00604英美文学选读重点笔记归纳

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1、(二) 该时期的重要作家1. 一般识记:重要作家的文学生涯2. 识记:重要作品及主要内容3. 领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,艺术手法,社 会意义等。4. 应用:(1)莎士比亚和邓恩诗歌的主题,意象(2)喜剧威尼斯商人的主题和主要人物性格分析 (3)哈姆雷特的性格分析(4)史诗失乐园(弥尔顿)的结构,人物性格,语言特点等的分 析in. William Shakespeare2. 识记 His Life & CareerThe First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays & four comedies

2、:Henry VI, part I (1590)Henry VI, part 口 (1590)HenryV, partn (1591)Richard n (1592)Titus Andronicus (1593)The Comedy of Errors (1592)The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594)The Taming of the Shrew (1593)Loves Labors Lost (1594)The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies & two tragedi

3、es: Richard 口 (1595)King John (1596)Henry IV, Part I & Part 11(1597)Henry V (1598)A Midsummer Nights Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)Much Ado About Nothing (1598)As You Like It (1599)Twelfth Night (1600)The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598)Romeo & Juliet (1595)Julius Caesar (1599)The Third Perio

4、d (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies & two dark comedies:HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony & CleopatraTroilus & CressidaCoriolonusAlls Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureThe Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies & two plays:PericlesCymbelineThe Wintes TaleThe TempestHenry V皿The Two Noble

5、KinsmenShakespeares authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus & Adonis & The Rape of Lucrece & his sequence of 154 sonnets.VI. Joh n Milt on1) Education & Early PoetryLycidas (1637) is a typical example. All of Miltons early works reflect his interest in Greek & Latin

6、 poetry, which greatly influenced his style. His poems contain a wealth of classical references, figures of speech, & other poetic devices, all masterfully blended into his rich verse.2) Middle Period & Prose PamphletsAreopagitica (1644) is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea

7、for freedom of the press. Its style is smooth & calm.3) Later Years & Major PoetryAfter that time he devoted himself to his 3 major poetical works: Paradise Lost (1667), indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; Paradise Regained (1671), & Samson Agonistes (167

8、1). Among the three, & the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Chapter II The Neoclassical Period一 新古典主义时期概述1. 识记:(1)新古典主义时期的界定(2)政治经济背景(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会:(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用:启蒙运动,新古典主义,英雄双行诗,英国现实主义小说等名词的解释二.该时期的重要作家1,一般识记:重要作家的

9、创作生涯 2,识记:重要作品及主要内容 3,领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色其代表作的主题结构,人物刻画,语言风格,艺术特色,社 会意义等。4,应用:(1)天路历程中名利场的寓义。(2)蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观及其诗歌特色。 (3)格列佛游记的社会讽刺。(4)菲尔丁的散文体史诗。(5)格雷诗歌的主 题与意象。III. Daniel Defoe2. 识记 His social outlookAs a member of the middle class, In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-work ing, sturdy

10、middle class & showed his sympathy for the dow ntrodde n, un fort un ate poor.英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人3. 识记 His major worksRobinson Crusoe (1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island.A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes consid

11、ered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been writte n by an observer on the sce ne.Defoes third masterpiece, Moll Flanders :邪恶产生于欲望(1722), 辛格顿船长、杰 克上校、罗克查娜当饥饿成问题,诚实是不可能的、伦敦大疫记、鲁滨逊漂流记第一 次文学涉及底层人们的问题笛福的小说继承了文艺复兴时期西班牙 流浪汉小说的传统

12、,往往写一个出身低微的人,靠机智和 个人奋斗致富,获得成功。社会不容许这种人出头,他或她只好不择手段,干一系列欺骗、盗窃以至出卖肉体的勾当。作者出于清教徒道德观,总是使他笔下的主人公表示悔恨,立誓不干坏事,但环境又一再迫使主人公违背誓言。乔纳森斯威夫特(英文名:Jonathan Swift英国启蒙运动中激进民主派的创始人,在世期间写了很多具有代表性的 讽刺文章,他被称为英国 十八世纪杰出的 政论家和讽刺小说家。乔纳森斯威夫特(英文名:Jonathan Swift桶的故事是英国启蒙主义者批语教会的重要作品之一,也是斯威夫特第一部重要的文学作品书的战争(1704) The Battle of th

