第七章 副词(精品)

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1、第七章、副词一、副词概述及其分类1 概述副词是表示行为特征或性状特征的词，主要修饰动词，也修饰形容词、副词、介词短语或全句，表示时间、地点、方式、程度，也表示说话人的态度等。2 副词的分类一般可将副词分为八类。如下表：分类例词时间副词now 现在，then那时, already已经, ago从前, tonight今晚, never永远不, ever曾经,soon不久, yesterday昨天, today今天, tomorrow明天, later后来, just刚刚, finally最后,often常常, seldom很少, at once立刻, at first起先, sometimes有时

2、候, usually通常, always总是地点副词here这里, there那里, above在上方, down向下, back往后, up在上, in在里面, below在下面,inside在里面, away离开, outside在外面, everywhere到处, anywhere在任何地方, somewhere某处,nowhere哪里也不, out在外方式副词slowly慢慢地, carefully仔细地, fast快, well好, alone独自, easily方便地, clearly清楚地,angrily气愤地, politely 礼貌地程度副词very非常, too太, qui

3、te相当, rather相当, almost几乎, fairly很, much非常, a little有点,a bit有些, so如此, enough足够地, deeply深深地, nearly几乎, hardly几乎不, not at all 根本不频度副词often经常, always总是, daily每天, once一次, from time to time时不时地, again and again 一次次疑问副词when什么时候, how怎样, where哪里, why为什么用法特点：位于句首，后接一般疑问句连接副词when那时, where那里，how怎样, why为什么, whet

4、her是否用法特点：引导主语从句、表语从句关系副词when当时, where在那里, why为什么, how怎样用法特点：引导定语从句二、副词用法1 作状语（修饰动词、形容词或副词）例：We study hard. 我们努力学习。I quite agree with you. 我完全赞同你的意见。They are talking happily. 他们高兴地谈着。Mr. Smith is very careful. 史密斯先生很细心。She felt a little afraid. 她有点害怕。She speaks English very well. 她英语说得很好。Dont drive

5、too fast. 车子不要开得过快。They talked deep into the night. 他们谈到深夜。（修饰介词短语）Certainly he is right. 他当然是对的。（修饰句子）Maybe he is not at home. 也许他不在家。（修饰句子）2 作表语例：I must be off now. 我现在得走了。Is Jane home yet? 简到家了吗？School is over. 放学了。Her room is below. 她的房间在下面。Is the radio on? 收音机开着吗？Mother is out. 母亲出去了。提示可作表语的副词主

6、要有：in, home, back, away, up, down, on ,over, off, here, there, upstarts, downstairs, off, nearby等。3 作宾语补足语例：He asked us in. 他要我们进去。I found Bob out. 我发现鲍勃出去了。Im sorry to have kept you up so late. 对不起，让你这么晚不能睡觉。4 作宾语少数副词，如here, there等，可用作介词from, near, along, around等的宾语。例：The town is not far from here.

7、 那座小城离这里不远。The birds flew into the woods from there. 鸟儿从那里飞到树林中去了。5 作定语少数副词，如here, there, above, up, today, upstairs, downstairs, home等，可用作定语，但必须放在被修饰的名词后面。例：The students there are in Class Two. 那边的学生是二班的。I found a wallet on my way home. 我在回家的路上拾到一只钱包。Who lives in the room upstairs? 谁住在楼上的房间里？Life t

8、here is hard. 那里的生活很艰难。The stars above are very bright. 上面天空中的星星非常明亮。三、副词的构成副词通常由“形容词+ly”构成，但要注意几种变化方式。1）一般情况，由形容词加ly构成例：slow slowlyquick quicklyfirm firmlycareful carefully2) 以辅音加-le结尾的词，去掉e，加-y例：terrible terribly simple simply但：polite politely （直接加ly）3)以-ic结尾的词，加-ally例：heroic heroically但：public pu

