石大 科技英语资料

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1、请看清答案顺序再做！科技英语资料Part I Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Geology is a natural science. With it men can discover all kinds of useful minerals. Geology studies the earth. But of the three spheres, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, it only directly studies the lithosphere. It studies the

2、 composition and distribution of material in the earths crust. It studies also the formation, changes and development of rocks and minerals in the earths crust. Geology is a very complex science. There are many branches in geology. Mineralogy is the science of the minerals. Petrology is the science

3、of the rocks. Geomorphology deals with origin of landscapes and changes in them. Historical geology traces the evolution and development of the earth and of the animals and plants on it. Stratigraphy studies the sequence of the rocks in the earths crust. Paleontology deals with the ancient animals a

4、nd plants. These are just a few of the most important branches of geology.Geology is a very important science. We depend upon geology for the discovery of mineral deposits needed by the various industries. A lot of minerals are used as fuel and raw materials. Without them industrialization is imposs

5、ible. Minerals are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. China is very rich in mineral deposits of all kinds. The study of geology will help us to discover them.Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid, or in more than one of these states at a single place. Chemica

6、lly any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities. Liquid petroleum, which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil, is the most important commercially. It consists chiefly

7、of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities.Petroleum gas, commonly called natural gas to distinguish it from manufactured gas, consists of the lighter paraffin hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is methane gas (CH4). The semisolid and solid fo

8、rms of petroleum consist of the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens.Geology plays an important role in the search for oil and natural gas. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil (and gas) to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, onc

9、e a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough

10、 to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upward through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some g

11、as occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples. A fault zone may itself be impervious, or faulting ma

12、y have shifted an impervious bed so that it now blocks a reservoir bed. Stratigraphic traps tend to be more difficult to locate and may form where tilted reservoir beds are overlain unconformably by impervious layers or where the reservoir beds become thinner up-dip and wedge out within enclosing im

13、pervious beds. Thus oil that was once distributed in sparse amounts throughout a very large volume of rock may now be richly concentrated within the uppermost portions of favorable reservoir rocks. The task of the geologist is the location of promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable

14、 for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. Drilling a hole is then the only known method of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure. 1. What is mainly dealt with in the passage?A. The formation of oil. B. The formation of rocks.C. The general introduction of geology.D. The ro

15、les of geology in finding oil.2. Geology is a natural science and it does NOT study_. A. the minerals in the earths crustB. the rocks in the earths crustC. the evolution and development of the earthD. the origin of the atmosphere surrounding the earth 3. One prerequisite for oil to accumulate in qua

16、ntity is that the oil originates in _.A. a source rock B. a black mudC. the seawaterD. organic compounds4. In the formation of oil, a nonpermeable layer above a reservoir bed is necessary because it can _.A. accelerate the travel speed of the oilB. hinder the oil to move upward C. help the oil to mo

17、ve upwardD. help people to discover the oil5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Drilling a hole is one of the known methods of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure.B. A geologist usually tries to locate promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for th

18、e occurrence of the other prerequisites. C. An unfavorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil.D. A permeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed.Passage 2In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to b

19、e clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simple-minded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reali

20、ty. A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotles theor

21、y that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, was simple enough to qualify, but it did not make any definite predictions. On the other hand, Newtons theory of gravity was based on an even simpler model, in which bodies attracted each other with a force that was propor

22、tional to a quantity called their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motion of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy.Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can ne

23、ver prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the t

24、heory. In practice, what often happens is that a new theory that is devised is really an extension of the previous theory.The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem int

25、o two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time. Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that scie

26、nce should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for religion. They would say that God could have started the universe off any way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary w

27、ay. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state. It turns out to be very difficult to devise a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Inst

28、ead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories. Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is c

29、ompletely wrong. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation. Nevertheless, it is certainly the way that we have made progress in the past. The classical examp

30、le is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution

31、 of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.Today scientists describe the universe on terms of two basic partial theories the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of r

32、elativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with ea

33、ch other they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, is the search for a new theory that will incorporate them both a quantum theory of gravity. We do not yet have such a new theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the prop

34、erties that it must have.6. According to the author, a theory is all of the following EXCEPT for _. A. a model of the universeB. a restricted part of the universe C. a set of rulesD. a reality7. The difference between Aristotles theory and Newtons theory is _.A. Aristotles theory can describe a larg

35、e class of observations, while Newtons cannot.B. Newtons theory can describe a large class of observations, while Aristotles cannot.C. Aristotles theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Newtons cannot. D. Newtons theory can make a definite prediction of the future obs