13、e Books一只桶的故事(1704) Tale of a Tub布商的信(1724, 1725) Letters of Mercer格列佛游记(初一下,必读书)(1726) Gullivers Travels一个温和的建议(1729) A Modest ProposalV. Henry Field ing被誉为小说之父”。第三人称,establishment现代小说comic in proseThe coffee-House Politician (1730), The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730), Pasquin (1736) & The Historical

14、Register for the Year (1737).最重要的是讽刺剧巴斯昆( 1736)和历史记事( 1737 )。The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews & of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality & false sentimentality of Richardsons Pamel

15、a.The next year came The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, a satiric biography that harks back to Fieldings early plays. Its a satiric biography that harks back to Fieldings early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a grea

16、t rogue & a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his greatness. The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gang

17、ster.The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) & The History of Amelia (1751). The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature & the latter the story of the un fort un ate life of an idealized woma n, a maudli感情脆弱的 picture of the social life at the time.全名弃儿汤姆

18、琼斯的历史(1749 ),是菲尔丁的代表作,也常被看作英国18世纪小说的最 杰出巨著。故事首先叙述主人公在乡村的经历。富有、善良的乡绅奥尔华绥收养了弃婴汤姆琼斯,与妹妹伯里琪的儿子布立非一起抚养。两个孩子逐渐长大成人,汤姆真诚、善良、侠义但轻率任性。布 立非则虚伪、工于心计。汤姆得到了乡绅魏斯顿的女儿苏索亚的爱,但魏斯顿强迫女儿嫁给能继承大笔遗产的布立非,布立非也出于自私打算想娶苏索亚,他竭力中伤汤姆,终使得奥尔华绥一怒之下赶 走汤姆。苏索亚闻讯也带侍女前往伦敦投亲以便找寻汤姆。小说第二部分是汤姆和苏索亚在路上的活动。本想出海的汤姆迷路去了伦敦,他与苏索亚多 次近在咫尺,但始终没有遇上。他在客

19、店遇见一伙军人,因与人争吵受伤,遇见以前的塾师巴特里奇, 二人同行。路上他们遇见隐士、乞丐、艺人、律师、吉卜赛人、劫盗、税官等人。这部分占了小说三分之一的篇幅,是小说中最有趣也是最有意义的部分,描写了社会各阶层人物,表露了对不幸者的同 情。主人公在伦敦的经历构成了小说的第三部分。寻找苏索亚的汤姆遇见苏索亚的表姐贝拉斯顿夫人,受到她的诱惑。贝拉斯顿夫人还唆使费拉摩爵士占有苏索亚,幸而魏斯顿及时赶到救了女儿。汤姆因 自卫伤人入了狱。最终真相得以大白,汤姆实际上是伯里琪的私生子,布立非的同母异父兄弟。布立 非的种种诡计被揭穿,被无罪释放的汤姆成为奥尔华绥先生的继承人,一对历尽苦难的情侣终成眷属在约瑟

20、夫安德鲁传序言里,他把自己的小说称为“散文滑稽史诗”阿米莉亚(1751 )是菲尔西的第四部也是最后一部小说,是他最心爱的。作品出版后反应冷淡,菲 尔西就此不作小说。出身富家的阿米莉亚不顾母亲反对与穷军官布斯上尉结婚,他们仿佛便是婚后的汤姆和苏菲亚。布斯心地善良但意志薄弱,他嗜赌,因群殴而入狱。在狱中,他遇到旧相识 马修小姐, 两人相好。阿米莉亚一直对丈夫宽容她忍受着生活的贫困,坚决抵御有权势人物的诱惑,坚守操行, 终于换来幸福的报偿:布斯认识了自己过去的错误、他们得到了阿米莉亚母亲的遗产,全家生活和美。Chapter III The Roma ntic Period一本章的学习目的和要求 通过

21、本章的学习,了解浪漫主义文学的产生的历史,文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征, 基本主张,及其对时代及后世英国文学用至文化的影响; 了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术 特色及其代表作品的主题结构,人物刻画,语言风格,思想意义等; 同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其 思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。二 本章考核知识点及考核要求(一) 考核知识点1 浪漫主义时期概述1) 浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治,经济,文化背景 2) 浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张 3) 英国浪 漫主义文学的特色 4) 浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响2 浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其