9、blicly（直接加ly）4) 以辅音加y结尾的形容词，变y为i，再加-ly例：happy happilyeasy easily但：shy shylydry dryly（直接加ly）5)有些副词与形容词同形例：early早的early早地hard 艰苦的hard努力地late远的 late迟，晚high高的 high高long长的 long长久地far远的 far远straight直的 straight直地，直接地提示a.注意下面几个副词的变化方式：whole whollytrue trulyfull fullyfinal finallyb. 下面几个词呈以-ly结尾，但为形容词，不是副词：l

10、onely（孤独的）, timely（及时的）, ugly（丑的）, brotherly（兄弟般的）四、副词的位置副词在句中可有三个位置：句首、句中和句尾1 时间副词、地点副词和方式副词的位置时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句尾例：Ill ring you tomorrow. 我明天将给你打电话。We saw him at the school gate the day before yesterday. 前天我们在校门口看见了他。I have seen him somewhere. 我在某个地方见过他。He is waiting outside. 他在外面等着。She drove car

11、efully. 她小心开车。He left the office quietly. 他静静地离开了办公室。提示a. 同一句中有几个副词时，其顺序一般为：方式副词地点副词时间副词。例：She went upstairsat once. 她立即上楼去了。 地点副词 时间副词He carried the eggs carefully into the housethis morning. 他今天早上小心地把鸡蛋搬进房子里。 方式副词 地点副词时间副词b. 表示强调时，可以把时间副词放在句首。例：Tomorrow Ill do the experiment. 明天我将做实验。2 频度副词的位置频度副词

12、在句中的位置有两种。1）放在实义动词之前 例：He often reads English in the morning. 他经常在早晨读英语。She never goes out at night. 她晚上从不出去。I almost forget about the whole thing. 我几乎把整个事情全忘了。2) 放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后例：He is never late for school. 他上学从不迟到。She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于帮助别人。I can never forget the day. 我永远也不能忘

13、了这一天。Hehas never been to Beijing. 他从没到过北京。比：他并非总是起床晚。He always doesnt get up late. （误）He doesnt always get up late. （正）提示表示强调时，频度副词也可以放在句首或放在be动词之前。例：Sometimes he ate nothing for the whole day. 有时候，他一整天也不吃东西。Very often I met her in the library. 我经常在图书馆遇到他。Jack always was late. 杰克总是迟到。3 程度副词的位置程度副词在句

14、中的位置有两种。1）修饰动词时，放在行为动词之前，但要放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后例：I rather like the book. 我很喜欢这本书。I am truly sorry to hear that. 听到那件事我确实很不安。He can hardly understand you. 他几乎听不懂你的话。I dont quite agree with you. 我不完全同意你的意见。2）修饰形容词或副词时，要放在被修饰的词前面。例：She felt much better today. 她今天感觉好多了。He runs a little faster 他跑得稍快一点。提示a.

15、enough修饰形容词或副词时，要放在后面。例： The hall is big enough to hold 500 people. 这个大厅足够大，能容纳500人。I cant see clearly enough. 我看得不够清楚。b. 某些副词在句中位置不同会引起句意的变化。比：Only Mary can answer this question. 只有玛丽能回答这个问题。（别人回答不了）Mary can answer only this question. 玛丽只能回答这个问题。（别的问题回答不了）Jim alone is going on holiday. 只有吉姆将去度假。（al

16、one位于名词或代词后表示“只有”）Jim is going on holiday alone. 吉姆将一个人去度假。(alone修饰动词时表示“独自，单独”)五、疑问副词疑问副词 how（如何，怎样），when（什么时候）, where（哪里）, why（为什么）用于构成特殊疑问句，放在句首。1 how 结构：how+一般疑问句how+ 形容词（名词）+一般疑问句how+副词+一般疑问句例：How do you go to school every day? 你们每天怎样去上学？How are you feeling now? 你现在感觉怎样？How old is the boy? 这男孩几

17、岁了？How deep is the river? 这河有多深？How high is the hill? 这小山有多高？How many students are there in your class? 你班上有多少学生？How much money do you have? 你有多少钱？How long will you stay here? 你将在这里呆多长时间？How far can you see from here? 从这里你能看多远？How often do you go downtown? 你隔多久进一次城？2 when结构：when+一般疑问句例：When can you

