Requirements of Translation

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1、1.1 Foundation of English language The foundation of English language includes Basic vocabulary and Basic grammatical knowledge.Students should not only understand these basic vocabulary and basic grammatical knowledge,but more importantly should know how to use them,esp.in the C-E translation.例例1、C

2、hildren who play truant from school are unimaginative.A quiet days fishing,or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again,is usually as far as they get.译文译文:逃学的孩子们都缺乏想像力。他们通常能做到的，至多也就是安静地钓上一天鱼，或在电影院里坐上8个小时，一遍遍地看同一部电影.例例2、人们不再像以前那样诚实了。偷窃的诱惑力比以往任何时候都更强烈，尤其是在大的商店里。在一个周一，这位妇女来到这家商场，

3、此时里面的人比往常少，因此，侦探比较容易监视她。译文译文:People are not so honest as they once were.The temptation to steal is greater than ever before especially in large shops.One Monday,there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in,so it was easier for the detective to watch her.3、每当我从口袋里掏出一盒糖果时，他们都毫

4、不掩饰地表现出他们对此感到非常好笑。译文：译文：They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.4、他打扮成圣诞老人，在由6个漂亮姑娘组成的“仪仗队”的陪同下，骑上一头名叫江伯的小象，沿着城里的主街道出发了。译文：译文：Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a“guard of honor”of six pretty girls,he set off down the main stre

5、et of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.例例3、She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.译文：译文：她开心（幸灾乐祸）地迫使那位店员把橱窗里几乎每件东西都拿出来看看，最后才买下最先要买的那套女装。例例4、第二天上午，她身长穿裘皮大衣，一手拎着一只手提包，另一只手拿着一把长柄伞，又来到这家商店。译文：译文：S

6、he returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat,with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other.例例5、读了一篇题为吸烟与健康的文章后，我点上了一枝香烟，来镇定一下自己紧张的情绪。我聚精会神地抽着，品味其中乐趣，因为我确信这是我抽的最后一枝烟了。译文：译文：After reading an article entitled Cigarette Smoking and Your Health I lit a cigarette to ca

7、lm my nerves.I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.1.3.1 Improvement of English 例1、Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfied,which flattered her.误译：误译：米勒为了逢迎切斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅像。正译：正译：米勒给切斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅像，该像之美简直超过了她本人。例例2、High vaulted rooms with cool un

8、carpeted floors,great dogs upon the hearths for the burning of wood in winter time,and all luxuries befitting the state of a marquis in a luxurious age and country.误译：误译：高拱顶的房间里，没铺地毯的地板显得凉爽，几几条大狗条大狗趴在冬天烧木柴的几个壁炉台上，陈设着在一个奢侈时代和国家里适合于侯爵身份的一切奢侈品。正译：正译：高拱顶的房间里，没铺地毯的地板显得凉爽，冬天取暖时用于壁炉里支柴的粗壮的铁架取暖时用于壁炉里支柴的粗壮的铁

9、架放在壁炉架下的炉床上，房间里陈设的奢侈品应有尽有，所有这些奢侈品均适合奢侈时代、奢侈国家的侯爵的身份。例例1、This large body of men had met on the previous night,despite the elements which were opposed to them,a heavy rain in falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.译文：这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起，译文：这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起，尽管老天尽管老天与他们作对与他们作对，整夜下着倾盆

10、大雨，大家被淋得浑身湿透。，整夜下着倾盆大雨，大家被淋得浑身湿透。例例2、However,such measures touch only the tip,but not address the basis of the problem.译文：然而，这样的措施只不过是碰了碰问题的尖端，并没有触及问题的根源。Besides bilingual competence,a translator must possess communicative competence in both cultures.Since translation is mostly produced for target r

11、eaders who come from a culture different from original text readers,it has to be culturally appropriate.Cultural competence refers to the knowledge and ability possessed by the translator which permit him to create communicative actsdiscoursewhich are not only grammatical but socially appropriate.Cu

12、lture awareness is a must for the translator.Otherwise it is likely for him to produce an inappropriate text which may lead to misunderstandings,communication breakdown and even conflicts.all at sea（茫然）；clean the deck（扫除障碍）lose ones wool（发怒）；born with a silver spoon in ones mouth(天生有福)；吃不了兜着走(land o

