中译英技巧语篇衔接和连贯

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1、中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯第十章第十章汉英翻译中的衔接与连贯汉英翻译中的衔接与连贯中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯在在HallidayHalliday和和HasanHasan看来看来,衔接衔接是一种非结构性语篇意义关系是一种非结构性语篇意义关系,它侧重于句间不同成分之间的它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语义联系。他们把形成衔接的语义联系。他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类非结构性意义关系分为五种类型型:照应、替代、省略、连接照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。和词汇衔接。中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Reference-personal referenceReference-personal refer

2、ence我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间（我）也将赤我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间（我）也将赤裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的，裸裸的回去罢？但（我）不能平的，(我我)为为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？I have come to this world,stark-naked;I have come to this world,stark-naked;am I to go back in a blink in the same am I to go back in a blink in the same nakedness?It is not fair though:why nakedn

3、ess?It is not fair though:why should I have made this trip for should I have made this trip for nothing!(nothing!(张培基，张培基，20022002：74)74)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Demonstrative Reference这这(些些),),那那(些些)-to refer to person or)-to refer to person or objectsobjects这儿这儿,那儿那儿,这里这里,那里那里-to refer to the-to refer to the

4、location in spacelocation in space这会儿这会儿,那会儿那会儿-to refer to the location-to refer to the location in timein time这么这么,那么那么,这样这样,那样那样-to refer to quality,-to refer to quality,state and degreestate and degree中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯He has his own positive opinion on all matters;not an unwise one,usua

5、lly,for his ownends;and will ask no advice of yours.它对于所有的事情都有明确的主见。就达到目的而言，其见解往往并非愚鲁之见。Here we know that repetition is the phenomena that English tries to avoid but stronglyfavored by Chinese.SubstitutionSubstitution中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯1)Efforts on the part of the developing 1)Efforts on the part of the d

6、eveloping nations are certainly required.nations are certainly required.SoSo is a is a re-ordering of priorities to give re-ordering of priorities to give agriculture the first call on national agriculture the first call on national resources.(Takashi Oka:The Hungry World)resources.(Takashi Oka:The

7、Hungry World)发展中国家作出努力当然是必须的。调整重点让发展中国家作出努力当然是必须的。调整重点让农业优先占有自然资源也当然是必须的。农业优先占有自然资源也当然是必须的。中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯2)Darcy took up a book;Miss Bingley 2)Darcy took up a book;Miss Bingley did the samedid the same.(J.Austin:Pride and.(J.Austin:Pride and Prejudice)Prejudice)达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一也拿起一本书来

8、本书来。(蔡基刚蔡基刚,2003:10),2003:10)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯EllipsisEllipsisHe has no work to do-tyrannical insects to obey.The earthworm has his digging;the bee her gathering and building;the spider her cunning network;the ant her treasury and accounts.它无所事事，因为它不受任何残暴的虫子的摆布。蚯蚓要挖土打动，蜜蜂要采蜜筑窝，蜘蛛要巧织迷网，蚂蚁要聚财盘宝。中译英技巧-语篇衔接

9、和连贯2)Reading make a full man;Conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.(F.Bacon:Of Studies)读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。(王佐良译)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯4)4)夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利，则是要要花费很大的力气了；巩固这个胜利，则是要很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。很长的时间和要花费很大的力气的事情。To win this victory will not require much To

10、win this victory will not require much time and efforts,but to consolidate it time and efforts,but to consolidate it will.will.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯ConjunctionConjunction他小的时候，他妈叫他去买红塘，他买了白糖回来。One day,when he was a child,his mother sent him out to buy her some brown sugar,but he returned with some white sug

11、ar instead.(张培基,2002:18)(Adversative)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯14)14)人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点。看到的是他或她的优点。Human beings are interesting Human beings are interesting in thatin that they tend to first see good in a new they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.acquaintance.15)15)男孩哭得心都快

12、碎了，当问及他时，他说男孩哭得心都快碎了，当问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。饿极了，有两天没吃了。The boy who was crying as if his heart The boy who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry that he was very hungry because because he dad he dad had no food for two

13、 days.had no food for two days.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯词汇衔接词汇衔接 重复重复 泛指词泛指词 同义词同义词 反义词反义词 上下义关系上下义关系 搭配搭配中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯同义词同义词例一:（中华民族洗雪了百年耻辱,振奋了民族精神,）感到无比的骄傲和自豪。相对于英语而言,在一般语篇中汉语的同义词并列现象比较多,它们译成英语后往往只用一个词便可以表达意义译文:we are very proud of it.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯同样同样,单个英语单词也可以译成并列单个英语单词也可以译成并列的同义词来加强生动性。的同义词来加强生动性。例二:We mus

14、t have this ambition.译文:我们就是要有这个雄心壮志中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯You will need to take some tools You will need to take some tools with you;you can get a hammer,a with you;you can get a hammer,a saw and a screwdriver from big saw and a screwdriver from big department stores.department stores.你得随身带上锤子、锯子和改锥你得随身带上锤子、

