）One important difference between steady and transient systems lies in the relation between their flowlines and nathlines稳定和瞬态系统个重要的区别在于他们的胶管ei_r nowu

13、nesanupanes.和pathlines之间的关系。（18）Sources of water for recharge include precipitation that infiltrates, permanent or ephemeral surface water, irrigation, and artificial recharge ponds. 水补给的来源包括降水浸润泳 久或临时表面水、灌溉、和人工补给池塘。（19）Quantitative estimation of recharge rate contributes to the understanding of lar

14、ge-scale hydrologic processes. 定量估计回灌率会导致大规模的水文过程的理解。（20）On the other hand, when the water level in a stream is higher than the water level in anadjacent（or underlying） a called an influent river.water will flow from the river to the aquifer. The river is then从河流到含水层。然后称为河支流河。方面，当水位流高于水位附近（或潜在）含水层，水

15、（21）When the water table under an influent stream is sufficiently deep, a mound is formed in the former by the percolating water. 当水位下入渗河流足够深,形成丘渗漏水在前。（22）A spring is a point （sometimes a small area） through which groundwater emerges from an aquifer to the ground surface. 春天是一个点（有时一个小区域）通过地表地下水 含水层中

16、。（23）A preched spring occurs when an impervious layer which underlies a phreatic aquifer intersects the ground surface. preched春天发生在一个不透水层构成一个潜水 含水层交叉地面。（24）Water is unusual in that the density of the solid phase, ice, is substantially lower than the density of the liquid phase, water.水是不寻常的，固相的密度，冰

17、,大大低于液相 的密度，水。(25) Water is effective in dissolving salts because it has a very high dielectric constant and because its molecules tend to combine with ions to form hydrated ions. 水在溶解盐是有效 的，因为它有一个非常高的介电常数，因为其分子倾向于与离子结合,形 成水合离子4. Translate these paragraphs into Chinese.(1) Applied in the unsaturated

18、 zo ne, Darcys law gives a flux density equal to K times the driving force, which equals the recharge rate if certain conditions apply. Matric-pressure gradients must be measured or demonstrated to be negligible. Some types of preferential flow are inherently nondarcian and if important would need t

19、o be determined separately. Accurate measurements are necessary to know K adequately under field conditions at the point of interest. For purposes requiring areal rather than point estimates, additional interpretation and calculation are necessary. 应用非饱和区，达西定律给出了驱动力的通量密度等于K倍，等于充电率如果某些条件适用。Matric-pre

20、ssure梯度必须测量或演示了可以忽略不计。某些类型的优先流天生nondarcian, 如果重要的需要另行确定。准确的测量是必要的知道K场条件下充分的兴趣。为了要求区 域而不是点估计，额外的解释和计算是必要的。(2) In a regional study, a spring serves as a boundary condition. Usually it is considered a fixed head (elevation of physical threshold) boundary condition. However, we have to watch for the pos

21、sibility that at some point in time, which is a priori unknown, water levels may drop to below the threshold; the spring then dries up and ceases to act as a boundary of the flow domain. As water levels rise, it may return to its role as boundary of the flow domain. Another point to watch for is the

22、 possibility that as the rate of flow increases, a layer of water of a certain thickness covers the spring, thus making the water level at the spring a function of the discharge rate, 在一个区域 研究中，弹簧作为边界条件。通常被认为是一个固定头(海拔物理阈值)边界条件。然而，我们 必须注意的可能性，在某个时间点上,这是一个先验的未知，水位可能会下降到低于阈值;春天 然后枯竭，不再作为一个边界流的域。随着水位的上升

23、，它可能会返回它作为边界流的作用 域。另一个需要注意的一点是，随着流速的增加，一层一定厚度的水覆盖了春天,从而使水位在 春天放电率的一个函数。(3) In nature, water is constantly changing from one state. The heat of the sun evaporates water from land and water surfaces. This water vapor, being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cold upper air where it condenses

24、 into clouds. Clouds drift around according to the direction of the wind until they strike a colder atmosphere. At this point the water further condenses and falls to the earth as rain, sleet, or snow, thus completing the hydrologic cycle. The complete hydrologic cycle, however, is much more complex

25、. The atmosphere gains water vapor by evaporation not only from the oceans but also from lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, and from moist ground surfaces. Water vapor also gained by sublimation from snowfields and by transpiration from vegetation and trees.在自然界中，水从一个状态是不断变化的。太阳的热从陆地和水面蒸发 水。这水汽，比空气轻，上升，直到到达寒冷的高空，凝结成云。云漂移在根据风向，直到他们罢 工冷的气氛。此时水进一步浓缩，以雨水的形式，雨夹雪或雪，从而完成水文循环。然而，完整 的水文循环要复杂得多。大气中获得水蒸气蒸发不仅从海洋中，而且从湖泊，河流，和其他水体， 从潮湿的地面表面。从snowfields水蒸气也得到升华,从植被蒸腾和树木。