撰写一堂书面表达的教案【湘乡一中周洪敦】（正稿）

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1、怎样指导考生写好高考英语书面表达-与2015届师生浅谈写作技巧 【摘要】新课程标准英语强调学生综合使用语言的水平，所以课堂教学需采取多种行之有效的好方法以提升课堂教学效果，增强写作水平的培养。本文从写作的重要性着手，探讨和介绍了几种写作的模式与方法，着重培养高年级学生书面表达的水平。让我们继续实施新课标，灌输新理念，迎接新高考，取得新胜利。Abstract: The New Curriculum Standard English puts emphasis on students ability to use English in a comprehensive way, and theref

2、ore it is urgent for teachers to adopt many kinds of effective methods in the classroom teaching to enhance the class instruction effects so as to cultivate students writing capability. Based on the importance of writing, the article mainly elaborates on several writing patterns together with some w

3、ays,which are designed to train students writing ability for senior students.In this way, we will be able to further implement the New Curriculum Standard strategy and instill some new teaching ideologies so as to win complete triumph over College Entrance Examinations.Key words: writing vocabulary

4、grammar pattern topic strategy 高考动态：书面表达新趋势 2014年湖南高考英语书面表达的特点及给我们的启示：设计新颖，独具一格，不落俗套。无需猜题，功在平时，实在训练，巧在方法。1. 高考书面表达越来越注重素质教育、突出创新、彰显个性。从形式上来看，2014年高考书面表达属于开放式作文，此题型为湖南11年高考来极好的命题形式，“My Magic _”中的空白处填写的内容能够N个，不拘一格。如：牙刷、水壶、鞋子等生活用品；书包、文具等学习用品；电脑、手机、电视等电子产品。选择面宽，内容广泛。从内容上来说，题目中明确规定书写“说明设计的理由”和“介绍新功能”，而这两

5、点的具体内容完全没有提示，需要考生们独立思考，发挥空间想象水平，考生能够“任性”一回。2高考书面表达越来越重视对学生思想层面的考查。传统的英语作文的考查是“重语言、轻内容”的，考生在内容上一般问题不大，依样画葫芦即可。2014年高考书面表达题更加重视内容上的丰富和思维层面的完善，“说明设计理由”这个点提纲表现尤为明显。好的理由不但要“言之有物”，还得言而有序，科学合理，令人信服。所以文章的逻辑和内容成为一个最大的得分点。作者就2014年高考英语书面表达谈一谈写作技巧，愿与各位同仁商榷。写好高考英语书面表达的要素：内容充实，句式丰富，用词准确，行文连接，思路清晰，过渡自然。我们以前把英语书面表达

6、归纳为书面表达六步法（实为写作五部曲）：书面表达审审题：明确体裁，掌握格式。文字信息；图片信息；题材、人称、时态等信息点抓抓住要点，一一对应。以词及点：用一两个单词或短语写出每句话的细节要点。扩遣词造句，点石成金。联词成句：用联词成句的方法将上述要点的词语扩展成句子。连联句成文：注意：主语和谓语 背景（适当增加时间、地点条件等）逻辑关系 开头与结尾 语篇衔接改检查修改:检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误和逻辑错误等；检查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措词更加恰当。抄誊写工整:定稿后应认真誊写，要求书写规范、准确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。第一局部 写作步骤：C

7、=5cs(Composition=5cs)Step 1 consulting the main informationStep 2 completing the translationStep 3 connection Step 4 correction Step 5 copy【英语书面表达“五步曲”（一看二译三串四改五誊写）】Step 1. Consulting the main information审题：审体裁、审人称、审时态。选择角度,立意谋篇,。以2014年湖南卷英语书面表达题为例：首先查看书面表达题2014湖南卷给考生的信息：（一）突出“创新”，属于开放型作文：学校正在组织科技创新

8、大赛，你想为日常生活中某件物品(如钢笔、书包、鞋子)设计添加新功能来参赛。请以“My magic_”为题写一篇英语短文，介绍你的创意。（二）题目中的英文提示虽然提到两个词（My magic），但是给考生自由发挥的空间却非常大，它的主要要求是介绍科技创新方面的发明，并就此说明设计理由，介绍其新功能。所以本文的体裁是说明文。考生首先应该确定文章的标题，然后说明设计理由和介绍新功能。我们就以“pen”为题来展开。然后，我们来查看写作要求：A. 1. 说明设计理由； 2. 介绍新功能。B. 1. 词数很多于120；2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。Step 2. Completing the tran

