定语从句课件

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1、GrammarGrammarBy Xu Aijun一、一、概念概念 定语从句定语从句 在句中作定语，修饰一个名在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：关系代词有：who,whom,whose,who,whom,whose,that,whichthat,which等。等。关系副词有：关系副词有：when,where,whywhen,where,why等。等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：关系词

2、通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句引导定语从句；B.代替先行词代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分在定语从句中担当一个成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.二、二、用法用法 1 1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先

3、行词保持一致。保持一致。1 1）whowho(主格主格),whom,whom（宾格）（宾格）,that,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：a)a)他就是他就是 我昨天见到的我昨天见到的 那个人。那个人。He is the man.He is the man.I saw him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.He is the man He is the man whomwhom I saw I saw yesterday.yesterday.b)b)你认识你认识

4、 站在那边的站在那边的 那个人吗？那个人吗？Do you know the man?Do you know the man?He is standing over there.He is standing over there.Do you know the man Do you know the man whowho is is standing over there?standing over there?（）（）3 3）which,that which,that 所代替的先行词是事物所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。等。例如例

5、如：a)a)这是这是 我们去年参观的我们去年参观的 工厂。工厂。（）This is the factory.This is the factory.We visited it last year.We visited it last year.This is the factory which/that This is the factory which/that we visited last year.we visited last year.说明：说明：关系代词在关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。以省略。2 2）whose whose 用来指人或物。用来指人或物。

6、例如：例如：a)a)小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。里最好的学生。（）Xiao Ming is the best student in Xiao Ming is the best student in our class.our class.His father is an engineer.His father is an engineer.Xiao Ming Xiao Ming whosewhose father is an father is an engineer is the best student in engineer is t

7、he best student in our class.our class.注意：注意：定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词）（即定语从句所修饰的词）b)b)这是这是 去年建造的去年建造的 工厂。工厂。（）This is the factory.This is the factory.It was built last year.It was built last year.This is the factory which/that This is the factory which/that was built last year.was bui

8、lt last year.2 2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1 1）关系副词）关系副词when,where,why when,where,why 的含的含义相当于义相当于 “介词介词+which”+which”结构，因此常结构，因此常常和常和“介词介词+which”+which”结构交替使用。例如：结构交替使用。例如：a)a)我仍然记得我仍然记得 我参军的我参军的 那一天。那一天。（）I still remember the day.I still

9、 remember the day.On that day I joined the army.On that day I joined the army.I still remember the day I still remember the day whenwhen I I joined the army.joined the army.或或I still remember the day I still remember the day on on whichwhich I joined the army.I joined the army.b)b)这就是这就是 我们去年住的我们去年住

10、的 房屋。房屋。（）This is the house.This is the house.We lived in it last year.We lived in it last year.This is the house This is the house wherewhere we we lived last year.lived last year.或或This is the house This is the house in whichin which we we lived last year.lived last year.或或 This is the house This

11、is the house whichwhich we we lived lived inin last year.last year.c)c)你知道你知道 他迟到的他迟到的 原因吗？原因吗？（）Do you know the reason?Do you know the reason?He was late for that reason.He was late for that reason.Do you know the reason Do you know the reason whywhy he he was late?was late?或或Do you know the reason

12、 Do you know the reason for for whichwhich he was late?he was late?We were put in a position in which we had either to accept we were less important,or fight the governmentThe person to whom you should be grateful for a peaceful South Africa is Nelson Mandela But how to choose a right preposition?1.

13、The speed at which light travels is 300000km per second.(At the speed of)2.This is the teacher from whom I borrow the book.(borrow from)3.Dont bring the children to see the animals of which they are afraid(be afraid of)observe the following sentencesobserve the following sentences!关系代词关系代词whom,which

14、前介词的选择由先行词的前介词的选择由先行词的习惯搭配或后半句动词的搭配而决定。习惯搭配或后半句动词的搭配而决定。This was a time _ you had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg _ whichatThis was a time _ you had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.at whichwhenwhenwhenwherewhereRobben Island is the place_ Mr Mandela once was kept _.whic

15、hinRobben Island is the place_ Mr Mandela once was kept.in whichwhere?whywhyIs this the reason _ he was late_?Is this the reason _ he was late?whichforfor whichwhyrelative adverb当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用就用when,where,why when,where,why 来引导定语从来引导定语从句。句。例如：例如：这是我们去年参观的地方。这是我们去年参观的地方。这是我们去年

16、工作的地方。这是我们去年工作的地方。a)a)vtvt.vi.vi.This is the place This is the place which/thatwhich/that we visited last year.we visited last year.This is the place This is the place wherewhere we we worked last year.worked last year.我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。b)b)I still remember th

17、e day I still remember the day when when I joined the League.I joined the League.I still remember the day I still remember the day that/that/whichwhich we spent together.we spent together.3 3、判断关系代词与关系副词判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：方法一：能直接放进去的用关系代词能直接放进去的用关系代词;直接放不进去需加上直接放不进去需加上介词的用关系副词。或者说完全介词的用关系副词。或者说完全 This