13、neself in serious trouble;狗嘴里吐不出象牙来（You cant make a silk purse out of a sows ear.）Love me,love my dog.例1、They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side.译文：译文：他们都是那些抛妻别子、身背大刀进深山的好汉们的后代。分析：分析：划线部分采用颠倒词序颠倒词序的翻译方法，而不是译作“他们是好汉们的后代，那些好汉们

14、曾经抛妻别子、身背大刀进入深山”，那样译文的文采就差多了。例2、Men and nations working apart created these problems,men and nations working together must solve them.译文：译文：人与人之间以及国与国之间离心离德产生了这些问题；人与人之间以及国与国之间同心同德必定能解决这些问题。分析：分析：英语可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有，因此本句译文对划线部分采用增译法增译法，恰当地传达了这一含义。例3、It had been six or seven hours since I had had anyt

15、hing to eat,drink or smoke.译文：译文：我已经六七个小时没东西吃、没酒喝、没烟抽。分析：分析：译文采用反译法反译法把原句划线部分的肯定译成了否定，却正确反映了原句意思，而且更符合汉语表达的习惯。例例4、读读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。译文：译文：An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.分析：分析：划线部分采用词类转译法（动转名），因汉语的特点之一就是常用动词，而英语则多用名词。例例5、经过200多年的风雨吹打吹打，门窗都腐烂了，砖却还结实。译文：译文：

16、After more than two centuries of wind and rain,the doors and windows were moldering but the masonry remained solid 分析：分析：省译了原文的划线部分（省译法省译法）例例6、上海大剧院自上海大剧院自1998年年8月月27日开业以来，已成功上演过歌剧、日开业以来，已成功上演过歌剧、音乐剧、芭蕾、交响乐、室内乐、话剧、戏曲等各类大型演出和综艺音乐剧、芭蕾、交响乐、室内乐、话剧、戏曲等各类大型演出和综艺晚会，在国内外享有很高的知名度，许多国家领导人和外国政要、国晚会，在国内外享有很高的知名

17、度，许多国家领导人和外国政要、国际知名人士光临大剧院后，给予了高度评价，认为上海大剧院是建筑际知名人士光临大剧院后，给予了高度评价，认为上海大剧院是建筑与艺术的完美结晶。与艺术的完美结晶。译文：译文：Since its opening on August 27,1998,the Shanghai Grand Theatre has successfully staged operas,musicals,ballets,symphonies,chamber music operas,modern dramas,Chinese local operas and variety shows.It e

18、njoys a high reputation both at home and abroad.Many state leaders,foreign VIPs and international celebrities who have been to the Grand Theatre have spoken highly of it for its perfect combination of an art and architecture.分析：分析：本句译文采用了分译法，将一句原文译成了三句英文。本句译文采用了分译法，将一句原文译成了三句英文。4.1 Translationese in

19、 English-Chinese translation Language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives.The language of one nation distinguishes itself from that of another by its peculiar lexes,syntax,idiomatic expressions and ways of thinking.Failing to free himself of the influence of the source languag

20、e,or simply holding the wrong conception that the formally closest version to the SL.is the most faithful one,the translator sometimes directly transplants the original linguistic forms into target language,hence a hybrid language characterized by poor acceptability in the TL,i.e.translationese 例例1、

21、A personal deficit has existed for years in the company.原译：原译：公司里的人员赤字已经存在好多年了。改译：改译：公司里人手不足的情况，已经存在好多年了。例例2、Indeed,he was one in whom the ancient Roman honor more appeared than in any that drew breath in Italy.原译：原译：他身上体现的古罗马荣耀确实比当时的意大利活着的人所体现的都多。改译：改译：他确实是意大利当时最有古罗马君子之风的人。例3、Their strength lay onl

22、y in the lack of consciousness on the part of the people.原译：原译：他们的力量就在于人民缺乏觉悟。改译：改译：他们之所以显得强大，只是因为人民还没有觉悟起来。例例4、Fujimons parents were cotton pickers in Peru until they opened a tailor shop in downtown Lima.原译：原译：藤森的父母在秘鲁采棉花谋生，一直到他们在利马商业区开裁缝店为止。改译：改译：藤森的父母原先在秘鲁采棉花谋生，后来他们改行在利马商业区开了裁缝店。4.2 Chinglish in

23、 Chinese-English translation Two tendencies often occur in the process of translation.One is going after smooth reading and beautiful language at the expense of the true meaning of the original,the other is rigidly sticking to the original words,and the translation turns out to be obscure and hard t

24、o understand.As the counterpart of translationese,the so-called term chinglish refers to the misshapen,hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as“English with Chinese characteristics”.Chinglish is one of the major problems affecting the quality of Chinese-Engl