9、slation1）Pens are necessities for every student. /A(The) pen is necessary for life2）We are all familiar with them./ We have an intimate knowledge of them.3）I designed my pen. Its easy to carry./ My pen is not difficult/not hard to carry.4）Its used for writing. / Its used to write with.5）Its used for

10、 other important aspects. /Its used here and there/everywhere.6）I put some batteries in the pen. I fix a light bulb. 7）It is dark on my way home or to school. 8）I can use it as a flasher. /It can be used as a flashlight.9）I wont be afraid of darkness any more. / I will worry about darkness no more.1

11、0）I fix a tiny clock in the pen. I can know the time.11）I dont have to wear my watch. / I neednt wear my watch. 12）I put a sharp knife on the top of the pen.13）I can use it for cutting things./ I can use it to cut things14）I can use it even for protecting myself./ I can use it even in order to prote

12、ct myself .15）I come across danger. / I run into danger./Im in danger.16）Such is the pen. I designed. / Such is the pen I designed.17）Isnt it useful and attractive / magic? Step 3 Connection为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体，应该在句子与句子之间，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语。通过使用一些过渡性词汇，如firstly, secondly, at last, on the one hand,

13、 on the other hand, so, when, and, not only. but also.等连词，使文章意义更连接，逻辑更严密。Pensarenecessitiesforeverystudent.Soweareallfamiliarwiththem.Idesignedmypen.Ontheonehand,itseasytocarry.Ontheotherhand,itsusednotonlyforwritingbutalsoforotherimportantaspects.Firstly,Iputsomebatteriesinthepenandfixalightbulb,so

14、whenitisdarkonmywayhomeortoschool,Icanuseitforaflasher.Iwontbeafraidofdarknessanymore.Secondly, Ifixatinyclockinthepen,soIcanknowthetimeandIdonthavetowearmywatch.Atlast, Iputasharpknifeonthetopofthepen. Icaneitheruseitforcuttingthingsorevenprotectingmyself whenIcomeacrossdanger。(选自2014湖南高考书面表达范文) Su

15、chisthepenthatIdesigned.Isntitusefulandattractive? 从上面高考范文，不难看出文章：结构紧凑，层次清楚，过渡自然。所以，适度选用过渡词语不但能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，语言更流畅。常见的过渡性连接词（连词、副词或介词）如下（列举说明）：过 渡 性 连 接 词时间顺序first, next,，after that, soon, then, now, finally, at last，above all, first of all, firstly , secondly, 空间顺序here, there, under, in fron

16、t of, next to, opposite to并列关系and, also, too, as well as, therefore, so转折关系but, and yet, however, though, otherwise, even if, yet, instead, on the contrary因果关系because（of）, as, since, thanks to, due to, as a result, owing to，thus, so that递进关系whats more, besides, also, as well, moreover, furthermore,

17、in addition, 条件关系if, on condition that, as long as, unless, or else（否则 ）比照关系but, however, yet, instead, on the contrary, although, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, the formerthe latter, on one handon the other hand, someothers时间关系when, after, before, until, as s

18、oon as, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, at the same time, at last, all of a sudden等比关系in other words, that is to say举例说明for instance, for example, like, such as陈述事实in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth归纳总结on the whole, in short, all in all, in a word, in con

19、clusion, in general，generally speaking Nowadays, some of us students have formed some bad habits on campus. For example, some students leave the lights on in the daytime, or let water running after washing. Some leave over much food on the table after eating. Besides, waste paper and spoiled books c

20、an be seen everywhere. So it is high time that we had to deal with the problems.As we all know, these bad habits will have a bad influence on our character and behavior. Whats worse, they can not only increase our cost at school and add financial burden to our parents, but also waste the limited res

21、ources.But how to reduce the waste? In my opinion, we should start with ourselves to save everything. Here, Id like to remind my friends to take the lead in reducing the waste. Therefore, Im sure, with everyone doing his or her bit, we will change the present situation.由此能够看出：这些关联词的恰当使用，无疑能使全文语言过渡自然

