先进制造技术的新发展——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

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1、外文原文：ThenewadvancedmanufacturingtechnologydevelopmentAbstract:Thispaperhaspresentedtheproblemsfacingtodaysmanufacturingtechnology,advancedmanufacturingdiscussedintheforefrontofscience,andavisionforthefuturedevelopmentofadvancedmanufacturingtechnology.Keyword：Advancedmanufacturingtechnologies;Frontie

2、rscience;ApplicationsprospectsModernmanufacturingisanimportantpillarofthenationaleconomyandoverallnationalstrengthanditsGDPaccountedforageneralnationalGDP20%55%.Inthecompositionofacountrysbusinessproductivity,manufacturingtechnologyaround60%ofthegeneralrole.Expertsbelievethatthevariouscountriesinthe

3、worldeconomiccompetition,mainlymanufacturingtechnologycompetition.Theircompetitivenessintheproductionofthefinalproductmarketshare.Withtherapideconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentandcustomerneedsandthechangingmarketenvironment,thiscompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierce,andthatGovernmentsattachgreatim

4、portancetotheadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyresearch.1.CurrentmanufacturingsciencetosolveproblemsManufacturingsciencetosolvethecurrentproblemsfocusedonthefollowingaspects:(1) Manufacturingsystemsisacomplexsystems,andmanufacturingsystemstomeetbothagility,rapidresponseandrapidreorganizationofthecapaci

5、tytolearnfromtheinformationscience,lifescienceandsocialscienceinterdisciplinaryresearch,andexplorenewmanufacturingsystemarchitecture,manufacturingmodelsandmanufacturingsystemseffectiveoperationalmechanism.Manufacturingsystemsoptimizedorganizationalstructureandgoodperformanceismanufacturingsystemmode

6、lling,simulationandoptimizationofthemainobjectives.Manufacturingsystemarchitecturenotonlytocreatenewenterprisesbothagilityandresponsivenesstotheneedsandtheabilitytoreorganizesignificance,butalsoforthesoftproductionequipmentmanufacturingenterprisesbottomreorganizationanddynamiccapacitytosethigherdema

7、nds.Biologicalmanufacturingoutlookincreasinglybeingintroducedtothesystemtomeetnewdemandsmanufacturingsystems.(2) Therapidriseinsupportofmanufacturing,geometricknowledgesharinghasbecomeamodernmanufacturingconstraints,productdevelopmentandmanufacturingtechnologiesofthekeyissues.Forexample,incomputer-a

8、ideddesignandmanufacturing(CAD/CAM)integration,coordinatesmeasurements(CMM)androboticsfields,in3Drealspace(3-RealSpace),therearealotofgeometricalgorithmdesignandanalysis,especiallythegeometricsaid,geometriccalculationandgeometricreasoning;Inmeasurementandrobotpathplanningandpartssearchspaces(suchasL

9、ocalization),theexistenceofspaceC-interspace(configurationspaceConfigurationSpace)geometriccalculationandgeometricreasoning;Objectsinoperation(rescue,payingandassembly,etc.)meanspayingmoredescriptionandrobotplanning,campaignplanningandassemblyoperationsplanningisneededinthetypesofspace(ScrewSpace)ge

10、ometricreasoning.Manufacturingprocessofphysicalandgeometricmechanicsphenomenonofscientificresearchtocreateageometriccalculationandgeometricreasoning,andotheraspectsoftheresearchtopic,thetheorypendingfurtherbreakthrough,thenewonedoordisciplines-computergeometricarebeingincreasinglybroadandin-depthstu

11、dy.(3) Inthemodernmanufacturingprocess,informationnotonlymanufacturingindustrieshavebecomedominatedthedecisivefactor,butalsothemostactiveones.Manufacturinginformationsystemstoimprovethroughputofmodernmanufacturinghasbecomeafocusofscientificdevelopment.Themanufacturinginformationsystemorganizationand

12、structurerequiredtocreateinformationaccess,integrationandintegrationshowthree-dimensionalinnature,measuringthemultidimensionalnatureoftheinformation,andinformationorganizationsnature.Informationstructuremodelsinthemanufacturing,manufacturinginformationconsistencyconstraint,andthedisseminationofdatap

13、rocessingandthemanufactureofenormousknowledgebasemanagement,andotherareas,thereisaneedtofurtherbreakthroughs.(4) Thecalculationofthewisdomofartificialintelligencetoolsandmethodsinthemanufactureofawiderangeofapplicationsformanufacturingsmartdevelopment.Categorybasedonthecalculationofbiologicalevoluti

