《医学词汇的来源》PPT课件

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1、Chapter Two Etymological Study of English Language and Medical TermsTwo Types of Medical Terms Native borrowedTwo Types of Medical Terms Native:those that derive from Old English Two Types of Medical Terms Borrowed words,or loan-words:taken from other languages largely based upon Greek,Latin and Fre

2、nch vocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanish and others have contributed some words to medical terminology.Words evolved from old English Most medical words from old English denote:anatomic structuresOrgansSubstancesbasic concepts of human activities Words evolved from old English Changes concerningpronunci

3、ation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)Words evolved from old English Without Semantical Changesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandknee lip liver lung neck throat tongue ache breath feverAnatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood In O.E.,spelt as bl

4、odperhaps originally meant“to swell,gush,spurt”or that which bursts out”.Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblood bleedinghemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internal hemorrhage内出血subarachnoid hemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subdural hemorrhage硬脑膜下出血Anatomic words Words evolved fro

5、m old English With Semantical Changeschestchest In O.E.,cest meaning“box,coffer”.a medicine chest(药箱)Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical ChangeschestThe meaning was extended to“thorax”in 1530 and replaced breast,on the metaphor that the ribs are a box for the organs.Anatomi

6、c words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestflat chest扁平胸seen in weak peopleor people withchronic consumption Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschest桶状胸barrel chestcommonly seen in patient with emphysemaAnatomic words Words evolved from old E

7、nglish With Semantical Changeschestrachitic chest rE5kitik佝偻病胸 鸡胸pigeon chestpeople withrachitis rE5kaitisAnatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changeschestfunnel chest 漏斗胸 Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan It was organe in O.E.,and or

8、gene in O.Fr.(Old French),both meaning“musical instrument”.Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Sense was narrowed in late M.E.to modern musical instrument known by that name(风琴).Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan Great Or

9、gan Works伟大管风琴作品Organ Favorites 最著名的管风琴曲 Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesorgan The meaning“functioning body part”appeared in English in 1392.What are they?concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblind(adj.)Spelt blind,it probably share

10、d with blend a base blindaz,meaning“to glimmer indistinctly,to mix,confuse”.He is blind to the effect of his actionconcept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesblind(adj.)The original sense is not“sightless”but“confused”concept words Words evolved from old English With Semanti

11、cal Changesbruise(v.)Spelt brysan in O.E.,it originally meant“to crush”.The present spelling emerged by 17th century with Anglo-French bruiser meaning“to break,smash”concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changescold In O.E.,it had two forms,cald in Anglian and ceald in West Sa

12、xon.concept words Words evolved from old English With Semantical ChangescoldSense in common cold was introduced in 1537,from symptoms resembling those of exposure to cold.Anatomic words Words evolved from old English With Semantical Changesmind In Old English.,it was gemynd meaning“memory,thinking,i

13、ntention”.keep/bear in mind-memory make up ones mind-intentionWords originated from Greek ProcessEarly Modern English(1500-1800)Time:1500-1800Event:Renaissance Result:wave of innovation in English Words originated from Greek acne It was borrowed from Gk.akme in 1570,meaning“(highest)point”.It contai

14、ns the base“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”Words originated from Greek acne whiteheads blackheads pustules nodules,or cysts Words originated from Greek acneacne vulgaris 寻常性痤疮 a condition of the epidermis or skintypically occurs on the face,neck,upper back,chest,or shoulders.Words originatedfrom

15、Greek 此一疾病的病发点是皮脂腺和毛囊。皮脂腺是人体内制造油性分泌液的腺。皮脂腺较集中的地方，例如脸部，也是痤疮较容易生长的部位。It is a disease occurring in the skins sebaceous glands and hair follicles.Sebaceous glands are glands that produce an oily moisturizing secretion.The chances of acne occurrence are higher in places with a high concentration of these

16、 glands,such as the face.Words originated from Greek aneurysm Borrowed in 1611 from Greek Aneurysmos,it literally means“dilation”.ana-(throughout)eurus(wide)Words originated from Greek anorexiaanorexia It entered English from Greek anorexia in 1598.Made from an-(without)and orexis(appetite,desire),i

17、t means“lack of appetite”.Anorexia nervosa(emaciation as a result of severe emotional disturbance)was coined 1873 by William Whitney Gull(1816-1890).Words originated from Greek diagnosis It was Greek diagnosis(a discerning,distinguishing)used as a medical term in English in 1681.The word was evolved

