现代大学英语精读四whyhistoriansdisagree

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1、编辑ppt Why Historians Disagree编辑pptThe present text is based on the introduction to a book entitled Conflict and Consensus(意见等的一致）意见等的一致）in Modern American History edited by Allen F.Davis and Harold D.Woodman,professors at Temple University and Purdue University respectively,who also wrote the introd

2、uction.编辑pptWoodrow Wilson(1856-1924),Americas 28th president(1913-1921),was a professor of law,the president of Princeton University,and the governor of New Jersey before he was elected to the White House.编辑pptThe Zimmerman Note was a communiqu（公报）（公报）authored by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zim

3、merman and intercepted by American Intelligence.The note had been designed to entice（诱使）（诱使）Mexico into declaring war against the United States should the U.S.declare war on Germany.As a reward,Mexico would then receive Arizona,New Mexico,and Texas after the war.编辑pptFull text：On the first of Februa

4、ry we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted.In spite of this,it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.If this attempt is not successful,we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico:That we shall make war together and together make peace.We sh

5、all give general financial support,and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico,Texas,and Arizona.The details are left to you for settlement.编辑pptYou are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain

6、 that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico,o n h i s o w n i n i t i a t i v e,s h o u l d communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan;at the same time,offer to mediate（斡旋）（斡旋）between Germany and Japan.编辑ppt Please call

7、 to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel（迫使）（迫使）England to make peace in a few months.Zimmerman (Sent January 19,1917)编辑pptimmerse v.a.to put sth.under the surface of a liquid 使浸入使浸入b.to involve oneself deeply(in sth.)使专心于使

8、专心于 He immersed the knife in boiling water.Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes.I walked into the study and found Mr.Johnson immersed in his writing,as usual.When Alfred inherited his fathers estate,he immersed himself in pleasure.编辑pptA sea of(people of things):a very large number ofThe imme

9、nse square was a sea of flowers and happy faces.By way of:through编辑ppta.through,by route of,viab.as a means of;as a type of;serving as by way ofExamples:You can get this information by way of the Internet.He sent her some flowers by way of an apology.编辑ppt Fat:1.肥沃的 fat land 肥沃的土地 A fat country 富裕的国

10、家 2.有利可图的 A fat contract(bargain)有利可图的合同（交易）3.thick and well-filled 厚的、大量的、内容充实的 Make a fat profit 获得暴利 Pay a fat price 付出很大的代价 A fat job 肥缺 4.nearly nonexistent 不多、少 A fat chance（not likely)you know a fat lot about it.你一点儿也不懂。编辑ppt Fat:overweight,heavy,plump,chubby,stout（壮实的）obese(过分肥胖的）Thin:slim,s

11、lender,bony 编辑pptMost students are usually introduced to the study of history by way of a fat textbook and become quickly immersed in a vast sea of names,dates,events and statistics.Most students usually come to have their first experience of the study of history through the reading of a thick histo

12、ry textbook and soon are overwhelmed by a large number of names,dates,events and statistics.thick (metaphor)a great number of编辑ppt simply:only;nothing but It is simply a matter of time.bring together:collect on(upon)(fml.):directly after(and often as a result of)On hearing the news,she burst into te

13、ars.Disagree:I strongly disagree with the last speaker.Bill and I often disagree,but we are good friends.编辑ppt Sharply:clearly and definitely His aggressive behavior contrasted sharply with the mild manner of his brother.编辑ppt State of affairs:a situation 情形、情况 There is not much we can do in the pre

14、sent state of affairs.This is a very unpleasant state of affairs.编辑pptTheir common-sense reaction to this state of affairs is to conclude that one historian is right while the other is wrong.When a person is faced with this kind of situation,the normal,practical response will be that one historian i

15、s right whereas the other is wrong.“whereas or and”,implying a contrasttheir response based on common sense编辑ppt presumablyadv.used to say that you think something is probably true 据推测、大概可能据推测、大概可能a.presumablen.presumptionv.presume Presumably theres a good reason for her absence,as she doesnt usuall

16、y stay away from work.Word formations编辑ppt contendv.a.to struggle,to be in rivalry 争夺、竞争争夺、竞争 b.to argue,to assert 争辩说争辩说 I know the charms of my rival are too powerful for me to contend with.Three armed groups are contending for power.Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than p

17、reviously thought.contending historians:historians who are fighting or debating编辑ppt More or less:almost;to an undetermined degree 1.或多或少 They were more or less willing to help.他们多少愿意帮忙。2.几乎、大约 The work is more or less finished.。差不多完成了编辑pptlooking at sth.from a certain angleExamples:The novel is wri

18、tten from a childs perspective.We have to look at everything from an international perspective.If you look at things from a feminist perspective they are,in fact,not equal.from a feminist/Christian/global perspective From different points of view,angles,theoretical stance,approaches,perspective(They