22、代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,艺术手法及 社会意义等。威廉布莱克;威廉华兹华斯;珀比雪莱;简奥斯汀(二) 考核要求1 浪漫主义时期概述1) 识记:a.浪漫主义时期的界定b.历史文化背景2) 领会:a浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。、3) 应用:a.名词解释:浪漫主义b浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析2 该时期的重要作家1) 识记:浪漫主义时期的重要作家,代表作品及其主要内容。2) 领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构,人物塑造,语言风格,社会意 义等。3) 应用:a浪漫派诗歌(所选作品)的主题,意象分析b小说傲慢与偏见的主题和

23、主要人物的 性格分析。I. William Blake其前期诗作主要包括诗歌素描(1783 )、天真之歌及经验之歌等。这一时期的诗作, 语言上简单易懂,且以短诗为主,音节也能短则短,题材内容则以生活中的所见所闻为主;而后期的 诗作篇幅明显增长,有时长达数百乃至上千行,内容也明显地晦涩起来,以神秘、宗教,以及象征为 主要特征。3. 领会 His poems(1) Early worksThe Songs of Innocence (1809) is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world, though not

24、without its evils & sufferings. For instance, Holy Thursday with its vision of charity children lit with a radiance all their own reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in The Chimney Sweeper, orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture

25、, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it.His Songs of Experience (1794) paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease war & repression with a melancholy tone.Blakes Marriage of Heaven & Hell (1790) marks his entry into m

26、aturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy.Blake states, there is no progression. The marriage, to Blake, means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.(2

27、) Later worksIn his later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books, which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt.The major ones are:The Book of Urizen(1794),The Book of Los(1795).The Four Zoas (1796-1807) & Mil

28、ton (1804-1920).II. William WordsworthLake Poets.于 1798 年出版,抒情歌谣集宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生 Lyrical Ballads, written together with Coleridge, is generally regarded as the symbol of the beginning of the Romantic period in England.The Prelude is ranked by many critics as his greatest work.In 1807 Poems in Two Volum

29、es was published.自传体叙事诗:革命与独立revolution and independence(4)不朽颂 Ode:i ntimati on of immortalityThe Excursi on was published in 1814.2. 识记: His poetic outlook 关于自然与人的生活 麻雀巢、致云雀、致布谷鸟、致蝴蝶表达对自然美得热爱I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud、an evening wallk my heart leap up tintern abbey 关于自然 丁登寺旁,表达了大自然给他的安慰和灵感;接着又经营多

30、年,写出了一整本诗体自传,题 名序曲一个诗人心灵的成长,开创了自传诗的新形式Wordsworth is regarded as a worshipper of nature. He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Word

31、sworths poetic beliefs.Lyrical BalladsTintern Abbey remains a profoundly original & imaginative achievement;Poems about human life:The ThornThe Sailors MotherMichael Suggests the grave and tender dignity of the authors meditation on man, the heart of man, and human lifeThe Affliction of MargaretThe

32、Old Cumberland Beggar The old man in the poem, is seen as precious for his unique sel and the benevolence he evoke s in the small rural communityLucy PoemIs the verse of love and loss which hold within its delicate simplicity a meditation on time and death which rises to universal statureThe Idiot B

33、oyThe irrational mind sees more deeply into the nature of life than the commonsensicalThe Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlUse rural figure to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beautyThe Ruined CottageRouse the tender, quiet compassion of those who are at one with th

34、e timeless truth of existenceV. Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西比希雪莱,是英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。William Wordsworth曾称其为One of the best artists of us all“ 同时期的拜伦称其为Without exception the best and least selfish man I ever knew,更被誉为诗人中的诗人。其一生见识广泛,不仅是柏拉图主义者,更是个伟大的理想主义者。 创作的诗歌节奏明快,积极向上。第一部长诗麦布女王,抨击封建制度的专横无道和英国资本主义制度的剥削,反映劳动

35、人民 的悲惨境遇,引起了英国资本主义阶级的仇视,阿拉斯特Queen Mab: A philosophical Poem: emphasizes how the “Spirit of Nature” pulses in all people and makes an absurdity of selfishness and prideAlastor or The Spirit of Solitude: is a record of authors intense consci ousness of his own loneliness in life and a passionate conte

