英文论文写作与投稿经验1

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1、英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎1英文論文寫作與投稿經驗國立臺南大學數位學習科技系黃國禎英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎2一般期刊之評審要點n學術價值(創新性)n應用價值n學理根據與觀點之正確性n文章組織結構n研究方法之嚴謹性n題目合宜n文章長度恰當n格式正確n用詞的正確性及文章的流暢度英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎3研究的觀念、態度與方法n觀念n研究是有趣的n態度n充滿好奇心、全力以卦n方法n功勞苦勞創新實証英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎4研究主題的選擇n儘量針對同一主題以不同的方法深入探討Gwo-Jen Hwang,Tsung-Liang Lin,Bertrand M.T.Lin(2004),

2、“An Effective Approach for Test-Sheet Composition from Large-Scale Item Banks”,accepted by Computers&Education.(SSCI)Gwo-Jen Hwang(2003),“A Test Sheet Generating Algorithm for Multiple Assessment Requirements”,IEEE Transactions on Education,Vol.46,No.3,pp.329-337.(SCI and EI)Gwo-Jen Hwang et al.(200

3、5),“On the Development of a Computer-Assisted Testing System with Genetic Test Sheet-Generating Approach”,accepted by IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics:Part C(SCI,EI).Gwo-Jen Hwang,Peng-Yeng Yin and Shu-Heng Yeh(2005),“A Tabu Search Approach to Generating Test Sheets for Multiple Asse

4、ssment Criteria”,accepted by IEEE Transactions on Education.(SCI,EI)英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎5論文架構-以系統為主的研究n標題及作者:Title and authorsn摘要:Abstractn簡介:Introductionn相關研究:Relevant Research(Literature Review)n系統架構:System Structuren研究方法(演算法):XXX Approach(Algorithm)n系統製作、實驗及評量:Experiments and Evaluationn結論n參考文獻英文論文寫作與

5、投稿經驗-黃國禎6論文架構-以方法為主的研究n標題及作者:Title and authorsn摘要:Abstractn簡介:Introductionn相關研究:Relevant Research(Literature Review)n問題描述:Problem Definitionn研究方法(演算法):XXX Approach(Algorithm)n系統製作、實驗及評量:Experiments and Evaluationn結論n參考文獻英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎7論文寫作的建議順序相關研究問題描述或系統架構研究方法系統製作、實驗及評量簡介摘要結論決定題目英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎8論文

6、題目n10-15字n能立即呈現研究的目的及貢獻nDevelopment of a Testing System(X)nA New Test Sheet Generating Method(X)nA Novel Approach to Composing Test sheets for Multiple Assessment Criteria in Building Testing Systems(O)nDevelopment of A Testing System to meet Multiple Assessment Requirements(O)英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎9相關研究n避

7、免嘗試改寫中文版的相關研究，直接重寫會比較快。n先找好10-20篇最近十年相關的文獻。n挑選2-3篇最直接相關的文獻，參考其literature review的內容，來描述問題的形成動機。n再參考其他文獻的Abstract描述，依年代分段敘述最近十年的發展狀況，約1000-1500字n重點：Tell a story(加一些說明將這些內容連貫起來）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎10In recent years,researchers have developed various computer-assisted testing systems to evaluate studentslear

8、ning status more precisely.For example,Feldman and Jones attempted to perform semi-automatic testing of student software under Unix systems 5,Rasmussen et al.exercised a system to evaluate students learning status on computer networks by taking their progress into consideration 22;furthermore,Chou p

9、roposed the CATES system 3,which is an interactive testing system developed in a collective and collaborative project with theoretical and practical research on complex technology-dependent learning environments.Unfortunately,although many computer-assisted testing systems have been proposed,few of

10、them have addressed the problem of finding a systematic approach for composing test sheets satisfying multiple assessment requirements.Most of the existing systems construct a test sheet by manually or randomly selecting test items from their item banks.Such manual or random test item selection stra

11、tegies are inefficient and are hardly able to meet multiple assessment requirements simultaneously.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎11Some previous investigations showed that a well-constructed test sheet not only helps evaluate the learning status of the students,but also facilitates the diagnosis of the problems em

