Lecture10《英语词汇学》学习课件ppt

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1、1Lecture 10Changes in Word meaning讲授题目：讲授题目：Changes in Word Meaning所属章节：所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论现代英语词汇学概论之第之第10章章计划学时：计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：参考资料：英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学英语词汇学 所属章节：所属章节：教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对词词 义变化的种类、词义演变的原因义变化的种类、词义演变的原因 和过程有较好的了解和认识。和过程有较好的了解和认识。为深入学习习近平新时代中

2、国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2 Lecture 10 Changes in Word meaning教学重点：1)Types of changes;2)Causes of changes.教学难点：Six major types of changes:1)Extension;2)Narrowing;3)Elevation;4)Degradation;5)Transfer;5)Euphemism.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3Lecture 10 Type

3、of changes Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant c h a n g e s b o t h i n f o r m a n d c o n t e n t.Comparatively,the content is even more unstable than the form.Of course,some meanings remain much the same for a long time because the referents to whic

4、h they direct do not change.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能4 Lecture 10 Type of changes Changing in word meaning has never ceased since the language came into being and will continue in the future.Yet no one has been able to systemize the ways in which changes occur.However,t

5、here are a few patterns that changes follow.This lecture will discuss in some detail the major patterns and the causes of changes.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能5Extension of MeaningNarrowing of MeaningElevation of MeaningDegradation of MeaningTransference of MeaningEuphemism

6、为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能6 Extension of Meaning 词义的扩大词义的扩大lGeneralization/Widening of MeaninglIt is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.l一个原本具有

7、特殊一个原本具有特殊(具体具体)意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能7 Manuscriptl(original)Handwriting(writing by hand only)(手稿手稿)l(present)Any authors writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-process

8、or(原稿原稿)Salaryl(original)a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt(政府按时发给古罗马军人政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱一些买盐的钱)l(present)fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to employees(薪水薪水)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能8 Lecture 10 Type of changesmill (origi

9、nal)place for grinding；(present)place where things are ground/made.journal (original)daily paper;(present)periodicalbonfire (original)fire on bones (present)a fire in the open by burning anythingbutcher(original)one who kills goats (present)one who kills animals为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会

10、精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能9She is such a pretty little thing.I have to pack my things for the journey.There is another thing I want to ask you about.That only makes things worse.The thing is,can we finish the job in time?“Thing”which used to mean“a public assembly”or“a council”in Anglo-Saxon times,now has be

11、come an all-purpose word.1.A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometime in the course of development.Some words are generalized to such a degree that they can mean almost everything.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能102.Generaliza

12、tion of meaning is also found in many technical terms,which are confined to specialized use.allergic(original)too sensitive to medicine 患过敏症的患过敏症的(present)averse or disinclined to 反感的；厌恶的反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)a legal term signifying“the plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is com

13、mitted”(被告人不在犯罪被告人不在犯罪现场的证明现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口借口)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能113.The changes in meaning are gradual,and words are not changed in a day.Lady (the hostess-noblewoman-well-cultivated woman-woman)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能12spe

14、cializationlIt is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense.In other words,a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special concept in present-day English.l把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普

15、遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能13ExampleOriginal MeaningMeaning after Narrowingmeatfood 食物flesh of animals 肉diseasediscomfort 不适illness 疾病wifewoman 妇女married woman 妻子accidentevent 事件unfortunate event 事故为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教

16、育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能14 Lecture 10 Type of changesl pill(各种药片）各种药片）避孕药片避孕药片（contraceptive pills)lundertaker(承担者、承办人）承担者、承办人）承办丧葬的人、殡仪员承办丧葬的人、殡仪员lroom(空间、地方）空间、地方）(有限空间有限空间)房间房间lprobe（调查、检验）（调查、检验）宇宙探测器宇宙探测器lside(旁边、侧面）旁边、侧面）（人体）肋部（人体）肋部lmemory（记忆）（记忆）(计算机）存储器计算机）存储器lrecovery(恢复）恢复）（航天器的）回收（航天器的）回收lga

17、rage(任何储存东西的地方）任何储存东西的地方）存放汽车的地方存放汽车的地方车库车库为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能15specializationWhen a common word is turned into a proper noun,the meaning is narrowed accordingly.“the City”means“the business center of London”“the Prophet”stands for“Mohammed”为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党

18、的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能16specializationFor economy,some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original,usually an adjective,is left to retain the meaning of the whole.Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings.a general=a general officeran editorial=an editorial art

19、icle为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能173.Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense.silver silver dollarglass a cup-like container or a mirroriron device for smoothing clothes为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学

20、图书室育人功能18 Type of changeslBoth extension and narrowing of meaning are talking about the changes in conceptual meaning.Next we will talk about the changes in associative meaning.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能19 Elevation of Meaning 词义的升华词义的升华It is the process by which words r