15、锯子和改锥,这这些工具从百货商店就能买到。些工具从百货商店就能买到。上下义关系上下义关系中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步大的进步,但还未完全实现平等就业但还未完全实现平等就业机会。机会。译文译文:It is t rue that Chinese:It is t rue that Chinese women have made enormous women have made enormous strides toward equality.But strides toward equality.But the goals of eq

16、ual opportunity the goals of equal opportunity of employment for women have of employment for women have not been fully realized.not been fully realized.搭配搭配中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯“实现平等就业机会”中文很通顺,但英文中没有这种搭配,英语一般说“realize/accomplish the goal/aim”。因此注意搭配衔接手段的使用,译成:“实现平等就业机会的目标”,符合英语的表达。中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯With all the

17、 above cohesive devices With all the above cohesive devices combined,we have our own way on how combined,we have our own way on how to combine two sentences or several to combine two sentences or several segments together in C-E translation.segments together in C-E translation.Although it cannot app

18、ly on all occasions,Although it cannot apply on all occasions,we do find it very helpful in guiding we do find it very helpful in guiding translation practices.translation practices.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Same subjectSame subject我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野的冬天，我想，富人们大概过不惯冷清的郊野的冬天，都集向热闹的城市里去了。都集向热闹的城市里去了。I guess the wealt

19、hy residents,(who are)I guess the wealthy residents,(who are)unaccustomed to the cold and lonesome unaccustomed to the cold and lonesome winter there,must have swarmed into the winter there,must have swarmed into the bustling city.(bustling city.(中国翻译中国翻译)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Same predicateSame predicate：于是

20、转喜为怒，转赞美为责备，转首肯为摇头。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备，转首肯为摇头。(Repetition of verbs)(Repetition of verbs)Consequently,your over joy would give Consequently,your over joy would give way to anger;your praises would to way to anger;your praises would to criticism or even fault-picking;and your criticism or even fault-picking

21、;and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.nodding in agreement to shaking the head.(ellipsis)(ellipsis)(中国翻译中国翻译)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯我们坚信社会主义是有伟大的前途，我们坚信我们坚信社会主义是有伟大的前途，我们坚信我国亿万人民有伟大的前途。我国亿万人民有伟大的前途。(Repetition of verbs and same objects)(Repetition of verbs and same objects)We believe that sociali

22、sm has a bright We believe that socialism has a bright future and so do our hundreds of millions future and so do our hundreds of millions of people.(Substitution)of people.(Substitution)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Same objectSame object：Darcy took up a book;Miss Bingley did Darcy took up a book;Miss Bingley did t

23、he same.(J.Austin:Pride and Prejudice)the same.(J.Austin:Pride and Prejudice)达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书达西拿起一本书来。彬格莱小姐也拿起一本书来。来。(蔡基刚蔡基刚,2003:10),2003:10)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Same attributive：这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这各种必要性正义性。这各种必要性正义性。(or:(or:这是完全必要的和完这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这是完全必要的和完全正义的，全国人民已明白这是完

24、全必要的和完全正义的全正义的)。This is absolutely necessary and just,and This is absolutely necessary and just,and the entire people know that it is so.the entire people know that it is so.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Same adverbialsSame adverbials一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。One spring ev

25、ening,myriads of flowers One spring evening,myriads of flowers were in full bloom in the garden where mywere in full bloom in the garden where myparents held a party in honor of many parents held a party in honor of many guests.Their arrival at once filled the guests.Their arrival at once filled the

26、 place with laughing chats.place with laughing chats.中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯Using certain logical relationUsing certain logical relation冬天，（因为）在四周围都是山地的这里，（所以）冬天，（因为）在四周围都是山地的这里，（所以）看见太阳的日子真实太少了。（但是）今天，难得雾看见太阳的日子真实太少了。（但是）今天，难得雾是这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上是这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。In

27、 winter,sunny days were scarce here,as it In winter,sunny days were scarce here,as it was surrounded by hills all around.Today,was surrounded by hills all around.Today,however,the fog was wonderfully thin and the however,the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunli

28、ght air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.(joyful hue.(中国翻译中国翻译)中译英技巧-语篇衔接和连贯（星星）也不过只是星星点点闪烁的光明，而（星星）也不过只是星星点点闪烁的光明，而（我）相看惯了（星星），（我）偶然不见（我）相看惯了（星星），（我）偶然不见（星星），（我）也有些想望与无聊。（冰心（星星），（我）也有些想望与无聊。（

29、冰心:雨雪时候的星辰）雨雪时候的星辰）Though they were a mere sprinkle of Though they were a mere sprinkle of twinkling dots,yet I had become twinkling dots,yet I had become accustomed to them that their occasional accustomed to them that their occasional absence would bring me loneliness and absence would bring me loneliness and ennui.(ennui.(张培基译张培基译)