PersuasiveSpeech说服性演讲

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1、Wang Jufang1Persuasive Speech说服性演讲说服性演讲Wang Jufang2ContentsDefinition of Persuasive SpeechInformative vs.PersuasiveAudience AdaptationTypes of Persuasive SpeechMonroes Motivated Sequence Tips for Successful PersuasionAssignmentWang Jufang3Definition of Persuasive SpeechThe kind of speech where you u

2、se reasoning,emotional appeals or your credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action.Ways of Persuasionlreasoning,emotional appeals,credibilityPurposelto influence the attitudes,beliefs,values,and acts of the audience and othersRole of speakerlan advocate Wang

3、Jufang4Informative vs.PersuasiveIn an informative speech,the speaker conveys facts and details.lto define,to explain and to clarifyIn a persuasive speech,the speaker tries to shape/influence the listeners ideas,beliefs,attitudes,or behavior.Wang Jufang5Persuasive speech:MENTAL DIALOGUE with the audi

4、enceWang Jufang6Audience AdaptationA speaker should adapt the content and strategy to the audience:Their position Their major objections Their questions Their favorite style of communicationTips for audience adaptation Set a particular part of the whole audience as your TARGET AUDIENCE.Tailor your s

5、peech to fit the values and concerns of your target audience.Wang Jufang7Types of Persuasive SpeechPersuasive speeches on questions of fact l事实问题事实问题Persuasive speeches on questions of value l价值问题价值问题Persuasive speeches on questions of policyl方法问题方法问题 Wang Jufang81.Questions of FactQuestions of fact

6、 are questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion.lQs of fact can be answered with certainty e.g.How far is NY to Beijing?e.g.Who is the first African American president?lQs of fact cannot be answered with certainty e.g.Will NAU enroll English major doctors in 10 years time?e.g.Are daily meg

7、adoses of vitamins beneficial to human health?(每天大量服用维生素有益健康？每天大量服用维生素有益健康？）Wang Jufang9Attention！Persuasive speeches on a question of fact come about in a situation where the audience has serious doubt about the fact or a case.Informative speeches come about in situations where the audience wants t

8、o learn about the facts.Organization by topicslEach main point will present a reason(why agree);lSubdivide the topic logically and consistently.Wang Jufang10Example(1)Specific PurposeTo persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit Xian in the next ten years.M

9、ain pointsI.Xian is long overdue for a major earthquake.II.Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon.III.Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit Xian any day.Wang Jufang11Example(2)Specific Purpose lto persuade my audience that genetically engineered crops(GEC)po

10、se serious dangers to the environment and to human health.Central Idea lGECs have the potential to create major environmental and health hazards.Main Points lI.GECs will create environmental havoc by harming beneficial insects while creating superbugs and superweeds that will be very difficult to co

11、ntrol.lII.GECs will create health problems by introducing harmful toxins and allergens into foods without the knowledge of customers.Wang Jufang122.Questions of ValueQuestions of value are questions about the worth,rightness,morality and so forth of an idea or action.le.g.Is it justifiable to clone

12、human beings?le.g.What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?Wang Jufang13Organizationlestablishing standards for the value judgmentlapplying those standards to the speech topicPersuasion is based on your judgment about what is right or wrong,good or bad,moral or immoral,etc.Speaker needs

13、to justify her/his value judgment in light of a clearly defined set of standardsWang Jufang14Example(1)Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that capital punishment is wrong.Main PointsI.Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment“Thou shalt not kill.”II.Capital punishment violates the c

14、onstitutional ban on“cruel and unusual punishment.”Wang Jufang15Example(2)Specific Purpose lto persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.Central Idea lBicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation because it is faster than walking or running,does not

15、 exploit animals or people,is nonpolluting,and promotes the health of the riders.Main PointslI.An ideal form of land transportation should meet four major standards:faster than running or walking,not exploiting animals or people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.lII.Bicycle ridi

16、ng meets all these standards for an idea form of land transportation:faster than running or walking,not exploiting animals or people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.Wang Jufang163.Questions of PolicyQuestions of policy are questions about whether a specific course of action sh

17、ould or should not be taken.le.g.Should same-sex marriages be legalized?le.g.Should NAU pay teachers by their research output?Wang Jufang17Speeches to gain passive agreement:lAim:lto convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of

18、the policy.lExample(Try it!)lTo persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement-park rides.lTo persuade my audience that the authority should prohibit net bars from opening near schoolsWang Jufang18Speeches to gain immediate action:lAim:lto get the audience to do sth