14、onalgorithmssmarttools,includingactivationissuesoptimizeGPStechnologyportfoliobygrowingconcernisinthemanufactureofthecompleteportfoliooptimizationproblemscombinedspeedandprecisionofGPSissuesbothinsizeconstraints.Manufacturingwisdommanifestedinthefollowingaspects:wisdomactivation,wisdomdesign,intelli

15、gentprocessing,robotics,intelligentcontrol,intelligentprocessplanning,smartdiagnostic,andotheraspects.Theseinnovativeproductsarethekeytheoreticalissues,butalsobycreatingadoorforascienceskillsintheimportantbasicissues.Thefocusintheseissues,wecanformthebasisofproductinnovationresearchsystem.2.Modernme

16、chanicalengineeringatthefrontiersofscienceCross-integrationbetweenthedifferentsciencewillproducenewscientificgathering,economicdevelopmentandsocialprogressofscienceandtechnologycreatednewdemandsandexpectations,thuscreatingafrontierscience.Frontierscienceissettledandunsettledissuesbetweenthescientifi

17、ccommunity.Frontierscience,withacleardomain,anddynamiccharacterofthearea.Worksfrontiersciencefromthegeneralbasicscienceisanimportantcharacteristicoftheactualworks,itcoversthekeyemergingscienceandtechnologyissues.Ultrasonicelectrical,ultra-high-speedmachines,greendesignandmanufacturing,andotherfields

18、,andhasdonealotofresearchwork,butinnovationisthekeyquestionisnotclearmechanicalscience.Largecomplexmechanicalsystemdesignandperformanceoptimizationofproductinnovationdesign,smartstructuresandsystems,intelligentrobotsandtheirdynamics,nanoMocaxue,manufacturingprocess3Dnumericalsimulationsandphysicalsi

19、mulation,precisionandultra-fineprocessingtechnologykeybasis,about10megalargeandsophisticatedequipmentdesignandmanufacturingbase,virtualmanufacturingandvirtualinstruments,nanometermeasurementandinstrumentation,parallelconnectionaxismachinetools,andalthoughthefieldofmicro-electromechanicalsystemshaved

20、onealotofresearch,buttherearestillmanykeyscienceandtechnologyissuestoberesolved.Informationscience,nanoscience,materialsscience,lifescience,managementscienceandmanufacturingscienceofthe21stcenturywillbetochangethemainstreamscience,andtheresultinghigh-techindustrywillchangethefaceoftheworld.Therefore

21、,theaboveareasofcross-developmentmanufacturingsystemsandmanufacturinginformatics,nanomanufacturingmachineryandnanoscience,bettermachineryandbettermanufacturingscience,managementscienceandmanufacturingsystemswillbecriticaltothe21stcenturymechanicalengineeringscienceisimportantfrontierscience.Manufact

22、uringscienceandinformationsciencecross-manufacturinginformaticsMechanicalandelectricalproducts,chemicalrawmaterialsintheinformation.Manymodernvalueaddedproductsprimarilyreflectedintheinformation.ThustheT-4pmanufacturingprocessfortheacquisitionandapplicationofinformationisveryimportant.Informationsci

23、enceandtechnologyistocreateanimportantsymbolofglobalizationandmodernization.Whilethemanufacturingtechnologybegantoexploreproductdesignandmanufacturingprocesses,thenatureoftheinformation,ontheotherhand,tocreatetechnologytotransformitselftoadapttothenewinformationmakesitsmanufacturingenvironment.Along

24、withthemanufacturingprocessandmanufacturingsystemstodeepenunderstanding,researchersaretryingtonewconceptsandapproachestotheirdescriptionandexpressiontoachievefurthercontrolandoptimizationpurposes.Andmanufacturing-relatedinformationmainlyproductinformation,technicalinformationandinformationmanagement

25、inthisareafollowingmajorresearchdirectionandcontent:(1)manufacturinginformationacquisition,processing,storage,transmissionandapplicationofknowledgetocreateinformationanddecision-makingtransformation.(2)Non-symbolsexpressinginformation,manufacturinginformationenables/transmission,manufacturinginforma