18、 from diagignoskein composed of dia-(apart)and gignoskein(to learn,to discern).Words originated from Greek diagnosis Endosonography(EUS)guided fine needle aspiration(FNA)is a relatively new imaging modality which is increasingly used for sampling deep seated lymph nodes for staging and diagnosis of

19、primary as well as metastatic malignancies.Words originated from Greek diagnosis We show in this first case report that a diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia(HCL)can be accurately rendered EUS-FNA samples.To consistently make a diagnosis of gastritis,knowledge of the structures seen in normal stomach i

20、s required.Words originated from Greek diagnosis misdiagnosis misdiagnoseMany gifted and talented children(and adults)are being mis-diagnosed by psychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,and other health care professionals.dual diagnosisWords originated from Greek diagnose Back-formation diagnose wa

21、s first recorded 1861.Diagnostic was recorded from 1625.Words originated from Greek diagnoseWhen diagnosed with cancer,there are a number of motivations to take action.HK woman diagnosed as SARS patient in Guangdong.Miss Arroyo has been diagnosed as HIV-positive,becoming the fourth victim of the HIV

22、 virus in the current outbreak.The lesions with Score 4,5 were diagnosed as malignancy.Hospitals only admit those patients who are diagnosed as being mentally ill according to the appropriate procedures.The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza.Words originated from Greek dyspeptic It was borrow

23、ed in 1694 from Greek Dyspeptos,meaning“hard to digest”,made from dys-(bad)and peptos(digested).dyspepsiaWords originated from Greek glaucoma It was borrowed into English in 1643 from Greek glaukoma(opacity of the lens)also called glaucosis glaukos(gray)glaucobilin 胆蓝素Words originated from Greek met

24、astasis Entering English in 1577,it was derived from Greek metastasis(transference,removal,change),which was evolved from methistanai(to remove,change)composed of meta-(over,across)and histanai(to place,cause to stand).Words originated from Greek metastasismE5tAstEsis It was first used in medicine r

25、eferring to“shift of disease from one part of the body to another”in English from 1663.Words originated from Greek necrosis Entering English in 1665,it was evolved from Greek nekrosis(becoming dead,state of death),formed from the base nekros(dead body,corpse).Words originated from Greek necrosis e.g

26、.necrodermatitis 坏死性皮炎 necromania/necrophilia 恋尸狂,恋尸癖 necrophobia 死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖Words originated from Greek pandemicIt was borrowed into English in 1666 from Greek pandemos(pertaining to all people),composed of pan-(all)and demos(people).epidemice.g.Pan AmericandemocracyWords originated from Greek paraly

27、sis It was borrowed into English in 1525 from Greek paralysis(loosening),evolved from paralyein(disable,enfeeble)composed of para-(beside)and lyein(loosen,untie).Words originated from Latin The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Roman

28、s brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after Norman Conquest.As Norman invaders spoke a language that derives from Ancient Latin,borrowing from Latin was inevitable.Words originated from Latin abscess It was borrowed into English from Latin abscess

29、us(an abscess)in 1543.Literally meaning“a going away,”it is derived from ab-(away)and cedere(to go)The notion is that humors“go from”the body through the pus in the swelling.Words originated from Latin aorta Borrowed into English in 1578 from Middle Latin aorta,the term was applied by Aristotle to t

30、he great artery of the heart.It literally meant“what is hung up.”Words originated from Latin apneaAp5ni:E Meaning“suspension of breathing,”it was borrowed in 1719 from Modern Latin.It was made from Greek apnoia(absence of respiration),composed of a-(not)and pneo/pnein(to breathe)Words originated fro

31、m Latin autopsy Borrowed into English from Modern Latin autopsia(an eye-witnessing)in1651,it is formed from autos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“a sight.”Sense of“dissection of a body to determine cause of death”is first recorded 1678.Words originated from Latin autopsy also called necropsy postmortem post

32、mortem examinationWords originated from Latin bacteria The plural form of Modern Latin of bacterium,it comes into English in 1847.The original Latin word is from Greek bakterion(small staff),the diminitutive of baktron(stick,rod).It is so called because the first ones observed were rod-shaped.Words

33、originated from Latin cell It is made from Latin cella(small room,hut),related to Latin celare(to hide,conceal).The earliest sense was for monastic rooms,then prison rooms.It began to be used in biology in the 17th century but not in modern sense until 1845.Words originated from Latin clinic It was

