科技英语写作语法错误ppt课件

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1、 from:The ACS Style Guide,Chapter 2科技英语写作语法错误举例1 Subject-Verb Agreements 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described.阐明 The subject is“application,which is singular.Application of this technique to is described.Sometimes,two singular subjec

2、ts joined by“and cause this error.例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described.Exception:A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb.例3 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page.例4 Rese

3、arch and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.However,when two or more subjects are joined by“or,the verb takes the number of the closest subject.例5 Application or uses were noted.Uses or application was noted.Collective nouns take a singular verb when the group as a whole

4、is meant,they take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant.例6 The series is arranged in order of decreasing size.阐明 Refers to the series as a unit.例7 A series of compounds were tested.阐明 Refers to each compound.例8 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(Mn500700)h

5、as been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(Mn500700)heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H

6、2O.例9 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results.阐明 Refers to the data as individual results.例10 After the data are distributed,we can meet to discuss them.After the data is distributed,we can meet to discuss it.阐明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one u

7、nit.例11 None of the samples was soluble.None of the samples were soluble.阐明 Refers to individuals.例12 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities.This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities.阐明 Refers to the group as a unit.Units of measurement are treated as collec

8、tive nouns and therefore take a singular subject.例13 The mixture was stirred,and 5 mL of diluent were added.The mixture was stirred,and 5 mL of diluent was added.例14 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution.Five grams of NaCL was added to the solution.例15 Three weeks are needed to complete the

9、experiment.Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.Compound subjects containing the words“each,“every,and“everybody may take singular verbs.例16 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question.Otherwise,the verb

10、must be plural.例17 Each student and all of the professors were invited.Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesWhen a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive,the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence,the sentence would become pointless without the clause.Restrictive clauses are best in

11、troduced by“that,not“which.例18 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.When a clause is nonrestrictive,it adds information,bu

12、t the sentence does not lose its meaning if the clause is deleted.Nonrestrictive clause are introduced by“which are set off by commas.例19 The current-voltage curves,which are shown in Figure 6,clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.3 Dangling Modifiers 垂悬修饰语One form of a danglin

13、g modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence.例20 Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules,the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent mo

14、lecules,we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.例21 Using the procedure described previously,the partition function can be evaluated.the partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously.Or,Using the procedure described previously,we can evaluate

15、the partition function.4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary VerbsBe sure that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs.例22 The eluant was added to the column,and the samples collected in 10-mL increments.The eluant was added to the column,and the samples wer

16、e collected in 10-mL increments.补充 科技英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法市原 英语论文的写作方法周春晖 科技英语写作英文现刊 1 简明 2 富于变幻 3 辨析近义词 4 语法修辞及其他 1 由which,that,where 引出的从句 2 不要在一个名词前用一串词进展修饰 3 词序 4 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系 5 介词 1)与描写实验过程有关的介词 2)由一样介词引起的相互平行的对等构造1 简明 例 As can be seen from Fig.1,growth is rapid.Growth is rapid(Fig.1).F

17、ig.1 shows that growth is rapid.As shown in Fig.1 Fig.1 shows The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area in DSC curve.The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from(or by)thee third peak area in DSC curve.下述句式可以更

18、加简捷的方式表达 常以介词或副词替代 a number of =several,some at a temperature of at at some future time later at the present time(moment)now a very limited number of few by means of by or with due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that because or since f

19、rom the standpoint of according to greater(or higher)number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A,B was bigger B was bigger than A considerable amount of muchconsiderable number(or proportion)many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable number of cases often in a s

20、imilar manner similarly in all cases always,all in any case anyhow in consequence of this fact therefore in excess of more than in few cases sometimes,rarely,seldom in many cases chemists are many chemists are in order to to in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case of in the context of

21、以上可运用适当的介词，例如in,for,about,with in some cases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that if in the near future soon in the temperature range of between and in view of the fact that since or because large number(s)of many large proportion of many of great importance i

22、mportant of such hardness that so hard that on the basis of from,by,because on the order of about over the past few years recently,in recent years owing to the fact that since,because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with reference to about prior to before It