26、tionmanagement,manufacturinginformationintegrityinastateofnon-productiondecision-making,managementofvirtualmanufacturing,basedonthenetworkenvironmentofthedesignandmanufacturing,manufacturingprocesscontrolandmanufacturingsystemsscience.Theseelementsaremanufacturedinscienceandthescientificbasisforthei

27、ntegrationofproductinformation,constitutethemanufactureofthenewbranchofscience-tocreateinformatics.MicromechanicalandmanufacturingtechnologyresearchMicro-electronicmechanicalsystems(MEMS)referstothecollectionofmicro-sensors,micro-devicesandtheimplementationofsignalprocessingandcontrol-4circuits,inte

28、rfacecircuits,communicationsandpowerwiththeintegrationofmicro-electromechanicalsystemintegrity.MEMStechnologyobjectivesthroughsystemminiaturization,toexploreanewtheoryofintegration,newfunctionalcomponentsandsystems.MEMSdevelopmentwillgreatlyfacilitatethepocketofvariousproducts,miniaturization,anumbe

29、rofdevicesandsystemstoenhancetheleveloffunctionaldensity,informationdensityandInternetdensity,significantlysaving,thinsection.Notonlycanitreducethecostofmechanicalandelectricalsystems,butalsotobecompletedandthesizeofmanylargesystemsimpossibletask.Forexample,usingsophisticated5“mdiametermicrotweezers

30、wallsaremadeofaredbloodcellcan;Createdtokeepthecars3mmsize;Inthemagneticfield,likebutterfliesflyingsizeaircraft.MEMStechnologyhasopenedupacompletelynewtechnologyareasandindustries,withmanytraditionalsensorsincomparableadvantagesinmanufacturing,aerospace,transportation,telecommunications,agriculture,

31、biomedical,environmentalmonitoring,military,families,andaccesstoalmostallareashaveverybroadapplicationprospects.Micromachineryismachineryandelectronictechnologyinnano-scaletechnologyintegrationphotogenicproduct.Backin1959scientistshaveraisedtheideaofmicro-mechanicalandmicro-1962,thefirstsiliconpress

32、uresensors.1987CaliforniaUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleydevelopedrotordiameterofthesiliconmicro-6012016ugmelectrostaticelectricmotors,showproducedusingsiliconmicro-machiningsmallmovablestructuresandcompatiblewithICmanufacturingmicrosystempotential.Micro-mechanicaltechnologymightlike20thcenturymicroel

33、ectronicstechnology,thetechnologyoftheworldinthe21stcentury,economicdevelopmentandnationaldefensebuildingatremendousimpact.Overthepast10years,thedevelopmentofmicro-mechanicalspectacular.Itscharacteristicsareasfollows:aconsiderablenumberofmicro-components(microstructure,theimplementationofmicro-senso

34、rsandmicro-machines,etc.)andmicro-systemsresearchsuccessreflectsthecurrentandpotentialapplicationsofvalue;Thedevelopmentofmicro-manufacturingtechnology,particularlysemiconductorprocessingtechnologyhavebecomesmallmicrosystemssupporttechnology;micro-electromechanicalsystemsresearchneedsoftheinterdisci

35、plinaryresearchteam,micro-electromechanicalsystemstechnologyinthedevelopmentofmicroelectronicstechnologyonthebasisofmultidisciplinarycross-frontierareaofresearch,involvingTpaelectronicengineering,mechanicalengineering,materialsengineering,physics,chemistryandbiomedicalengineeringandothertechnicaland

36、scientific.Thecurrentmicro-mechanicalsystemsundertheconditionsofthecampaignlaws,thephysicalcharacteristicsandmicrocomponentsoftheroleofthemechanicspayloadactslackadequateunderstandingisnotyetinatheoreticalbasisforamicro-systemdesigntheoryandmethodology,andthereforecanByexperienceandtestmethodsresear

37、ch.Micro-mechanicalsystems,theexistenceofkeyscientificresearchissuesofmicro-scalesystemeffects,physicalpropertiesandbiochemicalcharacteristics.Micro-systemresearchareintheeveofabreakthrough,whichisthein-depthstudyofthearea.2.1 Materialproduced/manufacturedpartsintegrationofnewtechnologiesforprocessi

38、ng.Materialisamilestoneintheprogressofmankind,isthemanufacturingandhigh-techdevelopment.Everyimportanttothesuccessoftheproductionandapplicationofnewmaterials,willpromotethematerialandthepromotionofnationaleconomicstrengthandmilitarystrength.21,theworldwillberesourceconsumption-basedeconomytoaknowled

