初中英语语法之——定语从句

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1、定语从句定语从句(Attributive clause)一一.定语定语 定语用来限定、修饰定语用来限定、修饰名词名词或或代词代词的，是对名词或的，是对名词或代词起代词起修饰、限定修饰、限定作用的作用的词、短语（动词不定式词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中，汉语中常用常用的的表示。表示。主要由主要由形容词形容词担任，此外，担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以来担任，也可以由一个也可以由一个句子句子来担任。来担任。作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前

2、，作前置定语。作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。后置定语。1.概念概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。(Attributive clause)Mary is a beautiful girl.Mary is a girl who has long hair.形容词作定语形容词作定语句子作定语句子作定语,修饰修饰girl,叫做叫做定语从句定语从句二二.定语从句定语从句1.The man is a

3、farmer.2.The man is speaking at the meeting.合并句子合并句子:The man who is speaking at the meeting is a farmer.Mary is a girl.Mary has long hair.合并为一个句子合并为一个句子Mary is a girl who has long hair.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句Mary is a girl who has long hair.that,which,who,whom,whosewhere,when，why2.结构：结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词 +

4、句子句子3.先行词先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词先行词。通常位于定。通常位于定 语从句之语从句之前前。4.关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词作用作用A、引导定语从句；、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分、在定语从句中担当一个成分 关系词通常有下列三个作用：关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、_；B、_；C、_。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.定语从句定语从句先行词先行词关系词关系词“who

5、”是引导定语从句的关系词，代是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主，在定语从句中作主语。语。引导定语从句引导定语从句代替先行词代替先行词在定语从句中担当一个成分在定语从句中担当一个成分三、关系代词引导的定语从句三、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语指人，在从句中做主语1)The boys _are playing soccer are from Class 1.2)Yesterday I helped an old man _lost his way.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，在口语和指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，在口语和非正式

6、语体中常用非正式语体中常用who代替，常可省略。代替，常可省略。1)Mr.Liu is the person _you talked about.2)The man _you met just now is my friend.(whom/who)who/whomwhowho3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略做宾语时可省略1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.2)This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.4.that指人时，相当于指

7、人时，相当于who或者或者whom；指物时，相当于指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。1)The people _come to visit the city are all here.(做主语做主语)2)Where is the man _I saw this morning?(做宾语做宾语)做主语做主语做宾语做宾语that/whothat/whom/who小结：小结：that:既可指人既可指人,也可指物也可指物.作主语作主语,不能省略；不能省略；作宾语作宾语,可以省略。可以省略。which:指物指物,作主语作主语

8、,不能省略不能省略;作宾语作宾语,可以省略可以省略.who 指人，作主语，不能省略；指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略作宾语，可以省略,（常用（常用whom）注注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句定语从句 的谓语动词形式由先行词定的谓语动词形式由先行词定.1)Im reading a book that/which _about Bill Gates.2)He is a teacher who/that_ us Chinese.3)The boys who _playing soccer are from Class 1.5.whose通常指人通常指

9、人,也可指物也可指物,在定语从句中做定语在定语从句中做定语(1)He has a friend _father is a doctor.(2)I once lived in a house_ roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。is teachesarewhose whose四四.修饰物体时关系代词修饰物体时关系代词that和和 which的区分的区分(一一)不用不用that的情况的情况 1.在引导在引导非限定性非限定性定语从句时。定语从句时。1)The tree,that is four hundred years

10、 old,is very famous here.(_)2)The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous here.(_)2.介词后介词后不能用不能用。1)We depend on the land from _we get our food.2)We depend on the land _we get our food from.错错对对whichthat/which(二二)只能用只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 1.当先行词是当先行词是everything,anything,nothi

11、ng(something 外外),all,none,few,little,some 等不定等不定代词时，或当先行词受代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。等代词修饰时。如：如：1)Have you taken down everything _ Mr.Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来吗？李老师讲的你都记下来吗？2)All _ can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。所有能做的都做好了。3)There is little _I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。我不能为你干什么

12、。thatthatthat 注意：注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代who，如：如：1)Any man _ has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2)All the guests_ were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。that/who that/who2当先行词被序数词修饰时。当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：如

13、：The first place _ they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：。如：This is the best film_ I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。这是我看过的最好的电影。that that4当先行词被当先行词被the very,the only,the last修饰时修饰时。1)This is the very dictionary _ I want to buy.这正是我要买的词

14、典。这正是我要买的词典。2)After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing _ he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school _ will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。的人。thatthatwho5当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,wh

15、ich等疑问代词时。等疑问代词时。如：如：1)Who is the man_ is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？站在门口的那个人是谁？2)Which is the T-shirt _ fits me most?哪件哪件T恤衫最合我的身？恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与物时。当先行词为人与物时。如：如：1)They talked about the persons and things _ they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。2)Look at the man an

16、d his donkey _ are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。毛驴。thatthatthatthat1.I have a friend _ likes listening to classical music.who/that3.The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.2.Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress _ I gave her.which/thatwhose4.My parents

17、live in a house_ is more than 100 years old.5.The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.which/thatwhom6.Kevin is reading a book _ is too difficult for him.which/that7.Is there anything _ you want to buy in the town.8.All _ we can do is to study hard.9.The first one _ stands up is a little boy.thatthat

