国际水稻研究所课件：Unit4 MINERAL NUTRITION

《国际水稻研究所课件：Unit4 MINERAL NUTRITION》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际水稻研究所课件：Unit4 MINERAL NUTRITION（26页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、Unit FourMINERAL NUTRITIONSymptoms of Deficiency in Essential MineralsSymptoms of Deficiency in Essential Minerals-B-CaMINERAL NUTRIENTS are elements acquired primarily in the form of inorganic ions from the soil.Although mineral nutrients continually cycle through all organisms,they enter the biosp

2、here predominantly through the root systems of plants,so in a sense plants act as the“miners”of Earths crust.Words to remember1、mineral nutrient:矿质营养矿质营养2、inorganic：ngnk adj.无机的；无生物的无机的；无生物的3、inorganic ions无机离子无机离子4、organism rgn,zm/n.有机体；生物体；微生物有机体；生物体；微生物5、biosphere ba()sf/n.生物圈生物圈6、root system:根系；

3、根轴系根系；根轴系 Rice variety with high N use efficiency usually has a very developed root system.The large surface area of roots and their ability to absorb inorganic ions at low concentrations from the soil solution make mineral absorption by plants a very effective process.After being absorbed by the ro

4、ots,the mineral elements are translocated to the various parts of the plant,where they are utilized in numerous biological functions.Other organisms,such as mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria,often participate with roots in the acquisition of nutrients.Words to remember7、surface area of

5、roots：根系表面积根系表面积8、concentrations:low/high concentrations;N/Si concentrations9、biological functions:生物功能生物功能10、mycorrhizal fungi：菌根真菌菌根真菌 mycorrhiza,makrazn.菌根菌根 fungi fgai n.真菌；菌类真菌；菌类 11、bacteria bktr n.细菌细菌 nitrogen-fixing bacteria 固氮细菌固氮细菌The study of how plants obtain and use mineral nutrients i

6、s called mineral nutrition.This area of research is central to modern agriculture and environmental protection.High agricultural yields depend strongly on fertilization with mineral nutrients.In fact,yields of most crop plants increase linearly with the amount of fertilizer that they absorb.Words to

7、 remember12、yield jild n.产量；收益产量；收益 Nitrogen and water are major factors for maintaining high yield of rice.13、linearlylinili adv.成直线地；在线上地成直线地；在线上地 There is a clear linear correlation between crop yield and the amount of fertilizer that they absorb.Crop plants,however,typically use less than half o

8、f the fertilizer applied.The remaining minerals may leach into surface waters or groundwater,become attached to soil particles,or contribute to air pollution.As a consequence of fertilizer leaching,many water wells in the United States no longer meet federal standards for nitrate concentrations in d

9、rinking water.Words to remember14、fertilizer f:tlaz n.肥料肥料 nitrogen fertilizer,mineral fertilizer fertilization,ftlzen n.农农 施肥；施肥；胚胚 受受精；肥沃精；肥沃15、leach li:t vt.淋洗淋洗 run off 径流径流16、surface waters 地表水地表水 groundwater 地下水地下水Words to remember17、federalfed()r()l standards：联邦标准：联邦标准18、nitrate natret n.硝酸盐硝

10、酸盐 groundwater nitrate pollution nitrate nitrogen 硝态氮硝态氮 ammonium nitrogen 铵态氮铵态氮On a brighter note,plants are the traditional means for recycling animal wastes and are proving useful for removing deleterious minerals from toxic-waste dumps.Because of the complex nature of plantsoilatmosphere relati

11、onships,studies in the area of mineral nutrition involve atmospheric chemists,soil scientists,hydrologists,microbiologists,and ecologists,as well as plant physiologists.Words to remember19、on a brighter note 令人欣慰的是令人欣慰的是20、deleterious,deltrs adj.有毒的，有害的有毒的，有害的21、atmosphere tmsf n.大气；空气大气；空气 atmosphe

12、ric adj.大气的，大气层的大气的，大气层的22、hydrologist hadrldst n.水文学者水文学者 hydrology n.水文学，水文地理学水文学，水文地理学Words to remember23、microbiologisthadrobaldst n.微生物学家微生物学家 microbiology n.微生物学微生物学24、ecologist ikldstn.生态学者生态学者 ecology n.生态学；社会生态学生态学；社会生态学25、physiologist,fzldst n.生理学家，生理学者生理学家，生理学者 physiology.生理学；生理机能生理学；生理机能

13、Only certain elements have been determined to be essential for plant growth.An essential element is defined as one whose absence prevents a plant from completing its life cycle or one that has a clear physiological role.If plants are given these essential elements,as well as energy from sunlight,the

14、y can synthesize all the compounds they need for normal growth.Table 5.1 lists the elements that are considered to be essential for most,if not all,higher plants.The first three elementshydrogen,carbon,and oxygenare not considered mineral nutrients because they are obtained primarily from water or c

15、arbon dioxide.Words to remember26、essential elements 必需元素必需元素；nonessential element27、hydrogenhadrdnn.氢氢28、carbon k:b()n n.碳碳29、oxygen ksd()n n.氧氧30、carbon dioxide，二氧化碳，二氧化碳Essential mineral elements are usually classified as macronutrients or micronutrients,according to their relative concentration

16、in plant tissue.In some cases,the differences in tissue content of macronutrients and micronutrients are not as great as those indicated in Table 5.1.For example,some plant tissues,such as the leaf mesophyll,have almost as much iron or manganese as they do sulfur or magnesium.Many elements often are

17、 present in concentrations greater than the plants minimum requirements.Words to remember31、macronutrient,mkrnju:trnt大量营养元素大量营养元素32、micronutrient makr()nju:trnt微量营养元素微量营养元素33、relative concentration 相对浓度相对浓度 absolute concentration 绝对浓度绝对浓度34、tissue tu n.组织组织35、mesophyll mes,fl n.植植 叶肉叶肉Source:Epstein

18、 1972,1999.The values for the nonmineral elements(H,C,O)and the macronutrients are percentages.The values for micronutrients are expressed in parts per million.Words to remember36、nitrogen natrdn n.化学化学 氮氮37、potassium ptsm n.化学化学 钾钾38、calcium klsm n.化学化学 钙钙39、magnesium mniim n.化学化学 镁镁40、phosphorus f

19、sfrs n.磷磷41、sulfur slf vt.硫硫42、silicon slkn n.硅硅43、chlorine klrin n.化学化学 氯氯Words to remember44、iron an 铁铁45、boron b:rn n.化学化学 硼硼46、manganese mgni:z n.化学化学 锰锰47、sodium sdm n.化学化学 钠钠48、zinc zk n.锌锌49、copper kpn.铜铜50、nickel nkl n.镍镍51、molybdenum mlbdnm n.化学化学 钼钼Essential elements Nitrogen,phosphorus,po

20、tassium,calcium,magnesium,sulfur,boron,chlorine,iron,manganese,zinc,copper,molybdenum,and nickelEssential nonmineral elements Hydrogen,oxygen,and carbon Beneficial elements Silicon,sodium,cobalt,and seleniumBeneficial elements The elements which promote plant growth in many plant species but are not absolutely necessary for completion of the plant life cycle.Si