23、 is apparent that Apparently,hence,thus It appears that Apparently It is interesting to note that Interestingly It was in 1977 that In 1977 It is clear that Clearly It is our conclusion that We conclude that It is possible that It may be said that Perhaps,Possibly,Probably It is often the case that

24、Often It is possible that the cause is The cause may be 可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide This investigation is aimed to providing 两种类型的复杂句及其简化有被动式从句与自动式从句之分被动式从句 He uses an instrument which is called a spectroscope.He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.简化为

25、后置的过去分词 带有 介词+which 句子的简化(1)at which whereAirport is a place at which special attention is paid to the weather.Airport is a place where special attention is paid to the weather.(2)by means of which wherebyA fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are avoided.A fuse box is a device whe

26、reby excessive loads are avoided.Definition of thermal analysis A general term covering a group of related techniques whereby the dependence of the parameters of any physical property of a substance on temperature is measured.(3)of which whoseVenus is a planet of which the surface temperature is tho

27、ught to be at least 200.Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200.有介词 from,in,for者不能简化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化 Here is a list of experiments which will be/should be/have been done this year.这里是今年要做的/必需做的/已做过的实验明细表。)自动

28、式从句例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.The man lecturing on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.简化为如今分词，作后置定语。再简化 被动式Air which is compressed can be used for several purposes.Air compressed can be used for several purposes.Compressed air compressed can be used for several purpos

29、es.自动式Malaysia is a country which produces rubber.Malaysia is a country producing rubber.Malaysia is a rubber-producing country.2 富于变幻 比如，“称作一词 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water.Such fractions are referred to as freezing bound water.This water is designated as freezing water.再比如，报道、论述、

30、主张、确认 Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC-and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA.Thus,Schurer et al1 reported PVC/PMMA to be miscible only in blends having a PVC content greater than 60 w/w,whereas Rozinska et al2 claimed PVC/PMMA t

31、o be immiscible.On the other hand,Parmer et al3 asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscible over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition,Tg,in the second DSC heating rate traces.Miscibility of PVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al4 by non-radiative energy transfer and NMR.3

32、辨析近义词 例1 absorbed by,adsorbed on adsorbed on吸附于外表，absorbed by吸收其中。如：adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide.吸附于碘化银的外表。water was absorbed by the sponge.水被泡沫资料吸收。例2 accuracy,precisionaccuracy准确定，示值实验值与被丈量真值商定真值的一致程度；precision精细度，某一物理量多次丈量值的一致性或称数据的分散性。例如：Although high precision was achieved,accuracy

33、was low.虽然到达高精细度，但准确度低。例3 actually,in fact 在例句 “Actually,the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower,中，对于科学论文来讲，这里运用in fact更为适宜。与书面言语相比，actually更多用于口语。例4 adjust,calibrate calibrate的名词方式是calibration校准，在规定条件下为确定丈量仪器或丈量系统的示值与被丈量相对应的知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定丈量仪器、丈量系统的示值误差，或给

34、恣意标尺上的标志赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线方式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对丈量结果做调整adjust。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。例5 common,general,ordinary,usual,routine common普通的，共同的,-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites,of which the French bauxites

35、are typical.-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分，general普通的，One of the best and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Craft reaction.制备芳酮类化合物普通最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反响。ordinary普通的，通常的，如：Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain physical properties.重水在某些物理性质

36、方面与普通的水有所不同。ordinary pressure常压，ordinary temperature常温。Usual常规的，Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accurately in the usual way.在这种条件下，按常规的方法可以准确发现滴定终点。茲以method为例：a common method 普通的方法 a general method 普通的方法 a usual method 常规的方法 a conventional method 传统的方法 此外，routine贯常的，如

37、routine test惯常测试，是指按即定的程序开展的大量反复测试。例6 by means of,in terms of by means of 与by,using,by using同义，表示利用某种方法手段，诸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射线衍射等开展研讨、观测；in terms of 通常用在采用某种实际说法、参数来解释实验结果。例如：The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PES/PPS blends have been investigated by means of DSC and DMA.Sometimes,we have