18、is the mountain village This is the mountain village wherewhere I stayed last year.I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。这是我去年呆过的山村。取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。（）例如：物动词则要求用关系副词。（）例如：Ill never forget the days Ill never forget the days whenwhen I I worke

19、d together with you.worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。方法二：方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。A.whereA.whereB.thatB.that C.on which C.on which D.the oneD.the one例例1.1.Is this the museum _ you Is this the museum _ you visit

20、ed a few days ago?visited a few days ago?例例2.2.Is this museum _ you Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago?A.whereA.whereB.thatB.that C.on which C.on which D.the oneD.the oneB BD D1.1.His parents wouldnt let him His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was marry

21、anyone _ family was poor.poor.A.of who B.whomA.of who B.whomC.of whoseC.of whose D.whoseD.whose D D2.2.In the dark street,there wasnt In the dark street,there wasnt a single person _ she could a single person _ she could turn for help.turn for help.A.thatA.that B.whoB.whoC.from whomC.from whom D.to

22、whomD.to whom D D定语从句练习定语从句练习3.3.After living in Paris for fifty After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.town _ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where A.which B.where C.thatC.that D.whenD.when B B4.4.He lived in London

23、 for 3 months,He lived in London for 3 months,during _ time he learned some during _ time he learned some English.English.A.thisA.this B.which B.which C.thatC.that D.sameD.same B B5.5.I had neither a raincoat nor an I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella._ I got wet through.umbrella._ I got wet th

24、rough.A.ItA.Its the reason B.Thats the reason B.Thats s whywhy C.ThereC.Theres why D.Its why D.Its hows howB B6.6.I donI dont like _ you speak to t like _ you speak to her.her.A.theA.the way that way that B.theB.the way in way in thatthat C.theC.the way which way which D.theD.the way of way of thatt

25、hatA A定语从句专项练习定语从句专项练习1.1.This is all _ I know about the This is all _ I know about the matter.matter.A.thatA.that B.whatB.what C.whoC.who D.whetherD.whether2.2.Is there anything else _ you Is there anything else _ you want?want?A.whichA.which B.thatB.that C.whoC.who D.whatD.what3.3.The last place _

26、 we visited The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall.was the Great Wall.A.whichA.which B.thatB.that C.whereC.where D.itD.itA AB BB B4.4.He talked happily about the men He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him and books _ interested him greatly in the school.greatly in the sch

27、ool.A.whichA.which B.thatB.that C.itC.it D.whomD.whom5.5.There is no dictionary _ you There is no dictionary _ you can find everything.can find everything.A.thatA.that B.whichB.which C.whereC.where D.inD.in that that6.6.This is one of the best books _.This is one of the best books _.A.thatA.that hav

28、e ever been written have ever been written B.thatB.that has ever been written has ever been written C.thatC.that has written has written D.thatD.that have have writtenwrittenB BC CA A7.7.He wrote a letter to me,telling He wrote a letter to me,telling me everything _ he saw on the me everything _ he

29、saw on the way to the Paris.way to the Paris.A.whatA.what B.thatB.that C.whichC.which D.whereD.where8.8.Is oxygenIs oxygen（氧气）（氧气）the only gas the only gas _ helps fire burn?_ helps fire burn?A.thatA.that B./B./C.whichC.which D.itD.it9.9.Is there anything _ to you?Is there anything _ to you?A.thatA.

30、that is belonged is belonged B.thatB.that belongs belongs C.whichC.which belongs belongs D.thatD.that belong belongB BA AB B10.10.The scientist and his achieve-The scientist and his achieve-mentsments（成就）（成就）_ you told me _ you told me about are admired by us all.about are admired by us all.A.whichA

31、.which B.thatB.that C.whoC.who D.whoseD.whose11.11.Which of the books _ were Which of the books _ were borrowed from him is the best?borrowed from him is the best?A.whichA.which B.whatB.what C.thatC.that D.whoseD.whoseB BC C 先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，通常用关系代词通常用关系代词 thatthat。1)1)先行词是先行词是 al

32、l,no,none,everyone,all,no,none,everyone,something,much,littlesomething,much,little等。等。2)2)先行词前有序数词先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级或形容词最高级或 the the last,the onlylast,the only等。等。3)3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。示物的名词时。4)4)若主句中有疑问代词若主句中有疑问代词 who,which who,which 为了为了避免重复避免重复,关系代词不要再用关系代词不要再用who,which.who,

33、which.结论结论:1.1.Do you know who lives in the Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well?building _ there is a well?A.inA.in front of it B.in front of whose front of it B.in front of whose C.inC.in front of which front of which D.inD.in front which front which2.2.Ill never forget the day

34、_ I Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League.joined the League.A.on which B.in which A.on which B.in which C.which D.at whichC.which D.at which3.3.The woman _ my brother The woman _ my brother spoke just now is my teacher.spoke just now is my teacher.A.whoA.who B.toB.to whom whom C.toC.to who

