动词不定式和被动语态的用法

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1、动词不定式和被动语态的用法动词不定式一. 定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语， 但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、 副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。二. 动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形三. 动词不定式作宾语后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like 等。We hope to get there before dark.我们希望天黑以前到那

2、儿。The girl decided to do it herself.那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remember to do记住要做某事remember doing记得曾经做过某事forget to do忘记要做某事forget doing忘记曾经做过某事stop to do停下来去做某事stop doing停止做某事go on to do继续做另一件事go on doing继续做原来在做的事I remember seeing you somewhere before.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。

3、Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.离开时请记得关好灯。2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构 成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep.他发现很难入睡。四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。The teacher told us to do Exercis

4、e 1.老师要我们做练习一。I want both of you to go.我要你们俩去。We helped her （to） repair her bike.我们帮助她修理自行车。2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to的不定 式作宾补。Lets have a rest.我们休息一会吧。I saw him come in.我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部 过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。I saw him come downstairs

5、.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）五. 动词不定式作状语Later he left home to work in different cities.不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。He went to see a football match.他去看足球比赛了。In order to catch the other students, I must work hard.为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。六.六. 动词不定式作定语不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面I need something

6、 to eat.Do you have something to read?Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.He is really a fool only to eat.The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.The doctor had no way to save the patient.注意：（1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位 或方式关系需要有介词。I am looking for a room to livein.我

7、正在找一间住房。（方位关系）We have many things to do experimentswith.我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）（2）作定语的不定式是由“be + adj + prep ”构成的动词短语。Here there isnt any book for me to be interested in.We have done many things to proud of.我们做了许多引以自豪的事。七. 动词不定式作主语To give is better than to receive.To reach there on foot is impossible.动词不定式

8、作主语时，可以用it代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面Its better to give than to receive.Its impossible to reach there on foot.Its + adj + for sb. to do sth.Its not difficult for me to study English well.Its easy for him to work out this math problem.在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主 语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice, kin

9、d, good, wrong, right 等。八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用，构成不定式短语，可以 作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。How to do is still a question.Have you decided when to leave?九. 动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not.如：Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.张明要我不要整天呆在家里。My mother let me

10、not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。被动语态英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态主动语态（The Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态（The Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般现在时：承受者+助动词am / is/are +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般过去时： 承受者+助动词 was / were +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词shall / will be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词 have/ has been+及

11、物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者被动语态用法：1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语 态。2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时，常用被动语态。3）如果需要说出动作的执行者；用by引导出动作的执行者。主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数 要与新主语保持一致。主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：1）主语+谓语动词+宾语将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（主动）We bought a book yesterday.（被动）The bo

12、ok was bought yesterday.2）主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直 接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for。（主动）He showed me a book yesterday.（被动）I was showed a book yesterday.（被动）The book was showed to me yesterday.3）主语+谓语动词+复合宾语含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变 为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。（主动

13、）I found him a good pupil.（宾语补足语）（被动）He was found a good pupil.（主语补足语）4）短语动词变为被动语态有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语 动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。（主动）We should look after the patients very well.（被动）The patients should be looked after very well by us.5）宾语从句变为被动语态若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把

14、真正的主语放在 后面。Its said that he passed the exam.被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。（主动）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.（被动）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中 应加上“to”。（主动）They make do all the work.（被动） We were made to do all the work.（主动）We often hear her sing English songs.（被动）She is often heard to sing English songs.（主动）I see him walk to school.（被动）He is seen to walk to school.