34、borrowed in 1626 from Latin clinicus(physician),which was formed from Greek klinike(practice at the sickbed).from klinikos“of the bed.”It was originally used as an adjective in English,then to refer a“sick person.”The sense of“hospital”was first recorded in 1884.Words originated from Latin cortex En

35、tering English in 1653 from Latin,originally meaning“bark of a tree.”Specific reference of“the outer layer of the brain”was first recorded in 1741.Words originated from Latin the cortex ofthe brain the adrenal gland the kidney the cerebellum brain cortex/cerebral cortex adrenal cortex renal cortex c

36、erebellar cortexWords originated from Latin dystrophy Meaning“defective nutrition,”it was form from Modern Latin dystrophia,from Greek dys-(hard,bad,ill)+trophe(nourishment).Words originated from Latin hydrophobia It was from late Latin hydrophobia,from hydros(water)and phobos(dread,fear).It is so c

37、alled because human sufferers show aversion to water and have difficulty swallowing it.Words originated from Latin hydrophobia also called rabies/mad dog diseaseWords originated from Latin inflame It was made from Latin inflammare(to set on fire,kindle),from in(in)+flammare(to flame).Literal sense o

38、f“to cause to burn”was first recorded in English in 1382.Inflammation(redness or swelling in a body part)began to be used from 1533.Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红肿热痛 other terms of inflammation浸润渗出渗出液Words originated from Latin symptoms of inflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/sw

39、elling热:calor/hotness痛:dolor/pain other terms of inflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudateWords originated from Latin medicine Originally ars medicina(the medical art)in Latin,it entering English around 1225 from medicina.Words originated from Latin muscle Made in 1533 from Latin musculus(a m

40、uscle),which literally means“little mouse,”the diminutive of mus(mouse).Words originated from Latin muscle It is so called because the shape and movement of some muscles(notably biceps)were thought to resemble mice.analogy in Greek:mys is both“mouse”and“muscle,”and its combing form gives the medical

41、 prefix my/myo.Words originated from Latin obstetrics It was borrowed in 1742 from Modern Latin obstetricus(pertaining to a midwife),which was formed from obstetrix(midwife).Made from obstare(stand opposite to),it literally means“one who stands opposite(the woman giving birth)”.Words originated from

42、 Latin placeboIt is Middle English from Latin placebo(I shall please).It was originally used for the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead,being the first word of the first antiphon,that is,“Placebo Domino in regione vivorum”(I will please(我愿意)the Lord in the land of the living).Words originated

43、 from Latin placeboMedical sense(a medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient)is first recorded 1785.Words originated from Latin panacea7pAnE5siE It came into English in 1548 from Latin panacea(an allhealing herb),which originated from Greek panakeia(cureall),from pan(all)and akos(cur

44、e).Words originated from Latin panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。Words originated from Latin prognosis It entered English in 1655 from late Latin prognosis,which was made from Greek progignoskein(come to k

45、now beforehand)from pro(before)and gignoskein(come to know).Words originated from Latin tumor It is Middle English,originating from Latin tumor(swelling,condition of being swollen).Words originated from Arabian Words originated from Arabian Chemistry alchemy 炼金术dura mater dura mater cerebri=hard mot

46、her of brainpia mater pia mater cerebri=soft mother of brainWords originated from Arabian cephalic vein 头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilica vein 贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrupWords originated from French Words originated from French After the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and

47、left a deep influence on the English language.As French language itself is a modified form of Latin,many of these borrowed words ultimately come from Greek,since many words form this language had passed into Latin.Words originated from French migraine(a severe form of headache,usually unilateral).Fr

48、ench:migraineLatin hemicraniaGreek hemikrania(pain on one side of the head),from the prefix hemi-(half)and kranion(skull).Words originated from French hospitalBorrowed in 1242 from Old French hospital(hostel),it originally referred to“shelter for the needy”.Its sense of“institution for sick people”w

49、as first recorded 1549.Hospitalize was recorded from 1901.Words originated from French faint(adj.)Old French faint(soft,weak,sluggish),which was derived from past participle of faindre(avoid ones duty by pretending),entered English in about 1300.Sense of“weak,feeble”began to be used in about1320.Wor

50、ds originated from French jaundicederived in about 1303 from Old French jaunisse(yellowness),based on jaune(yellow).Words originated from French DoctorIt was derived from Old French doctour in about 1303,which originated from M.Latin doctor(religious teacher,adviser,scholar).Doct,the stem of docere

51、means“to show,teach”.Reference to“medical professional”dated from 1377,though this was not common till the late 16th century.Words originated from French BenignIt came from Old French benigne(good,kind)in about 1320,derived from bene(well)and gignere(to bear,beget).benefitbenedictionbeneficentWords