35、who D.whomD.whomC CA AB B4.4.Jeanne was her old friend,_ Jeanne was her old friend,_ she borrowed a necklace.she borrowed a necklace.A.from who B.from whom A.from who B.from whom C.to that D.to whomC.to that D.to whom5.5.His glasses,_ he was like a His glasses,_ he was like a blind manblind man（盲人）（

36、盲人）,fell to the,fell to the ground and broke one of the legs.ground and broke one of the legs.A.which B.with which A.which B.with which C.without which D.thatC.without which D.thatB BC C6.6.She is a teacher of much know-She is a teacher of much know-ledge,_ much can be learned.ledge,_ much can be le

37、arned.A.who B.that A.who B.that C.from which D.from whomC.from which D.from whom7.7.He built a telescopeHe built a telescope（望远镜）（望远镜）_ he could study the skies._ he could study the skies.A.in which B.with that A.in which B.with that C.through which D.by itC.through which D.by it8.8.Do you know the

38、reason _ he Do you know the reason _ he was late?D.for which was late?D.for which A.that B.which C.for whatA.that B.which C.for whatD DC CD D9.9.I have bought two ball-pens,_ I have bought two ball-pens,_ writes well.writes well.A.noneA.none of which of which B.neitherB.neither of of whichwhich C.no

39、neC.none of them of them D.neitherD.neither of them of them10.10.This is the very This is the very knife_Iknife_I cut cut apples yesterday.apples yesterday.A.that B.by which A.that B.by which C.which D.with whichC.which D.with which11.11.The book,_ which he paid 6 The book,_ which he paid 6 yuanyuan

40、,is worth reading.,is worth reading.B BD Dforfor 介词关系代词引导的定语从句，介词关系代词引导的定语从句，关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看其与先行词的搭配（习惯搭配），再其与先行词的搭配（习惯搭配），再则可以看其与从句中的动词的搭配。则可以看其与从句中的动词的搭配。结论结论:Is this the factory _ you Is this the factory _ you visited last year?visited last year?Is this factory _ you visited Is t

41、his factory _ you visited last year?last year?1.1.a.that b.where a.that b.where c.in which d.the onec.in which d.the one2.2.All _ I need is a good rest.All _ I need is a good rest.You knowYou know _ I need is a _ I need is a good rest.good rest.a.what b.all what a.what b.all what c.that d.whichc.tha

42、t d.whicha ad dc ca a3.3.MrMr Smith is one of those Smith is one of those foreiforei-gnersgners who_ working in China who_ working in China.MrMr Smith is the only one of Smith is the only one of those foreigners who _ work-those foreigners who _ work-inging in China.in China.a.is b.has c.have d.area

43、.is b.has c.have d.are4.4.PizaPiza is a city,_ has a lean-is a city,_ has a lean-inging tower.tower.PizaPiza is a city,_ there is a is a city,_ there is a leaning tower.leaning tower.a.whicha.which b.thatb.that c.wherec.where d.thered.thered da aa ac c5.5.This is the place _ we visit-This is the pla

44、ce _ we visit-eded last year.last year.This the place _ we worked This the place _ we worked last year.last year.a.which b.where a.which b.where c.in that d.therec.in that d.there6.6.The news _ he told us The news _ he told us was very exciting.was very exciting.He told us the news _ our He told us

45、the news _ our team had won the game.team had won the game.a.what b.as c.that d.whicha ab bc/dc/dc c 要注意定语从句与其它要注意定语从句与其它从句的结构上的细微差别从句的结构上的细微差别,能能够正确区分使用它们。够正确区分使用它们。结论结论Correct mistakes:Correct mistakes:1.1.Here is the pen you lost it Here is the pen you lost it yesterday.yesterday.2.2.The girl tol

46、d me the news is not The girl told me the news is not here now.here now.3.3.Is this farm we visited last year?Is this farm we visited last year?4.4.This is the teacher with whom This is the teacher with whom weve learnt a lot.weve learnt a lot.5.5.He is the only one of the He is the only one of the

47、students who know French.students who know French.或或限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句句A.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形形式上不用逗号式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。去意义或意思表达不完整。B.B.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句只是对先行只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。能表达完整的意思。用逗号用逗号“，”与主句隔开。与主句隔开。通常译成

48、主句的并列通常译成主句的并列句。句。The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I coulddepend on.China is a country which has a long history.In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.限制性定语从句举例：限制性定语从句举例：非限制性定语从句举例非限制性定语从句举例：His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.China,which was founded in

49、 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall,in which many important meetings are held every year.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1.Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her togo to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）（意含：她还有其他哥哥。

50、）Her brother,who is now a soldier,always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）她只有一个哥哥。）2.All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含：（意含：不带插图的书则不一定写不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）得好。）All the books,which have pictures in them,are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）没有不带插图的书。）