22、，增强句子间的逻辑性和紧凑性。Step 4 Correction 疏于审题，随意就写，涂改严重，无异于“自杀”，所以有必要细心修改。通过修改，使其语言更加地道，文章更加流畅。 以短文改错的精神来复查书面表达。如： 时态是否使用混乱； 讲故事过去时，讲道理现在时，提建议多用should； 句子结构是否完整； Because后面有主句吗？When从句后面是句号吗； 要点是否遗漏欠缺； 6-8个得分点。假如按要点打草稿的话，这局部可省略； 冠词代词有无用错，名词单复数准确否； 低级错误，绝对避免； 有没有汉语式表达； 写自己熟悉的句子、写自己背过的句子、写自己有把握的句子； 句子开头首字母要大字，句

23、末要使用准确的英语标点符号。 Pens are necessities for every student. So we are all familiar with them. I designed my pen. On the one hand, its easy to carry. On the other hand, its used not only for writing but also for other important aspects.Firstly, I put some batteries in the pen and fix a light bulb, so when

24、 it is dark on my way home or to school, I can use it for a flasher. I wont be afraid of darkness any more. Secondly, I fix a tiny clock in the pen, so I can know the time and I dont have to wear my watch. At last, I put a sharp knife on the top of the pen. I can either use it for cutting things or

25、even protecting myself when I come across danger. Such is the pen that I designed. Isnt it useful and attractive? Step 5 Copy 经过修改正的文章，使其越来越精炼。当然在修改正程中，难免出现不整洁。书写是否工整清晰，它也会影响答卷得分。卷面不整洁，涂改多；大小写错误;标点符号误用;书写不规范，得分会很低的。所以，最后好好誊写，会得到比较理想得分。My Magic PenPens are necessities for every student. So we are all

26、 familiar with them. I designed my pen. On the one hand, its easy to carry. On the other hand, its used not only for writing but also for other important aspects.Firstly, I put some batteries in the pen and fix a light bulb, so when it is dark on my way home or to school, I can use it for a flasher.

27、 I wont be afraid of darkness any more. Secondly, I fix a tiny clock in the pen, so I can know the time and I dont have to wear my watch. At last, I put a sharp knife on the top of the pen. I can either use it for cutting things or even protecting myself when I come across danger. Such is the pen th

28、at I designed. Isnt it useful and attractive? 第二局部 高分策略：在训练书面表达时，写好一字一句，尽量避免错误。遣词造句，扬长避短。用词有疑，另找替代。一法不成，另寻他途。选择使用自己最熟悉的词语和句型以及自己最有把握的表达方式，以达扬长避短的目的。擅长借用教材中出现的好词好句。高考书面表达怎样才能写出好句子?我们是否能够使用“123”工程【一 “统一”，两 “选择”，三 “使用”】一个“统一”句子的统一性和连接性是书面表达的关键。1.通过合句，将意义相关的几个句子用一定的方式连接起来，或通过紧缩，去掉一些多余的成分，避免冗长累赘、松散无力，以增强

29、句子的连接性，达到更好的表达效果。如：We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess. （初中生水平）After a short rest, we had great fun, singing and dancing, telling stories and playing chess.2、围绕一个中心，选择句子的要素，是十分必要的。In 2001 Li Ming came to No.1 Middle School. He

30、was the worst student when he came. But the teachers taught him kindly and his classmates helped him warmly. So he became a top student after 3 years of hard work.（语言繁杂）With the help of the teachers and his classmates, Li Ming has become a top student after 3 years of hard work since he came to No.1

31、 Middle School in 2001.（语言精炼）两个“选择”一、选择自己熟悉并准确的句子结构学生常犯的错误主要有以下三种:1.语法错误：句子残缺不全,缺乏主语、谓语或其他必要成分。或简单地将汉语的某一词句等同于英语的某一词句（即Chinglish：在使用英语时，因受汉语思维方式或文化的影响而拼造出不符合英语表达习惯）。如将“蛋糕”表达成“egg cake” “small air”表示“小气”。如： e.g. (原句)We all very excited. Parents are not easy to earn money. （修改后）We are all very excited

32、. It is not easy for parents to earn money.句法错误：如there be 句型出现双谓语；主从复合句只有主句或只有从句；几个独立的句子连续写在一起，中间没有准确的标点符号或连词。如：（原句）There are a lot of boys play football on the playground. The game started, we played hard, we soon won the first set. （修改后）There are a lot of boys playing football on the playground. A