18、come? 你什么时候能来？When will you return the book? 你什么时候还那本书？When did you write her back? 你什么时候给他回信的？3 where结构：where+一般疑问句例：Where was he born?Where did you put the book?Where have you been?4 why结构：why+一般疑问句例：Why did he come late? 你为什么来晚了？Why did you get up so early? 你为什么这么早起床呢？六、连接副词和关系副词1连接副词连接副词用于引导主语从句

19、、宾语从句或表语从句，位于从句之首。连接副词有：when, where, how, why, whether（是否）例：When he will come is not know. 他什么时候来不得而知。（引导主语从句） Do you know where he lives? 你知道他住在哪里吗？（引导宾语从句）Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 你能告诉我怎么样才能到火车站吗？（引导宾语从句）That is why he was late. 那就是他迟到的原因。She asked me how many people w

20、ere present. 她问我有多少人出席。2 关系副词关系副词用于引导定语从句，位于从句之首。关系副词有：when, where, how, why例：This is the place where he worked ten years ago. 这就是他10年前工作过的地方。Tell me the reason why you did it. 把你这样做的理由告诉我。I still remember the day when I left my hometown. 我依然记得我离开故乡的那一天。比：今天天气怎样？Whats the weather like today?How is t

21、he weather today?这支钢笔多少钱？What is the price of the pen?How much is the pen?What colour do you like best? 你最喜欢什么颜色？（在不定数目中选择用what）Which colour do you like best, red, blue or green? 你最喜欢哪种颜色，红色、蓝色还是绿色？（在一定数目范围内选择用which）七、副词比较级和最高级1 副词比较级和最高级的构成1）单音节词和个别多音节词，加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。如下表： 原级比较级最高级fast (快)fas

22、terfastesthard （努力地）harderhardestlate （晚，迟）laterlatestearly （早）earlierearliest提示：1)以e结尾的副词，加-r和-st.2)以“辅音+y”结尾的副词，变y为i，再加-er和-est2）多数双音节词和多音节词，加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。如下表：原级比较级最高级quickly （快地）more quicklymost quicklybravely （英勇地）more bravelymost bravelyhappily （高兴地）more happilymost happily3）少数副词的比较级和最高

23、级变化是不规则的。如下表： 原级比较级最高级much (多)moremostlittle （少）lessleastwell （好）betterbestbadly （坏）worseworstfar （远）farther, furtherfarthest, furthest提示badly 表示“非常，迫切”时，要加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。例：He wanted help more badly than others. 他比别人更需要帮助。2 副词比较级的用法1）表示“和相同，同一样”结构：as+副词原级+as例：She sings as well as Kate. 她唱得同凯特一

24、样好。He can run as fast as you do. 他能跑得同你一样快。Ill return the book as early as possible. 我将尽早还那本书。提示asas可用half, twice, three times等表示倍数的词修饰。例：He cant run half as fast as you. 他跑得不如你一半快。2）表示“与不一样，A不及B”结构：not as(/so) +副词原级+as例：He cant jump so(/as) high as Mike. 他跳得没有迈克高。She doesnt study as(/so) hard as yo

25、u. 她学习不如你用功。Wood doesnt go to the movies as(/so) often as Hank. 伍德不像汉克那样经常去看电影。3）表示“比更”结构：副词比较级+than例：She signs the song better than I . 这首歌她唱得比我好。H jumped higher than Tom. 她跳得比汤姆高。Mr. Smith drives more carefully than others. 史密斯先生开车比别人小心。He was received more warmly than he had expected. 他受到的欢迎比预料的热

26、烈。提示表示“更喜欢”，要说like sth. better (than)例：I like this picture better. 我更喜欢这幅画。I like English better than Japanese. 英语和日语，我更喜欢英语。Who do you like better, Lily or Rose? 莉莉和罗丝，你更喜欢谁？Which do you like better, the long one or the short one? 长的和短的，你更喜欢哪一个？4）表示“越来越”结构：副词比较级+副词比较级例：She played the piano better a

27、nd better. 她钢琴弹得越来越好。The wind blew harder and harder. 风越刮越大。It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越来越大。The soldiers walked more and more slowly. 士兵们走得越来越慢了。5）表示“越越”结构：the+副词比较级，the+副词比较级例：The faster you run, the earlier you will get there. 你跑得越快，到那里越早。The higher you stand, the farther you will see. 你站

