语法复习之非谓语动词

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1、08年高三英语期末考试语法复习之非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”。 1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有以下时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式实行式完成实行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build2、

2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：1）It is good to help each other.2）To help each other is good.3）I dont think it right to do it that way. 4）You are old enough to take care of yourself now.5）My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 6）She wishes to be a musician.；7）I am determin

3、ed to give up smoking.；8）Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 9）Tell the children not to play on the street.10）Every morning he gets up very early to read English.11）Wehurriedtotheclassroomonlytofindnonethere.注意：1. A 以下词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail

4、、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain1)He taught us how to use the tool.2)No one could tell me where to get the book.2. 假如句中的谓语动词为see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to ,have, m

5、ake, let, feel , observe ,notice, 等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. 变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式假如是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 假如被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上能够省去

6、，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。onlytodo表示出人意料的结果。Wehurriedtothestation onlytofindthe train had left .5、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth. 如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用f

7、or引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.6、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.7、动词不定式的否认式：动词不定式的否认式是由not + 动词不定式

8、构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.8.不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.seem、appear、besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后

9、也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Imsorrytokeepyouwaitingforaminute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）8. 不定式的省略同一结构并列由and或or连接。Iwanttofinishmyhomeworkandgohome.Imreallypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.特例：Tobeornottobe,thisisaquestion.Heisbettertolaughthantocry.(表示比照)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省

10、略。Whathedidwaslosethegame.句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、suchas等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dontdoanythingsilly,suchasmarryhim.主句含有不定式，后面有ratherthan,ratherthan后省to。Whynot、hadbetter、wouldrather、cantbut等词后省to。如：Hecouldnotbutwalkhome.9.不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：I

11、dlike/love/behappyto.但假如承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：-Susanisnotwhatsheusedtobe. Youcamelatelastnight.Yououghttohavefinishedyourhomework.IknowIoughttohave. （二）动词-ing形式1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动

12、词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。作主语,表语,宾语, 定语, 宾语补足语,状语1）The sleeping child is only five years old. 2）Seeing is believing.3）It isnt much good writing to them again.4）Its no use waiting here.5）Her job is washing and cooking.6) We can see s

13、team rising from the wet clothes. 7) Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 8) When crossing street, you must be careful.9) Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 10) Mary stood at the school gate, waiting for Betty. 注意：1 动名词作宾语。以下动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,canthelp,mind,e

14、njoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,eacape,permit。以下动词短语接动名词：leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,beworth。介词后要接动名词。whatabout、howabout、without、befondof、begoodat等介词后接动名词。

15、2 动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：1）.remembertodosth.记住要做的事 rememberdoingsth.回顾过去发生的事2）.forgettodosth.忘记要做的事 forgetdoingsth.忘记做过的事3）regrettodosth.对将要做的事抱歉 regretdoingsth.对发生过的事后悔4）.trytodosth.设法，试图 trydoingsth.试试看，试一试5）.meantodosth.打算做，想要 meandoingsth.意味着，就是6）.need/want/requiredoing需要被做 need/want/require tobedon

16、e需要被做3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.4 、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your heal

17、th. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.5 、-ing形式与动词不定式的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如: She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.非谓语动词（三）过去分词1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被

18、动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。The stolen car was found by the police last week.The glass is broken.When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautifulGiven more time/ If given more time, we could have done i

19、t better.独立主格：一般情况下-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：（1） 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念

20、。an inspiring speech the inspired audience（2） 时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在实行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world； the changed world。（3） 判断 -ing形式与过去分词的关键：先找逻辑主语，分词作定语时， 被分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语； 分词作表语时，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语；分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语；分词作状语时，句中的主语就是其逻辑主语。【1993-2003年高考试题选编】1 (93) How about the t

21、wo of us_ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking2 (93) The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened3.(93) Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B.

22、inventing C. to have invented D. having invented4 (94). -I must apologize for_ ahead of time. -Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know5.(94) The missing boys were last seen_ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D.

23、 to play6 (94) The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added7.(94) The first textbooks_ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C.