12、bedded in the learning process 13,14,17.That is,it is very critical to select proper test items to constitute a test sheet that meets multiple assessment criteria,including the expected time needed for answering the test sheet,the number of test items,the specified distribution of course concepts to

13、 be learned,and the most important,the maximization of the average degree of discrimination 20.Since it is difficult to satisfy multiple requirements(or constraints)in selecting test items,most computerized testing systems generate test sheets in a random fashion(which will be called“random selectio

14、n”throughout this paper)16.In 15,a multiple criteria test sheet generating problem is formulated as a dynamic programming model 11 to minimize the distance between the parameters(e.g.,discrimination,difficulty,etc.)of the generated test sheets and the objective values subject to the distribution of

15、concept weights.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎12Although the dynamic programming approach has taken multiple requirements into consideration,in practical applications,more criteria need to be addressed.For example,a teacher might like to assign a range of test times instead of giving a fixed test time and usually

16、a teacher will assign an expected lower bound for each concept weight instead of giving a distribution of concept weights.Moreover,the goal of a group test is to discriminate the status of the students.This implies that the discrimination degree of the entire test sheet needs to be maximized as much

17、 as possible.Another critical issue arising from the use of dynamic programming approach is probably the exceedingly long execution time required for producing optimal solutions.As the time-complexity of the dynamic programming algorithm is exponential in terms of input data,the execution time will

18、become unacceptably long if the number of candidate test items is large.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎13To cope with these problems,researchers attempted to formulate a new test sheet-generating problem by optimizing the discrimination degree of the generated test sheets with a specified range of assessment time a

19、nd some other multiple constraints 16.However,the new formulation is even more complex,previous investigations showed that it is difficult to efficiently find near-optimal solutions when the number of candidate test items is larger then five thousand 16.In the following sections,a model for formulat

20、ing the problems of finding a set of test items that fit multiple assessment criteria is presented.As the problems are NP-hard,a tabu-based algorithm is proposed to find quality approximate solutions in an acceptable time.Computational experiments will be also presented to study the performances of

21、the proposed algorithms.（最後一段強調研究動機）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎14問題描述及研究方法n問題描述n正式定義面臨的問題n以圖或公式來說明問題的內容n最好舉例說明問題的特性n研究方法n說明方法的來源及過去的應用n說明方法的精神及細節n說明方法如何套用到目前的問題英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎15In an item bank,a subset of n candidate test items Q1,Q2,Qn will be selected for composing a test sheet.With the specified course conce

22、pts to be learned,say Cj,each test item is relevant to one or more of them.For example,to test the basic computer knowledge of students,Cj might be“I/O devices”,“Central Processing Unit”or“Memory”.In this section,a mixed integer programming model 19 is presented to formulate the test sheet-generatin

23、g problem under multiple assessment considerations.The model aims at optimizing the discrimination degree of the generated test sheets with a specified range of assessment time and some other multiple constraints.Such a model has been called the Specified Range of Assessment Time(SRAT)Problem 16.（定義

24、問題與舉例）（定義問題與舉例）In the SRAT problem,the major consideration is to confine the length required by the students to answer the selected items.The variables used in the formulated models are defined as follows:（公式）公式）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎16Tabu search is a metaheuristic method which guides a local search proce

25、dure to effectively explore the solution space of optimization problems.It was first introduced by Glover 7,8 and has exhibited successful applications for solving the traveling salesman problem 2,generalized assignment problem 18,job shop scheduling problem 23,and network loading problem 1,just to

26、name a few.（方法（方法的來源）的來源）“Tabu”comes from Tongan,a language of Polynesia,where it indicates things that cannot be touched because they are sacred,and the word now means prohibition 9.Analogously,tabu search forbids the reverse search to revisit solutions already encountered.Tabu search has the follo

27、wing distinctive features which make it unique from other metaheuristics.（方法的特性）（方法的特性）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎17In the followings,a tabu search-based algorithm,BMST(Bit-Map Selection with Tabu approach),is proposed to find quality approximate solutions for the SRAT problem.（方法如何套用到目前的問題）（方法如何套用到目前的問題）Input:

28、n test items Q1,Q2,Qn and m concepts C1,C2,Cm;Step 1.Generate initial configuration Since all decision variables of the SRAT problem take binary values(either 0 or 1),a configuration in the BMST algorithm can be represented in a condensed form as x=x1x2xn,which is a vector of n binary bits where xi