52、originated from French DiseaseIt was evolved in about 1330 from Old French desaise,made of des(without,away)and aise(ease).Sense of“sickness,illness”was first recorded 1393.Words originated from French MortuaryBorrowed into English in 1330 from AngloFrench mortuarie(gift to a parish priest from a de

53、ceased parishioner),it was first used to refer to“a place where bodies are kept temporarily”in 1865 as a euphemism for earlier deadhouse.Words originated from French EmbolismBorrowed into English in 1387 from Old French embolisme,it originally meant“intercalation(置润)of days into a calendar”as the Fr

54、ench word was derived from late Latin embolismus(insertion of days in a calendar to correct errors).Its medical sense of“obstruction of a blood vessel”is first recorded in English in 1855.Words originated from French AnatomyEntering into English in 1398,it was derived from Old French anatomie,made f

55、rom ana(up)+temnein(to cut).“Dissection”,“mummy”,and even“skeleton”were primary senses in Shakespeares day.The meaning“the science of the structure of organized bodies”predominated from the 17th century.Words originated from French artery It entered in English in 1398 from Old French artaire,(windpi

56、pe,also an artery as distinct from a vein).Arteries were regarded by the ancients as air ducts because they do not contain blood after death;medieval writers took them for the channels of the“vital spirits”.Words originated from French AmbulanceIt entered English in 1809,based on French hpital ambul

57、ant(literally,walking hospital).Its use was not common until its meaning was transferred from“hospital”to“vehicle for conveying wounded from field”during the Crimean War.Words originated from French AntibioticIt was borrowed in 1894 as an adjective from French antibiotique,which was made from anti a

58、nd Greek biotikos(fit for life).Words originated from French ChronicIt was borrowed into English in early 15th century from Old French chronique,made from chronos(time).chronicle 编年史chronobiology时间生物学,生物钟学chronology年代学,年表Words originated from French lymph A borrowing from French lymphe in 1725,it re

59、ferred to“colorless fluid found in the body”in physiological sense.The French word was based on Latin lympha(water,clear water,a goddess of water).Words originated from French MalaisemA5leizBorrowed in 1768 from French malaise,it literally means“illease”.The French word is formed from mal(bad)and ai

60、se(ease).Words originated from French PathologyIt was a 1611 borrowing from French pathologie,from Modern Latin pathologia,from Greek pathos(suffering)and logia(study).Words originated from French SurgeonIt was borrowed into English in about 1300 from AngloFrench surgien(originally,working or done b

61、y hand).Words originated from French palpitation It was a 1483 borrowing from Middle French palpitation,from palpitare(to throb,to flutter).Palpitate,a backformed verb,was first recorded in 1623.Words originated from French Prostate5prCsteitIt entered English in 1646 from Middle French prostate,whic

62、h was ultimately based on Greek proistanai(set before),from pro(before)and histanai(cause to stand).It was so called because of its position at the base of the bladder.Words originated from French Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis 前列腺肥大prostate hypertrophy/enlargement/enlarged prostate 前列腺痛prostatodynia Words

63、 originated from French Prostate前列腺切除术 prostatectomy prostaglandin 前列腺素Words originated from French bruit 杂音杂音chancre 下疳下疳debridement 清创术清创术goiter甲状腺肿甲状腺肿grand/petit mal癫痫大小发作癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗灌洗massage按摩按摩Words originated from French rehabilitation It entered English in 1533 from Midlle French rhabilit

64、ation,from re(again)and Latin habitare(make fit).Words originated from German GermanWords originated from German Starting from 19th century,German made great progress in science and technology.Such advances necessitate new vocabulary to denote new findings,discoveries,concepts and substances.Some me

65、dical terms were first coined in German and then introduced into English.Words originated from German aspirin It was coined in 1899 in German as a trademark name either from Greek a(without)and Latin spiraea(ulmaria),the plant in whose flowers or leaves the processed acid in the medicine is found na

66、turally.Hence aspirin means“acetylosalicylic acid which is gained not from the Spiraea ulmaria(but in a chemical way)”.Words originated from German aspirin Or it may be a contraction of acetylierte spirsure,the German name of the acid.Words originated from German barbiturate It was introduced into English in 1928 from German.It was coined in 1863 by chemist Adolf von Baeyer from Barbitursure“barbituric acid”.Words originated from German BiologyThe word was suggested from Greek bios(life)and logi