19、 all mean similarly.)from a perspective编辑ppt cut-and-dried:already settled and unlikely to be changed 1.事先安排好的、常规的、例行的；A cut-and-dried meeting 例会 2.无生气的，呆板的 His speech was cut-and-dried because he had nothing new to say.A cut-and-dried matter:an ordinary matter编辑pptThis position is hardly satisfying

20、.This is not a happy solution or happy situation.Students expect to be given clear-cut answers,either yes or no.But now they have to shop around(到处寻找）到处寻找）for the proper answer.The answer becomes a personal choice.This makes them feel very uncomfortable.situation or state;status编辑ppt cannot help but

21、 do Lee could not help but agree with her.I couldnt help but notice the bruise she had under her eye.cant help doingcannot but do used to say that someone is unable to change their behavior or feelings,or to prevent themselves from doing something不得不、不会不、情不自禁做某事不得不、不会不、情不自禁做某事编辑ppt Diametrically:com

22、pletely different 在直径方面；正好、完全、截然 The two ideas are diametrically opposed.This is diametrically opposite to what I said.Diametric opinions 截然相反的观点 to be in diametric contradiction 编辑ppt Denote:to refer to 意思是；是。的征兆,为。的名称 The word heart denotes an organ that pumps blood.In a broad/narrow/general sense

23、 从广义、狭义、一般意义上说编辑ppt restricteda.a.small or limited in size,area,or amount Examples:Its difficult trying to work in such a restricted space.The sale of alcohol is restricted to people over the age of 18.There is restricted access to this information(=only certain people can have it).v.restrict n.rest

24、riction a.restrictiveWord formationsb.limited or controlled,especially by laws or rules编辑ppt History may be defined as that which that which:something that or what 编辑pptTherefore the historian can only approximate history at best.No one can ever claim to have concluded the quest.(Para.5)to come clos

25、e toTherefore the best the historian can do is to get as near as possible to the historical truth.But no one can ever boast that he/she has completed this search.It goes on for ever.taking the most hopeful viewsearch;pursuit编辑pptapproximate:adj.An approximate number an approximate figurev.to come ne

26、ar in amount,nature,etc.Your story only approximates to the real facts.Your account of what happened approximates the truth,but there are several small errors.编辑ppttaking the most hopeful viewExamples:This is,at best,only a temporary solution.这充其量也不过是个权宜之计。这充其量也不过是个权宜之计。His answers were at best evas

27、ive,at worst very misleading.at best持最乐观的看持最乐观的看法；充其量法；充其量编辑pptat its/his/their best in the best condition The garden is at its best in April.He was at his best yesterday evening and kept us all amused.Every year,when the peach blossoms are at their best,a festival is held at the Beijing Botanical G

28、arden.处于最佳状处于最佳状态；处于巅态；处于巅峰状态；在峰状态；在全盛期中全盛期中编辑ppt questn.a long search for something that is difficult to find 寻求、探求寻求、探求 the quest for truthAt their roots,these quests originated out of human inquisitiveness.World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.Foreign powers had long penetrated th

29、e area in quest of wealth or influence,or to counter the lusts of their adversaries.编辑ppt If historians cannot know everythingavailable to them:如果说历史学家不可能了解一切是因为有的事件没有没记录下来，那么同样也可以说，他们对可供利用的记录材料也没有充分利用。编辑ppt Deem:consider To piece together:to form a whole from various parts 把零碎的部分拼合成整体编辑pptSometimes

30、 this appears to be easy,requiring very little sophistication and subtlety.Sometimes this appears to be easy,demanding no special training or profound knowledge or the ability to understand very complex issues and fine distinctions.不需要专门的训练、高深的知识以及理解复杂事件和细微差不需要专门的训练、高深的知识以及理解复杂事件和细微差别的能力别的能力present

31、participle phrases functioning as cause fine distinctions细微之处、细心细微之处、细心Complexities老练、富于经验老练、富于经验编辑ppt crude schemes crude ore a crude shelter crude remarks crude manners crude ideas crude oil/sugaraacca bb crude a.a.not finished properly;badly worked out 粗略的粗略的b.(of materials)in a natural state,not

32、 refined or manufactured天然的天然的c.not having grace,taste or refinement 粗鲁的粗鲁的编辑pptThe choice as to which fact to use is based on a theoryadmittedly,in this case a rather crude theory,but a theory nonetheless.The choice concerning which fact to use is based on a theory.I am willing to concede that the

33、theory used here is unrefined,yet it is still a theory.with regard to;concerningwe all admit 不可否认不可否认(fml)nevertheless;however编辑ppt contemplate v.a.to have in view as a purpose,intention 思考、盘算思考、盘算Contemplate ones futureContemplate what to do.considerthink about/oftoy with the idea ofWord formations