28、得越高，看得越远。提示比较级的不同结构有时可以相互转换。例：He jumped farther than James. 他比詹姆士跳得远。James did not jump as far as he. 詹姆士跳得没有他远。She came to school earlier than Mary. 她到学校比玛丽早。Mary came to school later than she. 玛丽到学校比她晚。6）副词比较级的修饰语副词比较级可用much, even, a lot, a bit, a little, far等修饰。例：He swims much better than you. 他游

29、泳比你好得多。She drivers the car even more carefully than before. 她开车比以前小心多了Could you speak a bit more slowly? 你能否说得稍慢一点？Jim studies a little harder than Jack. 吉姆学习比杰克更用功。His horse runs a lot faster than mine. 他的马跑得比我的马快得多。3 副词最高级的用法1）用于三个或三个以上副词最高级用于三个或三个以上人或物的比较，副词最高级前的定冠词可省。结构：(the) 副词最高级+of the threea

30、mong us例：He jumps (the) highest of the three. 他在这三人中跳得最高。Which season do you like (the) best, spring, summer or autumn? 春天、夏天和秋天，你最喜欢哪一季？She runs (the) most slowly among us. 她在我们中跑得最慢。2）有于一定范围的比较副词最高级用于一定范围内的比较。结构：(the) 副词最高级in Chinain the worldin my classof allof all the boys例：He runs (the) fastest

31、 in our class. 在我们班上他跑得最快。She likes maths (the) best of all subjects.在所有科目中，她最喜欢数学。Bob jumps (the) farthest in my school.鲍勃在我们学校跳得最远。Of all the boys he reads most clearly.在所有男孩中他读得最清楚。八、几组常用副词（形容词）的用法1 ago和before1) agoago不可单独使用，应放在表示时间名词短语的后面，如five days ago（五天前），不可说ago five days。用ago时，表示从现在算起“多少时间之前

32、”，指的是一个过去时间点，句中的谓语动词要用一般过去式。例：He left for Shanghai five days ago. 他五天前去上海了。Where were you three hours ago?三小时前你在哪里？2) before1. before作副词时，可以单独使用，表示“以前”，表示不确定的过去，句中谓语动词用现在完成时。例：I have never met her before. 我以前从未见过她。Have you ever been to Beijing before?你以前到过北京吗？I have bought the computer before.我以前买的这

33、台电脑。（表示现在仍在用，与现在有关）2. before作副词用时，可以同表示一段时间的名词短语连用，但只能用于名词短语后面，不能用在前面. before 指“在过去某个时间之前发生了什么事”，表示从过去某时刻再往前推算的时间，所以句中谓语动词要用过去完成时。例：我三天前遇见过她。I had met her before three days. （误）I met her three days before.（误）I met her three days ago.（正）She returned five hours ago. （正）她五小时前回来的。I learned that she had

34、bought a computer five days before. （正）我听说她于五天前买了一台电脑。She said she had read the book two weeks before. 她说她两周前就读过那本书了。2very 和much1) very修饰形容词或副词原级very可以同形容词和副词最高级连用，如同own连用，表示“最大程度地，完全”。very 同定冠词(the)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)或物主代词(my, their)连用，修饰名词起加强语气的作用，意为“同一的，正是这个，恰好”。 例：The book is very in

35、teresting. 这本书很有趣。He runs very fast.他跑得很快。I have done my very best.我已尽了最大努力。He kept the room for his very own.他把那个房间留给自己专用。What she wants is the very book. 她要的正是这本书。2) much用来修饰比较级副词或形容词，偶尔也修饰过去分词例：He is much stronger than I am. 他比我强壮得多。She dances much better than her sister. 她跳舞跳得比她妹妹好得多。3 such, wha

36、t, so和 how1) such和 whatsuch和 what用作形容词，修饰名词，such意为“如此的，这样的”，what意为“多么”。在“形容词名词”结构前，要用such或what.结构：such+ a(an)+形容词单数名词what+ a(an) +形容词单数名词such+形容词复数名词what+形容词复数名词such形容词不可数名词what形容词不可数名词这种结构中的“形容词名词”应当作一个名词词组看待，such和what就是修饰这个名词词组。例：It is such an interesting book. 这是如此有趣的一本书。What a fine day it is!多么晴

