《中枢神经系统》PPT课件

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1、Chapter 12Introduction to the Pharmacologyof CNS Drugs中枢神经系统的细胞学基础中枢神经系统的细胞学基础u神经元u神经胶质细胞u神经环路u突出与信息传递神经元神经元是CNS的基本结构和功能单位神经元的主要功能设传递信息，包括生物电和化学信息典型的神经元由树突胞体 和轴索三部分 组成Neuronal communication 神经胶质细胞按形态分类按形态分类：星型胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞、小胶质细胞 和室管膜细胞胶质细胞功能：胶质细胞功能：1）支持营养和绝缘，维持神经组织内环境的稳定 2）在CNS发育过程中引导神经元走向的作用，3）灭火神经递质

2、的作用脑疾病：脑疾病：PD、HD Stroke、精神分裂症 药物成瘾Neuroglia神经环路 神经元参与神经调节神经元参与神经调节是通过不同神经元组成的 各种神经环路进行的，通 过这些神经环路对大量的 信息进行处理和整合。神经环路中神经环路中进行信息传递进行信息传递作用的作用的部位是部位是突触。突触。excitationinhibitionBalance in the CNS function中枢神经递质中枢神经递质及其受体及其受体乙酰胆碱-氨基丁酸兴奋性氨基酸多巴胺5-羟色胺组胺神经肽Ion channels and receptors in the CNS Voltage-gated i

3、on channels(Na+,K+,Ca2+)Ligand-gated ion channels(ionotropic receptors)-GABA,nACh,NMDA receptors G-protein coupled receptors(Metabotropic receptors)-mACh,alpha,beta receptors,Tyrosine kinase coupled receptors -insulin Intracellular receptors -GC(glucocorticoids)glass microelectrodeconducting fluidti

4、ght sealion channelcell membranecell-attacheddetached patchmetal wireglass microelectrodeconstantvoltage sourcetrace of ion channel currentsmetalelectrodePatch clamp forion channel recording神经递质：神经调质：神经激素：名词解释：神经活性物质胆碱能神经元分布mAChR 90%mAChR1 50-80%nAChR 10%Arousal,learning,memory and motor control Alz

5、heimers Disease:a large reduction in cholinergic activity in the brain Parkinsons Disease:Hyperactivity of cholinergic control Pain transmissionCholinergic functionsBrain GABAergic pathways1.Short-ranging neurons in the cortex,thalamus,striatum,hippocampus,cerebellum.2.Medium/Long ranging neurons in

6、:Striatum(2)thalamus(5),substantia nigra(22)Septum(14)hippocampus(19)Substantia nigra(22)thalamus(5),superior colliculus(23)GABA receptors are divided into A and B subtypesGABA receptorsFunctions of GABAergic neurons:Cortical and thalamic GABAergic neurons are crucial for the inhibition of excitator

7、y neurons.Benzodiazepines or barbiturates are helpful in the treatment and prevention of seizures.Modulation of GABAA receptors is beneficial in the treatment of anxiety disorders,insomnia,agitation-most likely due to a general inhibition of neuronal activity.脑内在脑内在GABAA多，多，GABAB少。少。GABAC 在视网膜在视网膜GA

8、BAA和和GABAB分别介导哪种离子通道的开放？分别介导哪种离子通道的开放？机理是什么？机理是什么？思考题思考题Brain glutamatergic pathwaysThe cortico-cortical projections The connections between thalamus(5)and cortex(1)The projections from cortex(1)to striatum(2)(extrapyramidal pathway)and to brainstem(37,38,39)/spinal cord(40)(pyramidal pathway).The h

9、ippocampus(19)and the cerebellum(29)also contain many glutamatergic neurons.2Glutamate receptorsFunctions of Glutamatergic neurons Glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus are important in the creation of long-term potentiation(LTP),a crucial component in the formation of memory.C

10、ortical neurons use Glu as the major excitatory neurotransmitter.Excess stimulation of glutamatergic receptors,as seen in seizures or stroke,can lead to unregulated Ca+influx and neuronal damage.Decreased glutamatergic function is thought to be involved in the creation of psychotic symptoms.Phencycl

11、idine(PCP)and ketamine can induce psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.Brain noradrenergic pathwaysCell bodies locate in1.locus ceruleus(LC)2.pons and medulla (reticular formation,RF)(Medial forebrain bundle)(nucleus tractus solitarius)It is suggested that NA play an important role in arousal and the

12、 reward system.Depression results from a functional deficiency of NA in certain parts of the brain,while mania results from an excess.However,this has been challenged by findings which suggests a more prominent role to serotonin(5-HT)in relation to mood.Noradrenergic functionsNigrostriatal pathway (

13、黑质纹状体通路黑质纹状体通路)2.Mesolimic pathway (中脑边缘通路中脑边缘通路)3.Mesocortical pathway (中脑皮层通路中脑皮层通路)4.Tuberohypophyseal pathway(arcuate nucleus to pituitary gland)(结节漏斗通路结节漏斗通路)Brain dopaminergic pathwaysMesocortical Mesocortical pathwaypathwayTuberohypophyseal Tuberohypophyseal pathwaypathway1234D1 receptor fami

14、ly includes D1 and D5（stimulation）while the D2 receptor family includes D2,D3 and D4(inhibition).Motor control(nigrostriatal system):Parkinsons Disease is associated with a deficiency of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.Extrapyramidal effects usually accompany DA2 receptor blockade(e.g chlorpromaz

15、ine).Behavioral effects:an excess of dopaminergic activity is associated with schizophrenia and produces stereotyped behaviour patterns,and can be produced by dopamine-releasing agents(e.g amphetamine)or dopamine agonists(e.g apomorphine).Neuroendocrine:Hormone release from the anterior pituitary gl

16、and is regulated by DA,especially prolactin release(inhibited)and growth hormone release(stimulated).Functions of dopaminergic neuronsCell bodies locate in raphe nuclei Brain serotonergic pathwayMFBSerotonin receptors:5-HT1-3,4?Hallucinatory behavior,wet-dog shake Feeding behavior Control of mood an

17、d emotion Control of sensory pathways,including nociception Control of body temperature Vomiting(5-HT3)Serotonergic functions学习和记忆的神经生物学基础学习和记忆的神经生物学基础Hippocampus(海马)Sites of drug action.action potential Sedative-hypnoticsAnti epilepsy and convulsion drugsDrugs for Parkinsons diseaseAnalgesicsCentral stimulantsAntipsychotic drugsAnti-depression and mania drugsDrugs for dementia