36、mplation of the mystery of deathHymn to Intellectual BeautyMont Blanc1818Lyric:1818Julia n and Maddalo雪莱后来的作品朱利安和马达洛便是以拜伦与自己作为原型来创作的The Revolt of Islam 1818 年发表长诗伊斯兰的起义 ,借用东方的故事歌颂资产阶级革命, 抨击欧洲反动的封建势力The Cenci 1819 同年完成的诗体悲剧钦契一家取材于意大利的历史故事,表达了反抗暴君 的思想,是雪莱最具创造性的作品之一。Adonais1821年2月23 日,约翰济慈逝世,6月,雪莱写就阿多尼

37、来抒发自己对济慈 的悼念之情,并控诉造成济慈早逝的英国文坛以及当时社会现状。Adonais: is an elegy for John Keats.In it, these men become the embodiments of philistinism and reaction, the enemies of truthHellas 1822雪莱还创作了致英国人民、1819年的英国、暴政的假面游行等政治抒情诗,强烈谴责 封建统治集团的罪行,号召人民为自由而斗争。雪莱在云、致云雀、西风颂等抒情诗中,通过描写自然景象寄托自己的思想感情,作品想象丰富,音韵和谐,节奏明快,在英国诗歌史上占有重

38、要地位。表达热爱自然讨厌暴君政治 Ode to liberty Ode to naples ,sonnet:england in 1819Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his poem such as, Ode to Liberty, Ode to Naples, Sonnet: England in 1819Men of England:致人民 One of the greatest political lyrics. Not only a war cry

39、calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressorsbut also an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later became a rallying song of British Communist PartyThe Cloud: Shelley created a Platonic symbol of the spirit of

40、man, a force of beauty and regenerationTo a Skylark:the bird, suspended between reality & poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both cele stial rapture & human limitation.Adonais1821年2月23 日,约翰济慈逝世,6月,雪莱写就阿多尼来抒发自己对济慈的 悼念之情,并控诉造成济慈早逝的英国文坛以及当时社会现状。Ado nais: is an elegy f

41、or John Keats.In it, these men become the embodiments of philistinism and reaction, the enemies of truth: Ode To The West Wind , 1819)Best of all the well-known lyric piecesHere Shelleys rhapsodic & declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.The autumn wind, burying the dead year

42、, preparing for a new spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality.I fall upon the thorns of Life! I bleed! calls the Shelley that could not bear being fettered to the humdrum realities of everyday! The

43、whole poem has a logic of feeling, a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful & convincing conclusion: If winter comes, can Spring before behind?Major prose essay: Defense of PoetryPoetic drama: Prometheus Unbound1819 年完成诗剧解放了的普罗米修斯 ,诗剧采用古代 神话题材,表达了反抗专制统治的斗争必将获胜的信念和空想社

44、会主义的理想。Shelleys greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound.According to the Greek mythology, Prometheus, the champion of humanity, who has stolen the fire from Heaven, is punished by Zeus to be chained on Mount Caucasus & suffers the vultures feeding on his liver.VII Jane

45、AustenHer first novel, Sense & Sensibility (1811), tells a story about two sisters & their love affairs;Pride & Prejudice (1813), the most popular of he novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable husbands; &Northanger Abbey (1818) satirizes those popular Gothic romances o

46、f the late 18th century,Mansfield Park (1814) presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworldliness;Emma (1815) gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; &Persuasion (1818) contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.3. Writing styles:Auste ns main literary con cer n is about huma

47、n beings in their pers onal relati on ships, with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriageT life of the upper-middle-class English.Chapter 4 The Victoria n Period一.学习目的和要求通过本章的学习,对 19 世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治,经济,历史,文化背景,对维多利亚时代的诗 歌,散文,小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革,以及对该时代主要作家的生平,观点,创作旨意,

48、艺术品特点及其代表作的主题,结构,语言,人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。 并通过作品选读加深体会感 受,增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力二 考核要求(一) 维多利亚时期概述1 识记:(1)维多利亚时期的界定(2)社会政治,经济,文化背景。2 领会:(1)维多利亚时期的文学特点 (2)批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。3 应用:宪章运动,功利主义,批判现实主义,戏剧独自等名词的解释(二) 该时期的重要作家1 一般识记:重要作家的生平与创作生涯 2 识记: 重要作品及主要内容3 领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想,人物塑造,语言风格,社会意义 等。4 应用:(1)狄更斯和萨克雷作品的