29、is equivalent to 1 if test item Qi is selected and 0 otherwise.The initial configuration is designated as 000,i.e.,all the test items are not selected.The reason is due to the objective of the optimization problem,which requests maximization of the average discrimination degree for selected test ite

30、ms.Therefore,if the algorithm starts with a zero vector and incrementally select test items with higher discrimination degrees by replacing 0 with 1,the search for the optimal solution could be expedited.Step 2.Identify the neighborhood 英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎18實驗及分析n比較答案的品質及演算法的效率-以大量資料模擬測試n瞭解系統的滿意度及使用意願-問

31、卷調查n驗證系統或方法的效果-以實驗組及對照組進行3-6個月的測試及分析(前測及後測)n比較新系統(方法)與舊系統(方法)的效果-多人交叉使用兩系統(方法)並比較結果n比較對象：舊系統(方法)、使用與未使用、Random、Heuristic、Optimal方法產生的結果英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎19論文簡介n內容：整篇文章的濃縮版n字數：500-1000字n包含n研究背景及動機n研究目的（問題的描述）n研究方法（概念性的描述）n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎20論文摘要n內容：簡介的濃縮版n字數：200-300字n包含n研究動機n研究目的（問題的描述）n研究方法（

32、概念性的描述）n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎21Computer skill certification test is one of the most important tests to evaluate the computer ability of students.As the test is held frequently,it is critical to efficiently and effectively compose test sheets from a large item bank containing over ten thousand

33、s of test items.To fairly certificate the computer skills of students,the composed test sheets must meet multiple assessment criteria,such as the ratio of relevant concepts to be evaluated,the average discrimination degree,difficulty degree and estimated testing time.It will take significantly long

34、time to compose an optimal test sheet from a large item bank by generating and testing each possible candidate combination of test items.To cope with this problem,a tabu search-based approach is proposed to improve the efficiency for composing near-optimal test sheets from very large item banks to m

35、eet multiple assessment criteria.Based on the proposed approach,a computer-assisted testing system has been developed;moreover,a series of experiments have been conducted to compare the efficiency and efficacy of the novel approach with other approaches.From the experimental results,it can be seen t

36、hat the novel approach is desirable in composing near-optimal test sheets from large item banks.（最後一段強調研究目的及貢獻）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎22結論(與討論)n內容：摘要的結論加上未來的發展或改進方向n字數：300-1000字n包含n研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）n未來可能的發展或改進的方向英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎23In this paper,a tabu search-based approach,BMST(Bit-Map Selection with Tabu),is pro

37、posed to cope with the test sheet-generating problems.BMST algorithm has been embedded in a computer skill certification system with large-scale test banks that are accessible to students as well as instructors through the world-wide-web.（強調研究目的）To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm,

38、two experiments have been conducted to compare the execution time and the solution quality of four solution-seeking strategies on eighteen item banks.Experimental results manifest that test sheets with near-optimal discrimination degrees can be obtained in a much shorter time by employing the novel

39、approach.（強調研究貢獻）For further extensive applications,some collaborative plans with some local electronic companies are proceeding,in which the novel approach is applied to test and train junior engineers,such as the knowledge and skills of Nano Self-Assembly,Quantum Dot Self-Assembly,Copolymer Self-A

40、ssembly,Electrostatic Self-Assembly,etc.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎24References的內容n依姓氏排列n以1,2,3 標示n研討會論文：Conferences,Congress,Workshop1 L.M.M.Giraffa,M.Mora and R.M.Viccari,“Modeling an interactive ITS using a MAS approach:from design to pedagogical evaluation”,Third International Conference on Computational In

41、telligence and Multimedia Applications,New Delhi,India,Feb.28,1999,pp.153 158.n期刊：Transactions,Journals,Magazines2 A.V.Gonzalez and L.R.Ingraham(1994),“Automated exercise progression in simulation-based training”,IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,Vol.24,No.6,pp.863 874.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎

42、25Reference的引用方式n用“作者+年份”表示n最大優點是：有新的文獻要插入時，不必重新編號(Hwang 2003),(Hwang&Lin 2003),(Hwang et al.2004)n建議碩士論文採用這種方式，或在論文整理階段採用此方式n依據文獻編號n文章中提到的文獻要用編號表示12,23-25。n大多期刊採用這種方式，必須依照欲投稿之期刊的要求格式。英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎26論文編排-層次要清楚1.Introduction-font size(14,bold)2.Relevant Research3.Problem Definitions3.1 A problem-fo

43、nt size(12,bold)3.2 B problem4.A Novel Approach4.1 Common problem solving model(1).font size(12,normal)(2).5.Implementation and Evaluation6.ConclusionsReferences英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎27論文編排-非必要不要內縮4.A Novel Approach4.1 Common problem solving model Model 1(1).font size(12,normal)(2).(3)Model 2(1).font size(

44、12,normal)(2).(3)英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎28其他的寫作技巧n儘量避免太多的第一人稱主詞n(X)We implemented a web-based learning system to cope with this problem.n(O)A web-based learning system has been implemented to cope with this problem.n注意標點符號的使用(緊鄰前一字，後面空一格）nHe like the idea,and so do I.nThe system failed again;therefore,he de

45、cided to reinstall it.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎29其他的寫作技巧n善用連接詞n因;therefore,正果(因此、於是）n因;consequently,正果(因此、於是）nAs 因,正果(因此、於是）n因;nevertheless,負果(然而、但是）n因;however,負果(然而、但是）nAlthough因,負果(然而、但是）英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎30其他的寫作技巧n常用句型nIt can be seen that.(由此可知：）nIt is obvious that.(顯而易見的：）nBy assuming that.(假設）nE.g.,nBased o

46、n the experimental results,it can be seen that our approach can achieve better performance.nBy assuming that x=1,we have Y=X+1=2;therefore,2 is the final output.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎31選擇投稿的的期刊性質n國內期刊nTSSCI：如資訊管理學報、管理學報、交大學報、n國際期刊nSCI(Science Citation Index)及 SSCI(Social Sciences Citation Index),期刊收錄清單在 ht

47、tp:/ Index),期刊收錄清單在 http:/ei.stic.gov.tw/guide.htmlEi Compendex收錄的文獻 英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎32期刊的選擇-以資訊教育為例Interacting with Computers(SSCI,SCI,EI)Computers&Education(SSCI,SCI Expanded,EI)Computers-Assisted Learning(SSCI)一般電腦應用(偏Computers,但接受教育的應用)電腦在教育上的應用(Computers&Education 各半)電腦輔助學習(偏Education)英文論文寫作與投稿經

48、驗-黃國禎33期刊的選擇-以數位學習科技為例IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics(SCI,EI)Journal of Distance EducationTechnology(EI)Educational Technology&Society(SSCI)人工智慧技術的應用(偏技術,但接受教育的應用)資訊技術在教育上的應用(Computers&Education 各半)教育技術(偏Education)英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎34期刊的選擇-瞭解期刊的屬性nIEEE Transactions on Educationn需要提出新的技

49、術n所提出的技術必須曾用在工程教育或電腦課程n所有的文字及圖表中不可以出現英文以外的文字n文章中不以使用 I,We,Our 等第一人稱的說法n只接受線上投稿n最多只能revise二次n大約6-12月會完成第一輪的審查英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎35期刊的選擇-儘量考慮有線上服務的期刊nIEEE 的期刊n提供線上投稿及審查進度查詢n接受後直接與編審人員以e-mail或信件聯絡nElsevier 的期刊n大多用紙本投稿(例如Computers&Education)，但有些期刊接受線上投稿(例如Knowledge-Based Systems)n接受後提供線上的排版及刊登進度的查詢n其他期刊n大多以

50、e-mail投稿n不提供線上查詢英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎36投稿書信-e-mailDear Prof.Gonzalez,Attached please find our manuscript entitled A Concept-based Cooperative Learning Approach for Science Courses submitted to Second International Conference on Multimedia and ICTs in Education(m-ICTE 2003)for possible presentation.Your ac

51、knowledge will be highly appreciated.Thank you.Sincerely,Gwo-Jen Hwang Professor of Information Management Department National Chi Nan University Pu-Li,Nan-Tou,Taiwan 545,R.O.C.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎37投稿回函(acknowledgement)Dear Prof.Gwo-Jen Hwang,The Editor of the Transactions on Education acknowledges rece