25、ish translation.4.2.1 Mother-tongue interference Chinglish Phrases 口水 mouth water(saliva);手机 hand phone(mobile phone);方便面convenient noodles(instant noodles);早恋early love(puppy love);隐形眼镜 invisible glasses(contact lenses)Chinglish Sentences例例1、我的心和你在一起。My heart is together with you (I shall be with y

26、ou in spirit)例例2、今天早晨我发生一件怪事。This morning I happened a strange thing.(A strange thing happened to me this morning.)例例3、上海的交通很拥挤。Shanghais traffic is very crowded.(The traffic is very heavy in Shanghai.)例例4、新学期已经过去一个月了。New term has passed one month.(One month has passed since the new term began.)例例5、

27、他看见我那辆漂亮的新车就非常眼红.bloodshot(When he saw my splendid new car,he was absolutely green with envy.)例例6、我讨厌这个寻花问柳的家伙。look for flowers and inquire about willows(I feel disgusted at this womanizing man.)例例7、当前在农业生产中要狠抓施肥。原译：原译：At present,we should resolutely grasp manure in agricultural production.改译：改译：Spe

28、cial attention should be paid to the question of manure in agriculture.)4.2.2 Unnecessary words例、例、那位科学家已经年迈，但身体健康。The scientist is growing old,but his body is healthy.例、例、促进和平统一事业。Promoting the cause of peaceful reunification.例、例、以前我们曾过分强调了阶级斗争。Previously,we used to overemphasize the need of class

29、struggle.例、例、欢迎访问我校。Welcome to visit our university.例、例、加速经济改革的步伐to accelerate the pace of economic reform.4.2.3 Unnatural sentences例例、班上的好人好事应该受到表扬。原译：原译：Good persons and good deeds in the class should be praised.改译：改译：Good-doers and their deeds in the class should be praised例、例、这些工人省吃俭用省吃俭用，为的是为国家

30、多积累资金。原译：原译：These workers save food and expenses to accumulate more funds for the country.改译：改译：These workers live frugally to accumulate more funds for the state.例、例、李先生就要跟他的同事们告别了，他与他们一起工作了很长时间，因此大家都不愿让他离开这里。原译：原译：Mr.Li was about to say good-bye to his colleagues.He had worked with them for a long

31、 time.So,all of them were not willing that he would leave here.改译：改译：Mr.Li had worked so long with his colleagues here.To their regret,he was about to say good-bye to them 5.1 Literary Translation直译是指在译入语条件许可的前提下，在译文中既传达原文的思想内容，又保留原文的语言表达形式，其理想的目标是做到“神”、“形”兼备。所以一般来说，能直译的就尽量直译。如：To enrich cultural li

32、fe 丰富文化生活。To add fuel to the fire.火上加油。A stitch in time saves nine.一针及时省九针。Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand,wholesale tea price have almost doubled.(部分由于日益增长的需求，批发茶价几乎翻了一翻。)君子协定 a gentlemans agreement 打破纪录 to break the record.牛奶变酸了。Milk turns sour

33、.人们笑贫不笑娼。People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes.但直译不是死译、硬译，否则就会出现如上所讲的translationese,Chinglish那些现象。再如：1）He always lives ahead of his salary.他总是生活在他的工资之前。（他的生活开销总是超过他的工资收入）2）他们成不了气候。They cant become weather.They cannot prevail.5.2 Free Translation 意译是指意译文能正确表达原文的思想内容，但不必拘泥于原文的表达形式。即通过对原文深层意蕴的理解和

34、消化，必要时将原文的表层结构打破和重组，而后转化为译文自然流畅的表层结构，将真正的意指表达出来。翻译时如原文的思想内容和语言表达形式不能同时兼顾就必须采用意译。1）An idle brain is the devils workshop.人无所事时易受诱惑而干坏事。2）Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.所谓的直译：他们的语言几乎不受任何谨慎动机的约束。应意译为:他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，都没有顾及到什么谨慎不谨慎的问题。3）久仰大名，如雷贯耳 I have long looked up to you

35、r great name with admiration and it goes into my ears like a deafening thunders Im very pleased/feel greatly honored to meet you.5.3 Avoid under or over presentation.如：He wanted to learn,to know,to teach.他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根寻源，且好为人师。他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把自己的知识教给别人。Studies serve for delight,for ornament and for ability.Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring;for ornaments,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgement and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。