39、ge-basedindustrialtransformationformaterialsandpartsandfunctionsofahighperformance,intelligentfeatures;Requestmaterialsandcomponentsdesignedtoachievequantitative-basedanddigitized;Preparematerialsandcomponentsfortherapid,efficientandachievebothintegrationandintegrated.Digitalmaterialsandcomponentsde

40、signedtobeasimulationandoptimizationofmaterialsandcomponentstoachievehighqualityproduction/manufacturingandotherintegration,integratedmanufacturingkey.Ontheonehand,tobecompletedthroughcomputersimulationoptimizationcanreducethematerialisproducedinthecourseofmanufactureofsparepartsandexperimentallinks

41、tothebestcraftprogrammes,materialsandcomponentstoachievehighqualityproduction/manufacturing;Ontheotherhand,accordingtotherequirementsofdifferentmaterialproperties,suchasflexiblemodulesvolume,thermalexpansioncoefficient,magneticperformance,Researchmaterialsandcomponentsdesignedform.Andtheremovaloftra

42、ditionalmaterials-manufacturingtechnology,andincreasethelevelofinformationtechnology,theresearchgroupofsyntheticmaterialsisaprocesstechnology.Formingmaterialsandcomponentsmanufacturedigitaltheory,technologyandmethods,suchasrapidadoptionofemergingtechnologiesmaterialgrowingprinciples,abreakthroughint

43、hetraditionallawandtobuildlawmechanicaldeformationprocessingmanyrestrictions,noprocessingtoolsordies,canrapidlycreatearbitrarycomplexshapeandhasacertainfunction3Dmodelsorentityparts.2.2 machinerymanufacturingbreakthroughThe21stcenturywillbethecenturyoflifescience,mechanicalandlifesciencesdepthintegr

44、ationwillgeneratenewconceptproducts(suchasbetterintelligencestructure),todevelopanewprocess(suchasthegrowthprocessesshape)andtheopeningofnewindustriesandtoresolveproductdesign,manufacturingprocessesandsystemsprovideaseriesofproblemsnewsolutions.Thisisahighlyinnovativeandleadingedgeareainthechallenge

45、.Earthsbiologicalevolutioninthelongaccumulatedfinequalitiesofhumanmanufacturingactivitiestoaddressthevariousproblemswithexamplesandguidelines.Learningfromlifephenomenaorganizationsoperatingcomplexsystemsandmethodsandtechniques,manufacturingisthefuturesolutiontothecurrentproblemsfacingmanyanefficient

46、way.Bettermanufacturingreferstothereplicationofbiologicalorgansfromorganizations,sincehealing,selfgrowthandevolutionsincethefunctionofthemodelstructureandoperationofamanufacturingsystemandmanufacturingprocess.Ifthemanufacturingprocessmechanization,automationextendshumanphysicalandintelligentextensio

47、nofthehumanintellectual,thencreatebettermaybesaidtoextenditsownorganizationalstructureandhumanevolutionprocess.Geneinvolvedinthemanufactureofbiologicalscienceistheself-organizationmechanismanditsapplicationinmanufacturingsystems.Theso-calledself-organizationreferstoasysteminitsinternalmechanismdrive

48、nbytheorganizationalstructureandoperationmodelearning,therebyenhancingthecapacityforenvironmentaladaptationprocess.Createbettersincetheorganizationbottom-upmechanismforparallelproductdesignandmanufacturingprocessesofautomaticgeneration,thedynamicsofproductionsystemsandmanufacturingsystemsandproducts

49、moreautomaticatheoreticalfoundationandachievesuperiorconditions.Createabettermanufacturingandlifesciencesfaredgehybridofthe21stcenturymanufacturingwillhaveanenormousimpact.Createbetterresearchcontentistwofold:2.4.1 TocreatebetterlivesResearchlivesofthegeneralphenomenonofthelawandmodels,suchasartific

50、iallife,cellularautomaticmachines,biologicalinformationprocessingskills,biologicalwisdom,biological-basedorganizationalstructureandmodeofoperationandtheevolutionofbiologicalmechanismsandgettingbetter;2.4.2 OrientedmanufacturingbreakthroughmanufacturingResearchorganizationsbettermanufacturingsystemss