49、批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法,艺术特色。(2)小说简爱,呼啸山庄的主题思想与人物塑造。(3)我逝去的公爵夫?quot; 中的戏剧独白。(4)乔泊艾略特和哈代小说中环境,氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。I. Charles DickensPeriod of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838);Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old CuriositySh

50、op (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorri

51、t (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); 鲍兹随笔,这是一部描写伦敦街头巷尾日常生活的特写集。The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); 匹克威克外传,数期后便引起 轰动。这是一部流浪汉小说

52、形式的幽默作品,漫画式地反映了英国现实生活匹克威克外传(The Pickwick Papers),全书透过匹克威克与三位朋友外出旅行途中的一连串遭遇,描写了当时英国城乡的社会问题,狄更斯早期的小说,气势宏伟,通俗流畅,幽默泼辣而又充满感伤情调,其中对社会的揭露批判,一般 只限于局部的制度和领域。如雾都孤儿、尼古拉斯尼克尔贝、老古玩店、马丁朱述尔维特、 圣诞欢歌等。从当贝父子以后,Oliver Twist (1837-1838);奥列佛特维斯特(一译奥列佛尔,1838)是狄更斯第一部动人的 社会小说。通过孤儿奥列佛的遭遇,揭开r处于社会底层的人们哀苦无告的生活画面。奥列佛在贫民习艺所 不堪忍受屈

53、辱与饥饿,逃往伦敦,陷入贼窟,最后被“有德行的”资本家挽救出来。但作者在这里也揭露了资 产阶级伪装慈善的面目,显示出他当时创作思想的深度。Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839);长篇小说尼古拉斯尼克尔贝(1839)塑造了资产阶级掠夺者 的形象,揭露了小生产者在庞大的工业资本的排挤与压迫下的贫困与破产。作者通过教员尼古拉斯尼克尔贝 的经历,揭露了英国教育制度的黑暗。当时所谓为穷人兴办的学校,成了牟利的场所,学生只能吃半饱,鞭 笞成了主要的教育手段。小说中随处可以看到作者用愤懑的笔触痛斥资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。the Pickwick PapersBarnaby Rudge(18

54、41)狄更斯的小说作品中,早期的巴纳贝拉吉和后期的双城记是历史小 说。巴纳贝拉吉以18世纪末英国清教徒反对天主教统治的高登暴动为背景(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842);Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845);随后他又以自己的美国之行为背景,发表了另一部小说马丁翟 述伟长篇小说马丁朱述尔维特(1844)揭露了英美资产阶级的互相欺诈、贪婪、伪善以及一切为了金 元的基本原则。书中的主要人物约纳斯朱述尔维特是资产阶级的典型代表。(Martin Chuzzlewit) 。 1844至1846年间狄更斯游

55、历了欧陆各国,在旅行期间继续进行写作。A Christmas Carol (1843);小气财神(A Christmas Carol),这部小说是他的圣诞故事系列 的第一部。老古玩店(The Old Curiocity Shop)。老古玩店(1841)描写资本主义社会中小资产者的悲惨命运。作者寄予深切同情的屈兰特老汉在伦敦的小胡同内开了一家古玩店,无人光顾。老汉把一切不 幸归咎于 命运不济”。他要跟命运作斗争,企图在赌博中致富,结果反而把古玩店输给了高利贷者。他和小 孙女耐儿都被逐出店门。二人后来流落到了偏僻的乡村,先后在苦难中死去。Dombey & Son (1846-1848); 这部小说

56、通过当贝先生与儿子保罗、女儿弗洛伦斯的关系,探讨了财 势对人类美好天性的侵蚀,体现了作家对人类社会前途的忧患感。也是狄更斯创作道路上的转折点。作品揭 露了资本主义制度本身不可克服的矛盾和它遵循的利润高于一切的原则。过去作品中经常出现的善良的”资 产者已不复存在。作者塑造了英国资产阶级的典型形象。主人公董贝认为自己是统治全世界的社会力量的代 表,地球是专为董贝父子公司在它上面进行贸易而制造的,太阳与月亮是为了给公司照明才存在的,他的妻 子的全部效能是给公司养个继承人,她的死等于他丢失了一件小日用品。他教育儿子金钱可以买到一切。他 的冷酷、骄傲、睥睨一叨的态度体现了资产阶级金钱万能的法则。Davi