24、being written D. written8. (95).-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: -Well, now I regret_ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done9 (95) Paul doesnt have to be made_. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning10 (95) We agreed_ here bu

25、t so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met11 (96) The patient was warned_ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating12 (96) _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost

26、 D. To lose13 (97). I would love_ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone14 (97) The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. t

27、o be first playing15 (97) - Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? - I_, but I had an unexpected, visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did16 (97) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to17 (98). _ it with me and Ill see wha

28、t I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave18 (98) Cleaning women in big cities usually get_ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay19 (98) European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make20 (99) Rober

29、t is said_ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying21(99). The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. DO not make22 (99) When I got back

30、home I saw a message pinned to the door_ Sorry to miss you; will call later. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading23 (2000) Ive worked with children before, so I know what_ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects24 (2000). The managers discussed the plan that they woul

31、d like to see_ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out25 (2001) _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered26 (2002) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple

32、, but it remains_ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen27 (2002) It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with itD. to do what with i28 (2002) The research is so designed that once

33、_ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun29 (2003全国) The teacher asked us_ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make30 (2003全国). _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given答案：1-5 CDC

34、BA 6-10 CDDBC 11-15 CCBCC 16-20 DDCAA 21-25 BDBCA 26-30 BCDDD 【2004年高考试题选编】1 The old man , _D_ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked2 You were silly not _B_ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having loc

35、ked3 Helen had to shout _D_ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard4 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _C_ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C.

36、forming D. having formed5 Dont leave the water _B_ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run6 They see you as something of a worrier, _C_ problems which dont exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them. A. settling B. discovering C. seeing D. designing7 There ar

37、e eight tips in Dr Rogers lecture on sleep, and one of them is: _D_ to bed early unless you think it is necessary. A. doesnt go B. not to go C. not going D. dont go8 Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _A_.A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. wor

38、ry9 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _B_ as 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known10 Ive never seen anyone run so fast- _A_ David go.A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched11 _C_ the program, they have to stay there for ano

39、ther two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed12 If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _A_ it - youve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget13 I dont know whether you happen D , but I

40、m going to study in the U.S.A. this September .Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 14 B by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm .AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted 15 The news reporters hurried to the airport

41、 ,only_B_ the film stars had left.Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold16 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month ,he had a hard time_D_ the exam.ApassBto passCpassedDpassing17 When flint _B_ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A, introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introdu

42、ced18 We can t go out in this weather, said Bob, _A_ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked19 _C_ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To waitB. Have waitedC. Having waitedD. To have waited 20 According to a recent

43、U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _C_ TV.A. to watch B. to watchingC. watchingD. watch21 The flu is believed _C_ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being causedC. to be causedD. be have caused22 The flowers _B_ sweet in the

44、botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt23 The disc, digitally _A_ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recorded B. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded24 Having been attacked by terrorists, _B_.A. doct

45、ors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 25 English has large vocabulary, hasnt it? Yes, _A_ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known26 Im g

46、oing to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _B_? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought27 The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _C_ as the plane was making a landing. A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating28 Victor apologized for _C_ to inform me of

47、 the change in the plan. A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able29 After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _B_ A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted30 Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _D_ t

48、he girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing ., disappeared B. seized ., disappearedC. seizing, disappearing D. seized ., disappearing答案： 1-5 DBDCB 6-10 CDABA 11-15 CADBB 16-20 DBACC 21-25 CBABA 26-30 BCCBD 【2005年高考试题选编】1. (北京卷). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the ans

49、wers ready will be of great help. A. To have hadB. Having hadC. HaveD. Having2. (北京卷) When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _. A. to arrive, leavingB. to arrive, to leaveC. arriving, leavingD. arriving, to leave3. (北京卷) The prize of the game show is $30,000 and

50、 an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. payingB. paidC. to be paidD. being paid4. (北京卷) I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. A. going onB. goes onC. went onD. to go on5. （山东卷）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. hav

51、e reachedB. reaching C. to reachD. to be reaching6. (广东卷) He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted7. (广东卷He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found

52、8. （湖北卷）The repairs cost a lot ,but its money well .Ato spendBspentCbeing spent Dspending9. （湖北卷）_from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.ABeing separatedBHaving separatedCHaving been separatedDTo be separated10.

53、（湖南卷）_ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed11. （湖南卷）I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 12. (江苏卷) - Is Bob still performing?- Im afraid not. He is said_ th

54、e stage already as he has become an officialA. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left13. (江苏卷). _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local policeA. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing14. (江西卷)_ and no way to reduce her pain and suffer

55、ing from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctors help to end her life.AHaving given up hope of cure BWith no hope for cureCThere being hope for cure DIn the hope of cure15. (江西卷) I think youll grow _ him when you know him better.AlikingBto be likeCto likeDto be liking16. (江西卷) The manag

56、er, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room.Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking17. （全国卷3）While watching television, _.A the doorbell rang Bthe doorbell rings Cwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe heard the doorbell rings18.（全国卷3）“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _ away.A

57、run Brunning Cto run Dran19.（全国卷1）The storm left ,_a lot of damage to this area .Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused20. （上海卷）He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost21.（上海卷）_ into use in Apri

58、l 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put22.（上海卷）It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. havingC. to haveD. have23.（上海卷）More and

59、 more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken24. （浙江卷）_ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.ATo find outBFinding out CFind out DHaving found out25.（重庆卷）Daddy didnt mind what