51、incethemechanismsandmethods,forexample:basedonfullinformation-sharingbreakthroughdesignprinciples,multi-disciplinemodulesbasedonthedistributedcontrolandcoordinationmechanismbasedontheevolutionofanexcellentstrategy;Studytheconceptofcreatingbettersystemanditsbasis,suchas:theformalizationdescribedspace

52、andbetterinformationshineuponrelationsbettersystemanditsevolutionofcomplexitymeasurementmethods.Machinerymanufacturingisbetterandbettermechanicalscienceandlifescience,informationscience,materialssciencedisciplinessuchashighintegration,thestudyincludesgrowthformativeprocesses,betterdesignandmanufactu

53、ringsystems,mechanicalandbiologicalwisdombettershapemanufacturing.Currentlydoingresearchmostlyforwardexploratorywork,withdistinctcharacteristicsofthebasicresearch,iftheresearchcontinuestoseizeopportunitiesthatmightariserevolutionarybreakthroughs.Futureresearchshouldconcernareasofbiologicalprocessing

54、technology,bettermanufacturingsystem,basedonrapidprototypemanufacturingengineeringtechnologyorganizations,aswellasbiologicalengineeringrelatedkeytechnicalbasis.3.ModernmanufacturingtechnologytrendsSincethebeginningofthe1990s,thenationsoftheworldhavemanufacturingtechnologyresearchanddevelopmentasanat

55、ionalpriorityforthedevelopmentofkeytechnologies,suchastheUnitedStatesadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyplanAMTP,Japanwisdommanufacturingtechnology(IMS)internationalcooperationschemes,Koreaseniornationalplanofmoderntechnology(G-7),Germanyplanstomanufacture2000andtheECEspritandBRITE-EURAMplan.Withtheelec

56、tronics,information,theconstantdevelopmentofnewandhightechnologies,marketdemandindividualityanddiversity,thefutureofmodernmanufacturingtechnologytotheoveralldevelopmenttrendsofthesophisticated,flexible,andnetworked,virtualandintelligent,greenintegrated,globalizationdirection.Currenttrendsinmodernman

57、ufacturingtechnologyhasthefollowingnineareas:(1) Informationtechnology,managementtechniquesandtechnologycloselyintegratedtechnology,modernproductionmodelwillbecontinuousdevelopment.(2) Designtechniquesandmoremodernmeans.(3) Shapedandmanufactureofsophisticatedtechnologyandmanufacturingprocessestoachi

58、evelonger.(4) Theformationofnewspecialprocessingmethods.(5) Developmentofanewgenerationofultra-sophisticated,ultra-high-speedmanufacturingequipment.(6) Machiningskillsdevelopmentfortheengineeringsciences.(7) Implementationofcleangreenmanufacturing.(8) Thewidespreadapplicationofvirtualrealitytechnolo

59、gytothemanufacturingsector.(9) Tocreatepeople-oriented.译文：先进制造技术的新发展摘要：本文介绍了当今制造技术面临的问题，论述了先进制造的前沿科学，并展望了先进制造技术的发展前景。关键词：问题；先进制造技术；前沿科学；应用前景制造业是现代国民经济和综合国力的重要支柱，其生产总值一般占一个国家国内生产总值的20%55%。在一个国家的企业生产力构成中，制造技术的作用一般占60%左右。专家认为，世界上各个国家经济的竞争，主要是制造技术的竞争。其竞争能力最终体现在所生产的产品的市场占有率上。随着经济技术的高速发展以及顾客需求和市场环境的不断变化，这

60、种竞争日趋激烈，因而各国政府都非常重视对先进制造技术的研究。1.当前制造科学要解决的问题当前制造科学要解决的问题主要集中在以下几方面：（1）制造系统是一个复杂的大系统，为满足制造系统敏捷性、快速响应和快速重组的能力，必须借鉴信息科学、生命科学和社会科学等多学科的研究成果，探索制造系统新的体系结构、制造模式和制造系统有效的运行机制。制造系统优化的组织结构和良好的运行状况是制造系统建模、仿真和优化的主要目标。制造系统新的体系结构不仅对制造企业的敏捷性和对需求的响应能力及可重组能力有重要意义，而且对制造企业底层生产设备的柔性和可动态重组能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造观越来越多地被引入制造系统，以满足