57、d Copperfield (1849-1850)狄更斯的重要代表作大卫科波菲尔进一步深入探索人生的奋斗 历程,具有自传性,是反映 19 世纪中叶英国中下层社会的长幅画卷。主人公大卫是当时社会中为善良而奋 斗、坚持正义的中产阶级青年的楷模。(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); 荒凉山庄以错综复杂的情节揭露英国法律制度和司法机构的黑暗;Hard Times (1854); 艰难时世直接描写罢工斗争,是对英国宪章运动的策应;最著名的作品是 描写劳资矛盾的长篇代表作Little Dorrit (18

58、55-1857); 小杜丽详尽描绘了负债人的监狱生活,同时也更为深入地揭露了英国 官僚制度和机构的冗繁、腐朽。A Tale of Two Cities (1859); 双城记以法国大革命为背景。 以法国贵族的荒淫残暴、人民群 众的重重苦难和法国大革命的历史威力,来影射当时的英国社会现实,预示这场“可怕的大火”也将在英国重 演Great Expectations (1860-1861);远大前程可以视为大卫科波菲尔的负面,但探讨人生道 路方面更有现实性和警世性,而作者早年的乐观态度明显减少。主人公匹普也是孤儿,但经不起环境的诱惑 丧失了原有的淳朴天性,经历严酷的磨难后才翻然悔悟,重新生活,Our

59、 Mutual Friend (1864-1865); 我们共同的朋友是又一部广泛深入社会的批判小说,其中所 包含的人性探索和生活哲理也更见深刻,作品运用的象征主义和侦探小说手法更增添其艺术魅力。Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), & their gifted sister An, ne Bronte (1820-1849),夏洛蒂的简爱因题 材的新颖和感情的真挚立即引起当时评论界的重视Emil

60、y Bronte (1818-1848),,而艾米莉则凭着呼啸山庄这部有着奇想象力的小说在英国文学史上占有突出地位。Emilys sin gle & unique work Wutheri ng Heights &呼啸山庄以作者“心灵中非凡的热情”和她继拜伦之后无人可比的“强烈的情感、忧伤、大胆震撼 了越来越多的人们的心灵,于是,呼啸山庄被誉为“最奇特的小说”,艾米莉勃朗特也以她唯一的一部小说奠定了她在英国文学史以及世界文学史上的地位。Charlottes first novel The Professor ; her second one, Annes Agnes Grey小妹妹安妮勃朗特写

61、成了艾格妮斯格雷Annes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).Charlotte vShirley,雪莉 a work about the in dustrial troubles betwee n the mill-ow ners & machi ne-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849.Another novel Villette维莱蒂appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on he

62、r experie nee in Brussels.。简爱是举世闻名的文学名著,夏洛蒂塑造了 一位相貌平凡,但富有才华,内心热情奔放,对爱情充满憧憬的知识女性,夏洛蒂让简爱为自己实现 了爱情理想,完成了伟大的夙愿,皿Thomas Hardy建筑Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) was born n ear Dorchester, the area that later became the famous 小说背景Wessex in many of his novels. Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.2. Hi

63、s Major Works:1871年计出无奈计出无奈(Despera te Remedies ) (1871)Poetry: the most famous is The Dyn asts, a long epic-drama about the Napole onic Wars. 1903年一一1908年哈代关于拿破仑战争的三卷诗剧列王问世,主要用无韵诗写成。除描写史实 外,还有一些插曲,述说韦塞克斯农民对战争的态度以及神明对世事的评论。哈代认为支配宇宙的是 一种不知善恶、冷酷无情、没有知觉的“内在意志”,它的冲动几乎总是造成灾难。成名作是他的第四部小说 远离尘嚣(Far from the Madding Crowd) (1874 )。从此,他放 弃建筑职业,远离尘嚣(1874)也是记述明朗恬静的田园生活的,但是已透露出悲剧的情调,作者 已开始了解到,在新的经济条件下,幸福的田园生活只是一种幻想Hardy himself divided his no vels into three groups:1) Romances & FantasiesA Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) 一双湛蓝的眼睛 ; The Trumpet Major (1880) 司号长

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