37、朗的一天呀！Ive never seen such big apples.我从没见过这么大的苹果。What tall buildings they are!它们是多么高的大楼啊！Its such cold water.这是如此冷的水。What bad weather it is! 多坏的天气啊！（不可说What a bad weather it is!）2) so和howso和how用作副词，修饰形容词和副词，so意为“如此地，这样地”，how意为“多么”结构：so形容词a(an)+单数名词how形容词a(an)单数名词这种结构中的形容词后必须有不定冠词a或an，后面也必须是单数可数名词，而不

38、能是复数名词或不可数名词。例：It is so interesting a book! 这是如此有趣的一本书。How fine a day it is!多么晴朗的一天啊！How beautiful a house it is!多么漂亮的一处房子！这是多么好的一幅画！It is so a nice picture. （误）It is so nice a picture.（正）Its such a nice picture. （正）这是多么有用的工具啊！How a useful tool it is! （误）How useful a tool it is!（正）What a useful tool

39、 it is!（正）多冷的水啊！What cold water it is! （正）How cold water it is!（误）提示as 和too用作副词时，用so和how结构相同。例：这个故事和你讲的同样有趣。This is as an interesting story as you told. (误)This is as interesting a story as you told. （正）他是一位年纪太大的老人，做不了那件事。He is too an old man to do that. （误）He is too old a man to do that. （正）3) such

40、.that和so.thatsuchthat和sothat都可以表示“如此以致”，that引导结果状语从句，但搭配不同。比：such(+形容词)名词that从句(such是形容词)so形容词或副词（名词）that从句(so是副词)这本书那么好，他读了三遍。It was such a good book that he read it three times.It was so good a book that he read it three times.4 almost, nearly和hardly1) almostalmost意为“几乎，差不多”，后面常跟any, no, never, no

41、ne, nothing, nobody, every, everybody, everything，还常跟数词。但almost不可与not连用。比：almost never hardly everalmost no hardly anyalmost nothing hardly anythingalmost none hardly anyHe had almost nothing to do that day. 那几天他几乎没什么事做。Almost every student has come.几乎每个学生都到了。Almost everybody likes the film.几乎每个人都喜欢

42、这部电影。The watch cost me almost 20 yuan.这块表差不多花了我元。她几乎没有钱了。She had almost not money.She had almost no money. 2) nearly nearly也表示“几乎，差不多”，语气比almost弱，注意：nearly不可同any, no, never, none, nothing, nobody连用，但修饰时间词、数量词和年龄词时，用almost和nearly都可以。但nearly可同not连用。例：快6点了。It is nearly six oclock. （正）It is almost six o

43、clock. （正）修饰时间词他差不多有50元。He has nearly 50 yuan. (正)He has almost 50 yuan.（正）修饰数词她快要15岁了。She is nearly fifteen years old.（正）She is almost fifteen years old. （正）修饰年龄词他们还远没有准备好。They are not almost ready. （误，almost不可与not连用）They are not nearly ready. （正）我几乎没有什么可说。I have nearly nothing to say. （误）I have al

44、most nothing to say. （正）我几乎从未见过这样的事。I have nearly never seen such a thing. （误）I have almost never seen such a thing. （正）3) hardly hardly意为“几乎不”，表示否定意义，因此所在句中的谓语动词要用肯定式，反意疑问句中的后面部分也要用肯定式，hardly常同any连用，但不可同no, nothing, nobody等否定词连用。比较不同的结构： 结构：hardly any复数名词或不可数名词almost no复数名词或不可数名词hardly a单数名词=almost

45、 no单数名词例：I can hardly hear you.我几乎听不见你讲话。I can hardly see who he is.我几乎看不见他是谁。Ive hardly any money left.我几乎没有钱剩下了。Ive almost no money left.She hardly said anything.她几乎什么也没说。She said almost nothing.他几乎不相信这个，是吗？He hardly believes it, doesnt he?（误）He hardly believes it, does he?（正）5 ever和never1) everev