61、制造系统新的要求。（2）为支持快速敏捷制造，几何知识的共享已成为制约现代制造技术中产品开发和制造的关键问题。例如在计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD/CAM）集成、坐标测量（CMM）和机器人学等方面，在三维现实空间（3-RealSpace）中，都存在大量的几何算法设计和分析等问题，特别是其中的几何表示、几何计算和几何推理问题；在测量和机器人路径规划及零件的寻位（如Localization）等方面，存在C-空间（配置空间ConfigurationSpace）的几何计算和几何推理问题；在物体操作（夹持、抓取和装配等）描述和机器人多指抓取规划、装配运动规划和操作规划方面则需要在旋量空间（ScrewSpac

62、e）进行几何推理。制造过程中物理和力学现象的几何化研究形成了制造科学中几何计算和几何推理等多方面的研究课题，其理论有待进一步突破，当前一门新学科-计算机几何正在受到日益广泛和深入的研究。（3）在现代制造过程中，信息不仅已成为主宰制造产业的决定性因素，而且还是最活跃的驱动因素。提高制造系统的信息处理能力已成为现代制造科学发展的一个重点。由于制造系统信息组织和结构的多层次性，制造信息的获取、集成与融合呈现出立体性、信息度量的多维性、以及信息组织的多层次性。在制造信息的结构模型、制造信息的一致性约束、传播处理和海量数据的制造知识库管理等方面，都还有待进一步突破。（4）各种人工智能工具和计算智能方法在

63、制造中的广泛应用促进了制造智能的发展。一类基于生物进化算法的计算智能工具，在包括调度问题在内的组合优化求解技术领域中，受到越来越普遍的关注，有望在制造中完成组合优化问题时的求解速度和求解精度方面双双突破问题规模的制约。制造智能还表现在：智能调度、智能设计、智能加工、机器人学、智能控制、智能工艺规划、智能诊断等多方面。这些问题是当前产品创新的关键理论问题，也是制造由一门技艺上升为一门科学的重要基础性问题。这些问题的重点突破，可以形成产品创新的基础研究体系。2.现代机械工程的前沿科学不同科学之间的交叉融合将产生新的科学聚集，经济的发展和社会的进步对科学技术产生了新的要求和期望，从而形成前沿科学。前

64、沿科学也就是已解决的和未解决的科学问题之间的界域。前沿科学具有明显的时域、领域和动态特性。工程前沿科学区别于一般基础科学的重要特征是它涵盖了工程实际中出现的关键科学技术问题。超声电机、超高速切削、绿色设计与制造等领域，国内外已经做了大量的研究工作，但创新的关键是机械科学问题还不明朗。大型复杂机械系统的性能优化设计和产品创新设计、智能结构和系统、智能机器人及其动力学、纳米摩擦学、制造过程的三维数值模拟和物理模拟、超精度和微细加工关键工艺基础、大型和超大型精密仪器装备的设计和制造基础、虚拟制造和虚拟仪器、纳米测量及仪器、并联轴机床、微型机电系统等领域国内外虽然已做了不少研究，但仍有许多关键科学技术

65、问题有待解决。信息科学、纳米科学、材料科学、生命科学、管理科学和制造科学将是改变21世纪的主流科学，由此产生的高新技术及其产业将改变世界的面貌。因此，与以上领域相交叉发展的制造系统和制造信息学、纳米机械和纳米制造科学、仿生机械和仿生制造学、制造管理科学和可重构制造系统等会是21世纪机械工程科学的重要前沿科学。2.1制造科学与信息科学的交叉-制造信息科学机电产品是信息在原材料上的物化。许多现代产品的价值增值主要体现在信息上。因此制造过程中信息的获取和应用十分重要。信息化是制造科学技术走向全球化和现代化的重要标志。人们一方面对制造技术开始探索产品设计和制造过程中的信息本质，另一方面对制造技术本身加

66、以改造，以使得其适应新的信息化制造环境。随着对制造过程和制造系统认识的加深，研究者们正试图以全新的概念和方式对其加以描述和表达，以进一步达到实现控制和优化的目的。与制造有关的信息主要有产品信息、工艺信息和管理信息，这一领域有如下主要研究方向和内容：(1) 制造信息的获取、处理、存储、传递和应用，大量制造信息向知识和决策转化。(2) 非符号信息的表达、制造信息的保真传递、制造信息的管理、非完整制造信息状态下的生产决策、虚拟管理制造、基于网络环境下的设计和制造、制造过程和制造系统中的控制科学问题。这些内容是制造科学和信息科学基础融合的产物，构成了制造科学中的新分支-制造信息学。2.2微机械及其制造技术研究微