19、 in support of the policy.lSpecific recommendations should be made for action.lExample(Try it!)lTo persuade my audience to donate money for a student who is critically ill.lTo persuade my audience to start a regular exercise program.lTo persuade my audience to take part in more public speaking activ

20、ities.Wang Jufang19Monroes Motivated Sequence An organizational pattern for planning and presenting persuasive speeches that involves five steps(门罗五步法门罗五步法)lAttentionlNeed:make the audience feel a need for change by stating the problem clearly with support materials.lSatisfaction:satisfy the need by

21、 providing a solutionlVisualization:visualize the benefits of your planlAction:call for actionWang Jufang20Step 1:AttentionA persuasive speech should begin by getting the audiences attentionThe attention step addresses core concerns of the audience,making the speech highly relevant to themWang Jufan

22、g21Step 2:NeedThe need step isolates and describes the issue to be addressed in the persuasive speechIf you can show the audience that they have an important need that must be satisfied,they have a reason to listen to your propositionsWang Jufang22Step 3:SatisfactionThe satisfaction step identifies

23、the solutionThis step offers the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes,beliefs,and values regarding the need at hand Wang Jufang23Step 4:VisualizationThe purpose of the visualization step is to carry the audience beyond accepting the feasibility of your proposal to seeing how it

24、 will actually benefit themThe visualization step invokes needs of self-esteem and self-actualizationWang Jufang24Step 5:ActionThe action step involves making a direct request of the audience to act according to their acceptance of the messageWang Jufang25Tips for Successful Persuasion1.Increasing c

25、redibility/ethoslExplain your credibility e.g.Ive been shopping books on both dangdang and joyo many times,so let me tell you which one is better.e.g.My information comes from the work of Dr.Hong Zhaoguang,the most well-known cardiovascular expert in China.lShow common ground with your audience.e.g.

26、Im for/against the independent enrollment,and I know a lot of you are not with me.I ask only that you hear me out and see if my arguments have any merit whatsoever.Though we may disagree on this subject,you and I have at least one thing in common:We want to make our university enrollment system a fa

27、ir one.Wang Jufang262.Providing evidencelChoose evidence from reliable,reputable sources.lProvide a variety of evidence.e.g.According to an interview conducted by me with 20 students,60%of the people are against the independent enrollment.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang273.Use sound reason

28、ing Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l1)Hasty generalizationlA conclusion reached on the basis of insufficient evidence.It is often includes words like always,never,all and none.e.g.China is the only country in the world where students have to study very hard for one exam that will decide their f

29、uture the college entrance exam.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang283.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l2)Red herring lA argument distracts listeners from the real issue and leads them toward an irrelevant issue.转移注意力的事/话题 e.g.Yes,the current university enrollment syste

30、m has problems,but so does our medical care system,and housing system.Why dont we reform them?Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang293.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l3)Attack on a personlcriticizing an opponent rather than the opponents argument e.g.It is known that Edg

31、ar Allen Poe was an alcoholic.His stories are nothing but the fantasies of a drunken mind.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang303.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l4)False cause,post hocl assumes that because A occurs before B,A causes B.e.g.The crime rate has increased s

32、ince the governor took office;Im certainly not going to vote for him again.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang313.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l5)Building on an unproven assumption(begging the question)e.g.Since distance learning with a computer is more effective tha

33、n traditional classroom education,all of you should take your college courses on your home computers.l6)False analogy e.g.He will make a wonderful president.Just look at the control he exerts over his own children.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang323.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(l

34、ogical fallacy)l7)Either-or reasoning e.g.Either we halt the worlds population growth,or we face widespread starvation.l8)Straw manlThe Straw Man fallacy is committed when a person simply ignores a persons actual position and substitutes a distorted,exaggerated or misrepresented version of that posi

35、tion.e.g.Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program.I disagree entirely.I cant understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.Tips for Successful PersuasionWang Jufang33AssignmentChoose one of the topic and give a five-minute persuasive speech.lShould students

36、 be allowed to get married in college?lAll individuals planning to have children should take child development and rearing courses.lIs it good to receive college education at home?lIs intercultural marriage a good idea?lIs it good for college student to take part in beauty pageants?Wang Jufang34Scoring of Each Others SpeechMeet assignmentTopic challengingSpecific purpose well chosenMessage adapted to the audienceSpeech completed within the time limitsHeld interest of audienceWang Jufang35Thank you