46、er表示“曾经，在任何时间”，通常用于一般疑问句、否定句和条件句中，用于肯定句时，要同比较级或最高级连用。ever所在句中的谓语动词可以根据具体情况选用现在完成时、一般过去时、一般将来时或一般现在时。例：Have you ever seen such a tall tree? 你曾经见过这么高的树吗？Did you ever meet her in Shanghai?你在上海见过她吗？None of us will ever forget your words. 我们大家都不会忘记你的话。She is happier than ever before. 她比过去任何时候都幸福。=She is

47、happier than she has ever been. He is one of the best teachers I ever met. 他是我所遇见的最好的老师之一。提示在“你曾经吗？”这类句子中，ever总是同现在完成时连用。例：Have you ever been to England? 你曾经到过英国吗？2) never never 表示“从不，决不”，常用于现在完成时或一般将来时中。例：Ive never learned computer science. 我从没学过电脑。You have saved my life. I shall never forget it. 你

48、救过我的命，我永远也不会忘记。6 just和just now1) justjust可以表示：1)“刚才，刚刚”，要同完成时态连用，不可用过去时；2)“正好，恰好”，相当于exactly，可修饰多种句子成分，如形容词、副词、从句等，放在被修饰的成分前。例：The train has just arrived. 火车刚刚到站。He had just gone to bed when the telephone rang.电话铃响时，他刚睡下。The money is just enough.钱刚好够。That is just what he said.那正是他说的话。He is just in n

49、eed of help. 他正需要帮助。2) just nowjust now意为“刚才”，用于一般过去时，相当于a little while ago. just now也可以表示“此刻，就在现在”，相当于at the moment，在这种意义上也可用于一般现在时或现在进行时，可以看作是just修饰now，表示强调。例：I saw her just now. 我刚才看见他了。He is busy just now.他此刻正忙着。We are having a meeting just now.我们正在开会。7 late, later和later on1) late1作形容词用，late表示“迟

50、的，晚的”，可作定语或表语，作表语时，常用于be late for结构。例：He was late for class. 他迟到了。He left in late autumn. 他在深秋时节离开的。2作副词用，late表示“晚，迟”，修饰动词例：He came late again. 他又来晚了。He often goes to bed late.他经常睡得很晚。2) later1. 用作late的比较级，表示“更迟，更晚，以后”例：He arrived later than you. 他到得比你晚。See you later!再见！2表示“过去若干时间之后，将来若干时间之后”，放在表示一段

51、时间名词后面，如two months later, half an hour later.例：They met each other three days later. 他们天后相见了。He will come here on Friday and will call on you two days later. 他星期五来这里，两天后去看你。3) later onlater on表示“以后，过后”，为副词短语，指不确定的时间，通常用于将来时。例：Well talk about it later on. 我们以后谈那件事。I shall ring you up later on. 我以后会给你

52、打电话的。8 already, still 和yet1) alreadyalready意为“已经”，表示一个动作已经完成，用于完成时，通常用于肯定句。例：I have already written to her. 我已经给她写过信了。The bridge has already been built. 这座桥已经造好了。2) stillstill意为“仍然，还”，表示某事正在进行中或正在过程中，用于进行时或一般现在时，且常用于肯定句，有时也用于疑问句和否定句。例：They are still talking in the room. 他们仍在房间里谈话。She is still very y

53、oung.她仍然很年轻。（正在过程中）Is he waiting still?他还在等吗？比：He is still sitting. 他仍然坐着。（still表示“仍然”）He is sitting still. 他坐着不动。(still 表示“不动的”)3) yetyet意为“已经”，通常用于疑问句和否定句，要用完成时。notyet表示“还没有”，也常用于完成时，有时用一般现在时。例：Have you finished your work yet? 你已经把工作做完了吗？He hasnt done his homework yet.他还没有做完家庭作业。She isnt home yet. 她还没有到家。比：Have you heard the news yet? 你听到那个消息了吗？（一般询问）Have you heard the news already? 你已经听到那个消息了？（表示惊讶）17