33、fter the game started, we played hard, and soon we won the first set.3. 逻辑错误： 前后句没有必然的逻辑关系，或牵强附会。如：Even though my hometown is beautiful, but the environment is not good. (家乡美与环境脏显然矛盾，并且连词even though 与 but 错用。)Hearing the news, the tears ran down her cheeks.( 泪水不可能“听”)二、选择简洁明了的句子以显示文章的灵气He is a perso

34、n who is honest.（故弄虚玄）He is an honest person.（简明扼要）The watch is golden in color and costs $50 in price. （拖泥带水）The golden watch costs $50. （简明扼要）三个“使用”一、使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采，丰富语句的表现力。如：1. A new railway is being built in my hometown.A new railway is under construction in my hometown.2. I like reading

35、while my brother likes watching television.I prefer to read, while my brother is fond of watching television.3. You will find us easily.I am sure you will have no difficulty/trouble（in）finding us.二、使用不同结构、不同长度的句子，尽量使句型多样化，避免单调，枯燥乏味。如：(一)改变句子开头 为了把文章写得生动活泼，除了用主语开头外，还能够用句子的其他成分开头。1用表语开头： North of Beih

36、ai is Nanjing. 2用同位语开头：Air，water and oxygen，everything is necessary for life3用状语开头： 1）用副词开头：Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests 2）以介词短语开头：To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring 3）以分词短语开头：Known as the home of Nanzhu pearls, it is a beautiful coastal ci

37、ty. 4) 以不定式短语开头：Tn order to/To pass the exam，you should work very hard (二)使用一些倒装句、强调句或感叹句等，能够为文章增添亮色。如：Another new building-our library stands on the other side of the road, where the playground used to be.On the other side of the road, where the playground used to be , stands another building-our l

38、ibrary.（倒装句）The brave dog had saved my little sister. It was the brave dog that had saved my little sister.（强调句）We were very glad to see so many changes in our school. How glad we were to see so many changes in our school!（感叹句）（三）长短句交替 在具体语言活动中，最好长短句交替使用。这既表达了节奏上的要求，也是意义上的需要。 There is a new classroo

39、m building on one side of the road. There used to be a playground on the other side before. But there is a library now. There are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines in the library. There is a new playground in front of the school. There are a lot of trees in and around the school.（一般记叙）On

40、one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands another new building-our library, in which you can find all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of tre

41、es in and around the school.（生动描绘）三、巧妙使用连接词不但能够使句型更丰富，而且还能够把书面表达得更加有序、更连接（如前所述）。第三局部 美文标准 高分作文一般应具备Five Threes（五个三）（一）“三合一”的模式，即由三段左右组成一篇完整的书面表达(开好头，过好渡，结好尾)。开头段的写法能够采用“定义话题式写法”，构成“XXX is something that can + V”的句型，用以介绍你所写的魔力物品。比方，My magic pen is a mobile tool which can not only write smoothly but a

42、lso be used as an MP3.中间段理由的陈述，总的局部能够套用“原因如下”的写作句型。There are certain reasons that I take into account. “设计理由”和“新功能”的书写需要用连接词连接起来，“三点”的连接词能够采用少见的To begin with, Whats more, Lastly, 。“两点”的连接词能够用“一方面，；另一方面，”On the one hand, On the other hand ; for one thing, for another 结尾段的功能书写是比较难的，需要列举出你所设计的产品的“独特之处”

43、，同时也要用这些连接词将功能串联起来（范文如上）。常见的书面表达写作模板3段左右，参见如下:议论文模板I正反观点式议论文模板:导入: 第1段:Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should. (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文: 第2段:Most of the students are in favor of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First. Second. Finally.(列出23个赞成的理由) 第3段:Ho

44、wever, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place. Whats more. In addition.(列出23个反对的理由) 结论: 第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)IIA或者B类议论文模板:导入: 第1段:Some peop

45、le hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文: 第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that . Another reason is that.(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also

46、has advantages to some extent. (列出12个B的优势) 结论: 第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that .(得出结论)III观点论述类议论文模板:导入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favor of the decision. (亮明自

47、己的观点是赞成还是反对) The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文: 第2段:First of all. Secondly. Besides.(列出23个赞成或反对的理由) 结论: 第3段:In conclusion, I believe that. (照应第1段，构成总-分-总结构)IVHow to类议论文模板:导入: 第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文: 第2段: Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the followin

