2023年黑龙江考研英语考试模拟卷

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1、2023年黑龙江考研英语考试模拟卷 本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。 一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Text 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railr

2、oads accounted for under 70% of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90% of all the freight moved by major rail carders.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial

3、 cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefo

4、re have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one Rail Company/Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20% to 30% more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being

5、overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long

6、run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory t

7、o which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who fr

8、equently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.

9、 Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10.2 billion hid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’ s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying

10、 costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because（） A．cost reduction is based on competi

11、tion B．services call for cross-trade coordination C．outside competitors will continue to exist D．shippers will have the railway by the throat 2.Text 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recentl

12、y as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70% of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90% of all the freight moved by major rail carders.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these merge

13、rs will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too cos

14、tly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one Rail Company/Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20% to 30% more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Ship

15、pers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on

16、the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up th

17、e line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace asks Martin Bercovic

18、i, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep

19、 up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10.2 billion hid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’ s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, l

20、ess than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by （） A

21、．the continuing acquisition B．the growing traffic C．the cheering Wall Street D．the shrinking market 3.Text 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounte

22、d for under 70% of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90% of all the freight moved by major rail carders.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reducti

23、ons and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them

24、by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one Rail Company/Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20% to 30% more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged h

25、ave the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduce

26、s everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many

27、economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently repr

28、esents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroad

29、s continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10.2 billion hid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’ s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the

30、 transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（） A．shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad B．there will soon be only o

31、ne railroad company nationwide C．overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief D．a government board ensures fair play in railway business 4.Text 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. A

32、s recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70% of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90% of all the freight moved by major rail carders.Supporters of the new super systems argue that th

33、ese mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking i

34、s too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one Rail Company/Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20% to 30% more than they do when another railroad is competing for the busin

35、ess. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shi

36、ppers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keep

37、ing up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace asks Martin

38、 Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must inves

39、t to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10.2 billion hid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’ s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 m

40、illion, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.The word" arbiters" (Line 6,Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those（） A．wh

41、o work as coordinators B．who function as Judges C．who supervise transactions D．who determine the price 5.Text 4Can electricity cause cancer In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalis

42、ts has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields ,which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines

43、 and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualifi

44、ed support from the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence suggests

45、a casual link between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields-- those having very long wave-lengths and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer. While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as a possible, but n

46、ot proven, cause of cancer in humans.The report is no reason to panic or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objectio

47、ns from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnet

48、ic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milli gauss, or about one-hundredth

49、the strength of the earth’ s own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a powers line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themsel

50、ves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. S

51、uch Ionizing radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that expos

52、ure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having biased

53、the entire document toward proving a link. Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer, the Air Force concludes, It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report. The Pentagon’

54、s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense built into every warship and plane.It can be inferred from physical phenomenon （） A．the force o

55、f the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful B．the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate C．electromagnetic field may affect health D．only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body 6.Text 4Can electricity cause can

56、cer In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The i

57、mplications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields ,which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has be

58、en hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late las

59、t week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence suggests a casual link between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields-- those having very long wave-lengths and leukemia, lymphoma and brain

60、cancer. While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.The report is no reason to panic or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. T

61、he evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is need

62、ed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, p

63、rimarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milli gauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’ s own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a powers line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per mete

64、r, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists c

65、oncentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such Ionizing radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiologica

66、l studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having biased the entire document toward proving a lin