34、编辑ppt She stood contemplating her figure in the mirror.He contemplated her with a faint smile.b.to look at(with the eyes,or in the mind)注视注视 contemplative n.contemplationWord formations编辑pptIt would go something like this:National leaders contemplating war are more likely to be influenced by bellige

35、rent acts against countries than by their unhappiness with their haberdashers.pondering over the problem of war;considering going to war with anther countrywar acts,acts of war 战争行为战争行为 unhappiness with their hat makers or hat shops;unhappiness about personal trivial things 编辑ppt under study:being s

36、tudied under:in the process of The issue under discussion a road under repair under(consideration /review/observation/construction/attack编辑ppt at work:doing job or a particular activity;operating 在工作，在劳动 He had been at work on a book.忙着写一本书 in the event of:if sth.happens;in case sth.should happen In

37、 the event of rain,the party will be held indoors.It offers vital financial cover in the event of you being permanently disabled in an accident.编辑ppt I was shocked when I read of his death.read of读到，阅悉to find out information from books,newspapers etc编辑pptcf.read sb.a lesson/lectureread through/overr

38、ead sb.s mind/thoughtsread between the linescf.训斥某人训斥某人 从头到尾细读一遍从头到尾细读一遍 看出某人的心思看出某人的心思 体会字里行间的言外之意体会字里行间的言外之意编辑ppt Whereby:by means of this,in accordance with this 凭借这个，借此 There is a way whereby he can be saved.有一个可以使他得救的方法。编辑ppt concern:(about/over/with)The recent rise in crime is a matter of cons

39、iderable public concern.They are expressing their deep concern about the worsening environment.to ones disadvantage:对。不利 Her height could be to her disadvantage if she wants to be a dancer.thereby:by that means;by doing or saying that 由此、因此、从而编辑pptv.a.to appear or come out from somewhere b.(of facts

40、,ideas)to appear;to become known c.to come out of a difficult experience 出现、（问题等）发生；（从困苦等中）露头出现、（问题等）发生；（从困苦等中）露头 emerge The moon emerged from behind the clouds.New evidence has emerged to contradict earlier claims.Local government has recently emerged as a major issue.She emerged from the divorce a

41、 stronger person.编辑ppt Balance of power:It is a popular theory among western political scientists that peace will be preserved if nations power is well balanced,that is,no country is too powerful or too weak-if any country is too powerful it will not be able to resist the temptation to take advantag

42、e of other countries;and if any country is too weak,it is bound to invite foreign aggression.So to maintain world peace,the best we can do is to achieve a balance of power.编辑ppt What then are historians to make of these facts?How then will historians understand or look at these fact?to make of sth.:

43、to regard as the nature or meaning of sth.对待、处理、解释、理解 We dont know what to make of his behavior.They are eager to see what a country with a backward economy can make of the opportunity.编辑ppt in that:because Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.编辑pptExamples:These figures do not ta

44、ke into account the changes in the rate of inflation.take into account/take account of sth.take into consideration编辑pptcf.open an account settle ones account give an account of account for on ones account on this/that account take no account ofcf.开户头开户头 结清欠帐，（喻）报复结清欠帐，（喻）报复 描述，叙述描述，叙述 解释；说明；占百分比解释；说

45、明；占百分比 为一己的目的和利益为一己的目的和利益 为了这个为了这个/那个缘故那个缘故对某事物不予考虑对某事物不予考虑编辑pptto develop as a result of something else stem from His headaches stemmed from vision problems.It also tries to say that womens problems stem from either their sexuality or the family.Much of the friction stemmed from a debate about whic

46、h technology to use.编辑pptto become involved in sth.because you are interested in it or because it worries you担心、牵挂；使忙于。担心、牵挂；使忙于。concern oneself with He loved his wife,and concerned himself with her needs and desires.For several weeks I did not concern myself with any thought of the future.Our count

47、rys leaders must concern themselves with environmental protection.编辑pptSimilarly a third group of historians might maintain that the various items on the list should not be given equal weight.Similarly a third group of historians might argue that the various points put on the list should not conside

48、red equally important.for the same reasonto consider sth.Equally importantto continue to have the view编辑ppt maintain:to repeatedly say 坚持、断言、主张 give weight to:to consider sth.important We should give due weight to the environment protection.编辑ppt disproportionate:too much or too little in relation t

49、o sth.else 不成比例的、不相称的 A disproportionate number of fatal accidents take place at night.编辑pptIn the examples given,historians disagree because they begin from different premises.In the examples we have given above,we can see that historians disagree because they begin from different assumptions.a pro