48、g may be most effective. First of all. Another way to solve the problem is . Finally.(列出23个解决此类问题的办法) 结论: 第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to.(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)图画类写作模板1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows th

49、at./From this picture, we can see./As is shown in the picture./As is seen in the picture. The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题.The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点This means that as 进一步说明。We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节2.衔接句 As we all know, ./As is known to all,./It i

50、s well known that./In my opinion,./As far as I am concerned,./This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.图表细节一After 动词-ing :细节一中的第一个变化，the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化)。The figures also tell us that.图表细节二In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描绘)。3.结尾In conclusion./In brief./On the whole./In

51、short./In a word./Generally speaking./As has been stated. Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论).The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). b或是 It is high time that we. (发出倡议).（二）三个高级词汇：即在一篇书面表达中，至少表达有3个好词汇。最好使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，这样会为书面表达增色很多。这里所说的“词汇”能够从“高级词汇的

52、使用”，“同义词的使用”，“短语的使用”三个方面去理解。我以2012满分作文（未作任何修改）为例来说明。 Three years ago, just before my departure with my good friend Tommy, he got me a wonderful watch as my birthday gift, which I had ever since been treasuring all the time before unfortunately I got it lost. I used to go everywhere with company of m

53、y watch pet but the other day I could go nowhere for its sign. I was so upset and depressed that I lost any desire for doing things and I could not even recall where and how I lost it. What happened next on this morning, however, almost sent my spirits flying higher than sky. Guess what? It found it

54、s way back to my dormitory, lying on my bed with a note beside it saying: Im sure its yours, so I brought it back from the library assistant. Jack. Ah, my roommate Jack found it in the library. Can you imagine how excited I was at that moment? I must offer my thankfulness to Jack for his kindness. A

55、nd I also need to reflect on my carelessness. 【点评】该文170字左右，使用了很多高级词汇，短语，等等，充分表达了作者很强的语言使用水平，语言变化多姿，充满魅力。My Magic PenPens are necessities for every student. So we are all familiar with them. I designed my pen. On the one hand, its easy to carry. On the other hand, its used not only for writing but al

56、so for other important aspects.Firstly, I put some batteries in the pen and fix a light bulb, so when it is dark on my way home or to school, I can use it for a flasher. I wont be afraid of darkness any more. Secondly, I fix a tiny clock in the pen, so I can know the time and I dont have to wear my

57、watch. At last, I put a sharp knife on the top of the pen. I can either use it for cutting things or even protecting myself when I come across danger. Such is the pen which I designed. Isnt it useful and attractive? （2014湖南高考范文）（三）三个高级句型：即在一篇书面表达中，至少表达有3个好句型。例如： 1. He didnt go to bed until his wife

58、came back.= It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.(强调句)= Not until his wife came back did he go to bed。（倒装句）2Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over the issue that . In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in . Generally speaking, it is widely believed that there

59、are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, . Secondly, . Just as a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides, is no exception, and in another word, it still has some negative aspects. To begin with, . In addition, . To sum up, we should try to take the advantages of , and reduce the disa

60、dvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the . （四）三个高级语法结构：即在一篇书面表达中，至少表达有3个好语法结构。固定句式，如感叹句，复合结构，强调句，倒装句，三大从句，非谓语动词等都属于较复杂的“语法结构”。这些结构的准确使用，能够使文章的语言充满层次感，从而姣好地反映作者的语言使用水平。例如：As is shown by the graph（定语从句）, has been increasing steadily from in 1

61、978 to in 2005. From the sharp rise in the chart, it goes without saying that . There are at least two good reasons accounting for the change. On the one hand, . On the other hand, is due to the fact that .In addition, is also responsible for .Maybethere are some other reasons to show . But it is ge

62、nerally believed that（主语从句）the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned（状语从句）, I hold the point of view that . I am sure my opinion is both soundand well-grounded.又如：选自2012年湖南高考满分作文（未作任何修改）：One day I received an invitation from another school to give a speech on how to learn English well, I was extremely happy and accepted it. I got ready for the speech , put the notes in my bag and went there by bus. While on the bus I discovered the notes and my ID card were missing. I was very worried, but I knew the bus wouldnt sto