18、that1.这就是救了那个孩子命的医生这就是救了那个孩子命的医生.This is the doctor who saved the boys life.2.正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔.The man who is running is my uncle.3.我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐.I like the music that I can sing along with.4.住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师.The woman who lives next door is a teacher.Exercise 1:用关系代

19、词填空用关系代词填空1.The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.2.The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister.3.I hate people _ talk much but do little.4.The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that5.The man _ hair is white is his grandfather.6.Is

20、there a student _ father is a business man?7.This is the house in _ we have lived for 10 years.8.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now.whosewhosewhich that当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用只能用that.Exercise 2.1.My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons a

21、nd things _ they couldnt remember.2.Say all _ you know.3.Is there anything _ I can do for you?thatthatthat当先行词是当先行词是something,anything,nothing,all 等词时，关系代词只能用等词时，关系代词只能用that.4.This is the first play _ I have seen since I came here.5.This is the best novel _ I have read.thatthat当先行词被当先行词被序数词，最高级序数词，最

22、高级等词修饰时，关系等词修饰时，关系代词只能用代词只能用that.6.Who is the girl _is standing under the tree?7.Which is the machine _ we used last Sunday.当主句是who或或which 引导的特殊疑问句引导的特殊疑问句时时，或中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.thatthat1.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句表示地点的定语从句。1)Shanghai is the city _I was born.=Shanghai is the

23、city _was born in.2)The house _I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.The house_ I lived in ten years ago has been pulled down.五、关系副词引导定语从句五、关系副词引导定语从句 关系副词：关系副词：where,when,why在句中作状语。在句中作状语。wherewhichwhere which2.when引导定语从句表示时间引导定语从句表示时间,在定语从句中做时在定语从句中做时间状语间状语 也可做连接词用也可做连接词用.1)I still remember t

24、he day _I first came to the school.2)The time _we got together finally came.3.why指原因指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)Please tell me the reason _you missed the plane.(2)I dont know the reason _he looks unhappy today.whenwhenwhywhy六六.关系副词关系副词when,where和和 关系代词关系代词that,which的区分的区分1.同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用同样是修饰一个地点，

25、有时使用where，有时，有时使用使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用使用when，有时使用有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：这主要看两点：一是一是定语从句是否完整定语从句是否完整；二是二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子：请比较以下句子：1)This is the park_ we visited last year.2)This is the park _we held a birthday party.3)She wont forget the days _she spent

26、 on the island.4)She wont forget the days_ they stayed together.5)Thats the date _we went to the college.6)Thats the date _she wont forget for ever.7)I like the time _we lived together.8)I like the time _we had together.thatwherethat whenwhenthatwhenthat2.关系副词关系副词when,where,why 和和“介词介词+which”之间的关系。之

27、间的关系。关系副词关系副词when,where,why可以用可以用“适当的介词适当的介词+which”来替代。来替代。如：如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which 介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。时放在动词之后。(1)The reason _he refused the invitation is not clear,(2)From the year _he was going to school he began to know what he wa

28、nted when he grew up.(3)This is the room _I lived.=This is the room _I lived in.(4)Tom still remembers the days _they lived in Tianjin.Why()when()where()in whichin whichfor whichwhichwhen()in which注意：注意：1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的语的介词介词+

29、关系词关系词结构可以同关系副结构可以同关系副when,where和和why 互换。互换。1)This is the house _I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago.2)Do you remember the day you joined our club?=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?3)This is the reason why he came late.=This is the reason _he came lat

30、e.in whichon whichfor whichExercise1.October 1,1949 is the day _ the PRC was founded.A.which B.when C.that D.on that2.Is that the reason _ you are for the plan.A.which B.what C.why D.for that 3.Is this the place _ you were born?A.which B.where C.what D.that1.Is this the place _ you were born?A.which

31、 B.where C.what D.that2.Is this the place _ some German friends visited last year?A.which B.where C.what D.why3.The house _ the famous writer wrote his works is a museum now.A.which B.where C.what D.that4.The house _ the famous writer bought many years ago is a museum now.A.that B.where C.what D.why

32、5.He told her the reason_ he is unhappy,but she doesnt believe the reason _ he gives her.A.why;whyB.why;whichC.that;whyD.which;why一一.Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns and adverbs.1.This is the only book _ I got last year.2.Is this the book in _ you are interested?3.This is the large

33、st animal _ Tom saw in the zoo.4.Rose still remembers the trees and teachers_ exist(存在存在)in the mother school.5.All the desks _ are bought look really wonderful.thatwhichthatthatthat6.Do you have any money _is used to build the factory?7.Tom has a toy,_ was given by his father.8.This is the second w

34、atch _ my father bought for me.thatwhichthatthatwhichwherewhere12.This is the garden _ they visited last time.13.Tom has forgotten the day _ he left his home.14.Tom has forgotten the day _ I told him last day.15.She still remembers the year _ she found her first job.16.She still remembers the year _ she spent in Jining.thatthatwhenthatwhenwherethatthatwhenwhomthatthatthatWhichthat