52、ipt of the following manuscript:No.TE-2003-000262-A Concept-based Approach to Conducting Cooperative Learning Process It is understood that this manuscript is entirely original,has not been copyrighted,published,submitted,or accepted for publication elsewhere,and all necessary clearances and release

53、s have been obtained.If the material in this paper has been published before in any form,it is imperative that you inform me immediately.You will be notified via email when the review of this manuscript is completed.Please refer to the paper number in any communications regarding your manuscript.You

54、 may check the review status of your manuscript via the IEEE manuscript Central website.When the review of your manuscript has been completed,you will be notified of its disposition by email and at that time reviewer comments will also be made available to you.Sincerely,Editor-in-Chief英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國

55、禎38投稿回函(EIC reject-format revisions)Prof.Hwang:I regret to inform you that I have made the decision to reject your manuscript,TE-2004-000296,titled A Tabu Search Approach to Generating Test Sheets for Multiple Assessment Criteria IN ITS PRESENT FORM so that you can make adjustments in the manuscript

56、 and submit a revised version for formal review.The Transactions now requires that all manuscript content be in the English language.Your manuscript,as submitted,contains graphical information that is in a language other than English.Please replace those graphics containing non-English content with

57、graphics totally in English.Once you have made these substitutions,please submit your revised manuscript for review.Thank you in advance for your attention to this matter.Sincerely,David A.Conner,Ph.D.,P.E.Editor-in-Chief英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎39修改文件投稿-e-mailDear Dr.S.Heller,Attached please the revised manu

58、script A Group-Decision Approach for Evaluating Educational Web Sites submitted to computers&Education for possible publication.A file containing the revision summary is also attached.Your acknowledgement will be highly appreciated.Thank you.Sincerely yoursGwo-Jen HwangInformation Management Departm

59、entNational Chi Nan UniversityPu-Li,Nan-Tou,Taiwan 545,R.O.C.FAX:886-940503178TEL:886-915396558英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎40修改文件說明-Revision SummaryResponse to Reviewers and EditorPaper#:SMCC-03-06-0056Title:On the Development of a Computer-Assisted Testing System with Genetic Test Sheet-Generating ApproachRevie

60、wer 1 Comments:The paper should be shortened.Response to Reviewer 1:The paper has been shortened to 24 pages by removing some redundant descriptions of genetic models and algorithms;moreover,Sections 3 and 4 have been re-written to condense the entire paper.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎41修改文件說明-Revision SummaryRe

61、viewer 2 Comments:No innovative contribution was found both in the theory of genetic algorithms and in the application of them.Response to Reviewer 2:(1)We have re-written the abstract and Sections 1 and 2 to explain the importance about the construction of a good test sheet.The major contribution o

62、f this paper is not in its technical part.Instead,we tried to cope with an important problem arising from real educational applications.Such a problem is known to be critical and has not been efficiently and effectively solved before.(2)Since the innovative contribution of this paper might not be si

63、gnificant,we have re-written the paper as a technical correspondence based on the editors suggestion.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎42修改文件說明-Revision SummaryReviewer 3 Comments:Make the definitions,formulas,and other descriptions clearer and more precise,so that the revised paper will be improved in its readability

64、 and correctness.Response to Reviewer 3:Te mixed integer models and the genetic algorithms in Sections 3 and 4 have been re-written to make the definitions,formulas,and other descriptions clearer and more precise(please refer to Pages 6-17).Moreover,a colleague who is an English expert has carefully

65、 checked the paper to correct potential grammatical errors.英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎43論文接受函(accepted with minor revisions)Dear Prof.Hwang,The review of your manuscript titled A Test Sheet-Generating Algorithm for Multiple Assessment Requirements,TE-2001-000029.R1,has been completed.The Editorial Review Board,

66、while feeling that your manuscript is worthy of publication,feels that the manuscript requires a few minor revision before it can be published in the Transactions on Education.When reviewing the manuscript,each reviewer was asked to complete two questionnaires:one that directed comments to the Editorial Board and one that directed comments to the author(s)of the manuscript.You will find attached reviewer comments directed to you.In preparing the next revision of your manuscript,you will be expec