21、ise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble,but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分

22、发挥中小学图书室育人功能20 Lecture 10 Type of changesWord Old Meaning Elevated Meaninglangel messenger messenger of God lknight servant rank below baronet lgovernor pilot head of a statelminister servant head of a ministrylsuccess result achievement/accomplishmentlmarshal keeper of horses high-ranking army offi

23、cerlnice ignorant foolish pleasant/delightful为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能21lIt is a process whereby words of good origin or affective meaning fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense.l这是一个词由原先表示这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义中性意义或褒义转为表示转为表示贬义贬义的的过程过程。lsillylbles

24、sed and happy-innocent-simple or simple-minded-foolishlsadlfull,satisfied,contented-calm-serious-sorrowful为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能22 Lecture 10 Type of changeslwench country girl prostitutelboor peasant rude,ill-mannered person lknave boy dishonest personlcriticize app

25、raise find fault withllust pleasure sexual desire为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能23 Examples of pejorationWord Old meaningcrafty 诡计多端的strong cunning knowing 心照不宣的心照不宣的 notorious famous obsequious谄媚的,奉承的flexible vulgar 下流的下流的popular 为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥

26、中小学图书室育人功能24lDefinitionlSome words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer,known as transference or transfer of meaning.l有些词原指称某些事物，后来发生变化，转为指称另外的事物，就是词义的转移。lTypes of transference Associated Transfer 联想转移 Trans

27、fer Between Abstract and Concrete Meanings 抽象含义与具体意义间的转移 Transfer Between Subjective and Objective Meanings 主观意义和客观意义间的转移 为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能25Associated Transfer 联想转移联想转移lThis is what is commonly known as figurative extension of meaning.le.g.lThe lip of a wound 伤

28、口的边缘伤口的边缘lThe tongues of firelThe foot of a mountain为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能26 Transfer between Abstract and Concrete Meanings 抽象含义与具体意义间的转移抽象含义与具体意义间的转移lAbstract to concrete meaninglRoom formerly meant“space”as in“There is no room in the car”.Now it has developed a co

29、ncrete meaning as in“This flat has three rooms”.lConcrete to abstract meaninglGraspl(original)A firm hold with the hands and arms l(present)The power or ability to understand为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能27 Transfer Between Subjective and Objective Meanings 主观意义和客观意义间的转移主观意义

30、和客观意义间的转移lSome words were formerly used subjectively but later shifted to an objective use,and the subjective meaning was totally lost.WordSubjective meaningObjective meaningpitifulfull of pitydeserving pitydreadfulfull of dreadcausing dread为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能28 E

31、uphemism 委婉语委婉语lWhen people use euphemisms there is a semantic change involved as the expressions used often have little to do with the referents.lRestroom,bathroom,lounge,John,convenience,comforts room and powder room are all euphemistic terms for“toilet”which itself is a euphemistic term.lEuphemis

32、tic terms are found used in every aspect of society.l Death in English is full of such expressions like:To join the majority;to go to heaven;to come an un timely end;to be food for worms;to kick the bucket,etc.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能29 2.Causes of ChangeuExtra-linguis

33、tic factors 非语言因素非语言因素uHistorical reasonuClass reasonuPsychological reasonlLinguistic factors 语言因素语言因素为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能30 Historical reasonlA word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed.(e.g.pen)lIncreased scientif

34、ic knowledge and discovery is also an important factor that underlies the change of word meaning.(e.g.atom)lForeign influences:a particularly important cause of change of meaning in words has been the influence of foreign wordslThe native word stool originally meant any kind of seat for one person,a

35、nd could be used for a kings seat,it got its present humble(粗陋粗陋)meaning because the French word chair was adopted to denote a more comfortable piece of furniture 为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能31 Class reasonlLanguage records the speech and attitude of different social class

36、es,so different social varieties of language have come into being.lThe attitude of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning,particularly in the case of elevation and degradation.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能32lQuite a number of words that denote different sorts of wor

37、king people or their occupations have deteriorated and now have taken on a pejorative sense.lE.g.Churl,hussy,wench,villain which were originally neutral in colour have been down-graded as“ill-manned or bad people”.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能33 Psychological reasonlThe ass

38、ociated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words,etc.are often due to psychological factors.lPeople change word meaning owing to various psychological motives:love,respect,courtesy,suspicious,pessimism,sarcasm,irony,contempt,hatred,etc.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3

39、4 Psychological reasonlThe fact that some low,humble and despised occupations often take on more a p p e a l i n g n a m e s i s a l l d u e t o psychological reasons.lReligious influence is another kind of psychological need.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能35 Linguistic facto

40、rslThe internal factors within the language system.nOne type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole.nThe influx（涌入）（涌入）of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.nThe competition of native words eventually yields the semantic division.nThe change of meaning is brought about by analogy.为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能36Thank you