50、position upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn 前提、（作为先决条件的）假定前提、（作为先决条件的）假定编辑pptNeither statement can be faulted on the grounds that it is inaccurate.You cannot find fault with either statement and say it is not accurate.(Neither statement can be criticized on the groun

51、ds that it is inaccurate.)noun clause serving as an appositive of“grounds”reasons or justificationsto be criticized;to be considered wrong编辑ppt fault:挑剔、指责、批评 You cannot fault his sincerity.他的真诚无可指责。Fault the government for failing to take timely actions.ground:理由、根据 He has good grounds for what he

52、thinks.他的想法有充分的根据。on the grounds that:以。为理由，根据。因为，由于 He was awarded compensation on the grounds that the doctor had been negligent.由于医生玩忽职守，他得到了赔偿。编辑ppt Probe:探究、调查;用尖物刺穿 Before Freud,poets had probed the unconscious and irrational aspects of human behavior.Reporters began probing for more informati

53、on.probe for answers/reasons/ways to dosth.Probe into sb.s misconduct the mystery of sbs speech编辑ppt Ultimate:1.being or happening at the end of a process,etc.An ultimate result 最终结果 2.greatest The ultimate boundaries of human knowledge 3.basic The ultimate responsibility 主要责任 the ultimate principle

54、 基本原则编辑ppt Trace:追溯、跟踪 Trace a river to its source The rumor was traces back to a journalist.编辑pptto completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 排除、消除排除、消除 b.to defeat a team or person in a competition,so that they no longer take part in it 淘汰淘汰c.to kill someone in order to preve

55、nt them from causing trouble 消灭消灭 eliminate v.Synonymsget rid of abolishdo away witheradicateroot outThe credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.Our team was eliminated in the first round.The dictator eliminated anyone who might be a threat to him.编辑pptWe can if our knowledge could give

56、us a perfect model that completely explained human behavior.Unfortunately no such model has ever existed.如果我们的知识水平能够给我们提供一种毋容置如果我们的知识水平能够给我们提供一种毋容置疑的有效模式，对人类行为作出全面解释，我们疑的有效模式，对人类行为作出全面解释，我们就能消除所有分歧。就能消除所有分歧。If the state of our knowledge were such that it provided us with a model of unquestioned vali

57、dity that completely explained human behavior,we can.a model that is always effective;a foolproof modela variation of the pattern“so that”编辑ppt1.The conditions were such that many young people wanted to leave the place.2.The force of the explosion was such that windows were blown out.3.The situation

58、 was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.局势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预测。局势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预测。编辑pptBut since we do not have such a complete and foolproof explanation,disagreements are destined to remain.(Para.13)to be bound to do sth.;to be predetermined or preordained to do sth.always ef

59、fective;completely dependable;infallibleBut since we do not have such a complete and infallible explanation,disagreement are bound to exist.编辑ppt We were destined never to meet again.She was not destined to be a great painter but she had the confidence and luck to be a successful one.At first their

60、predictions seemed destined to come true.be destined toseeming certain to happen at some time in the future 注定会注定会编辑pptWhen students realize that“truth”is but an elusive yet intriguing goal in a never-ending quest.(Para.13)The end of Sentence Paraphrase.a goal that is extremely attractive yet foreve

61、r out of reachan everlasting or interminable searchWhen students realize that“truth”is only a goal that is beyond reach yet extremely attractive and should be sought in a permanent search.only编辑ppt She managed to get an interview with that elusive man.She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but

62、 wider international success has been elusive.For me,the poem has an elusive quality.elusivead.elusivelyn.elusivenessv.eludeWord formationsa.a.(of a person)difficult to find or see 躲避的躲避的 b.(of result)difficult to achieve c.(of idea or quality)difficult to describe or understand编辑pptThis is a piece

63、of expository writing.The purpose of expository writing is to explain or to give the reader information to help him understand the world around him.Style编辑pptPlease find supporting details in the text.Stylistic Feature 1.long sentences2.formal words3.impersonal structures编辑pptIn this essay the two a

64、uthors discuss the definition of history,the role of the historians and the reasons why historians disagree.Theme编辑pptStructure Part I(Paras.13)Part II(Paras.410)Part III(Paras.1113)The authors summarize the reasons why historians disagree and the disagreement is everlasting.How the students of hist

65、ory major study history and what confuse themHistorians may view the same historical event from different perspectives编辑pptWhat are the three definitions of history?in the broadest sensethe whole of the human pastin a restricted sense in a common sense the recorded part of human life what historians

66、 write about the past编辑pptWhat is the role of the historians?Historians do not just collect facts.They give meaning to the facts.编辑pptWhy do historians disagree?Because historians have different interests and a different understanding of human motivation and human behavior which in turn is due to their different background in age,sex,race,class,education,religion,politics,etc.,they tend not only to be interested in different facts but also interpret the same facts differently.编辑pptExposition Wha