38、to study the miscibility of polymer blends by means of a combination of two or more methods in order to confirm the experimental results.Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature(Tg)and copolymer compositions.The relationship between glass temperature(Tg)and copolymer compos

39、itions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation.修正后，使重点Tg 与组成的关系更加突出，此句的重点并非是Fox方程。We have prepared the complex of title compound and discussed its thermal decomposition procedure by TG-DTG,DTA,SEM and IR techniques and the corresponding non-isothermal kinetics by means of the Malek method.in terms

40、of the Malek method.例7 curve,thermogram curve曲线，thermogram热谱。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线，而不称“热谱。如DTA curveDTA曲线，DSC curveDSC曲线。例8 derivative,differential derivative微商，表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商，dP/dT(或 d P/d t ),如 d e r i v a t i v e thermogravimetry微商热重法 differential

41、差，差式，如differential scanning calorimetry差式扫描量热法。例9 different,various,varyingdifferent不同的，various各种的，varying改动的。例如：The results are clearly different.结果显然不同。We tried various或several differentmethods.我们试过各种方法。The effect of varying the condition was 改动条件的影响是 例10 mass,weight mass质量，weight分量。如：mass of the

42、sample试样质量，或简称试样量，而不称sample weight试样分量。分量在本质上与力是一样的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。例11 often,sometimes,usually 它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes 依次为“通常、“经常、“有时，频次降低。如：It was usually observed that 通常观测 It was often observed that 经常观测 It was sometimes observed that 有时观测 例12 standard material,certified refer

43、ence material standard material 规范物质，certified reference material有证参样或称有证规范物质。standard material用于检定仪器丈量准确度的物质；certified reference material用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的规范物质。4 语法修辞及其他1 由which,that,where引出的从句 which 1)经过which进展双扩展The change of heat of fusion of polyethylene as a funct

44、ion of the specific volume which the sample has at room temperature,and which is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5)in Chapter IV is shown in Fig.IV 12.2)由于插入从句，which远离它所替代的主句 中的词 In the case of cold crystallization it is suggested that by reason of somewhat rigid backbone chains in these po

45、lymers,there will be some local order such as parallel chains or nematic domains,originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state,which favors subsequent crystallization.2不要在一个名词前用一串词进展修饰 Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by

46、 DSC method DSC study on kinetics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine 3 词序In the form of extended helical chain,the junction zones are linked.The junction zones are linked in the form of extended helical chain.Fox equation interprets the relationship

47、between glass temperature(Tg)and copolymer compositions.The relationship between glass temperature(Tg)and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation.4 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系Examine the contents of the tube in which the liquid have collected.调查事先已在试管中搜集的液体。(如今完成时在前，如今时在后。5 介词 1 与描写实验过程有

48、关的介词 under condition under non-isothermal condition at heating/cooling rate under atmosphere The exothermic crystallization peaks were recorded at different cooling rates ranging from 2.5-40/min under a nitrogen atmosphere.升、降温速率也可用with,但如with已用于运用某种仪器前，那么扫描速率仍须用at。The melting range of this polymer

49、was 163,and the heat of fusion was 24 cal/g,as determined by differential scanning calorimetry with a scan speed of 8/min.subsequently the specimens were cooled down,and crystallization thermograms were recorded at scan speed of 0.532/min with a differential scanning calorimeter manufactured by Perk

50、in-Elmer(DSC model 1 B).by 运用方法 differential scanning calorimetryWith 运用仪器 differential scanning calorimetrer in 按升、降温方式 The following equation is valid for the heat flow rate absorbed by the sample(without reference sample)in(quasi-)steady heating mode.Peak area calibration can be performed in two

51、ways.2 由一样介词引起的相互平行的对等 构造 The amorphous subsystem is linked to the equilibrium melt,followed by extrapolation into the nonequilibrium,supercooled melt,and future,under consideration of time scale of cooling,to the glass,as described in Section V.A.1 and F2.The following is valid for the(steady-state)heat flow rates exchanged between furnace and sample,fs,between furnace and reference sample,fr,and for the measured heat(output)flow ratem and true heat flow rate ture in to the sample.