36、ervations, while Aristotles cannot.8. The approach adopted by most scientists to devise a theory to describe the universe is _. A. to break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories B. to invent one theory to describe the whole universe C. to combine general theory of relativi

37、ty with quantum mechanics D. to study the origin of the universe9It is described in Newtons theory of gravity that bodies attracted each other with a force which is _. A. inversely proportional to their mass B. inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them C. proportional to the

38、square of the distance between them D. proportional to the constitution of them 10According the passage, the great intellectual achievements of the first half of the 20th century are _. A. Newtons theory of gravity and the general theory of relativity B. Newtons theory of gravity and quantum mechani

39、cs C. the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics D. the general theory of relativity and the quantum theory of gravityPassage 3The current energy security system was created in response to the 1973 Arab oil embargo to ensure coordination among the industrialized countries in the event of

40、 a disruption in supply, encourage collaboration on energy policies, and deter any future use of an “oil weapon” by exporters. Its key elements are the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA), whose members are the industrialized countries; strategic stockpiles of oil, including the U.S. Strat

41、egic Petroleum Reserves; continued monitoring and analysis of energy markets and policies; and energy conservation and coordinated emergency sharing of supplies in the event of a disruption. The emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability,

42、 not to manage prices and the commodity cycle. Since the systems inception in the 1970s, a coordinated emergency drawdown of strategic stockpiles has occurred only twice: on the eve of the Gulf War in 1991 and in the autumn of 2005 after Hurricane Katrina.Experience has shown that to maintain energy

43、 security countries must abide by several principles. The first and most familiar is what Churchill urged more than 90 years ago: diversification of supply. Multiplying ones supply sources reduces the impact of a disruption in supply from one source by providing alternatives, serving the interests o

44、f both consumers and producers, for whom stable markets are a prime concern. But diversification is not enough. A second principle is resilience, a “security margin” in the energy supply system that provides a buffer against shocks and facilitates recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come from

45、 many factors, including sufficient spare production capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along the supply chain, and the stockpiling of critical parts for electric power production and distribution, as well as carefully conceived plans for responding

46、 to disruptions that may affect large regions. Hence the third principle: recognizing the reality of integration. There is only one oil market, a complex and worldwide system that moves and consumes about 86 million barrels of oil every day. For all consumers, security resides in the stability of th

47、is market. Secession is not an option. A fourth principle is the importance of information. High-quality information underpins well-functioning markets. On an international level, the IEA has led the way in improving the flow of information about world markets and energy prospects. That work is bein

48、g complemented by the new International Energy Forum, which will seek to integrate information from producers and consumers. Information is no less crucial in a crisis, when consumer panics can be instigated by a mixture of actual disruptions, rumors, and fear. In such situations, governments and th

49、e private sector should collaborate to counter panics with high-quality, timely information. As important as these principles are, the past several years have highlighted the need to expand the concept of energy security in two critical dimensions: the recognition of globalization of the energy secu

50、rity system, which can be achieved especially by engaging China and India, and the acknowledgement of the fact that the entire energy supply chain needs to be protected.11. The energy security system was established for the following long-term purpose EXCEPT _. A. protecting profits of industrialize

51、d countries during Arab oil embargo B. making effective coordination among those industrialized countries C. promoting cooperation in making policies about energyD. preventing oil exporters from using oil as a weapon against other countries12. Which of the following statements about International En

52、ergy Agency is NOT true?A. Its headquarter is located in Paris.B. Its members include developed and developing countries. C. It monitors and analyzes the energy market and policies.D. It makes great efforts to save energy and deal with oil disruption.13. The first and foremost thing that both consum

53、ers and producers are concerned about is _.A. various supply sourcesB. stable energy markets C. the largest profitsD. reasonable prices14. Integration, the third principle to maintain energy security, means to _. A. recognize the reality of energy shortageB. guarantee the stability of energy marketC

54、. realize the unity of the worldwide market D. protect ones independent interests 15. The main purpose of this passage is to _.A. convince readers that energy security is importantB. introduce the major energy organizations of U.S.C. inform readers what the energy security system is likeD. present p

55、rinciples for ensuring energy security Passage 4I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenyas Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover th

56、an the traces of our own predecessors. The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of todays African mammals roamed in the rich grassland and forest fringes between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. The environment was not too dif

57、ferent from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct. One in particular I would have loved to see alive was a short-necked giraffe relative that had huge “antlers”, some with a span across the horns of close to almost 3 meters. There were bu

58、ffalo-size antelopes with massive curving horns, carnivores that must have looked like saber-toothed lions, two distinct species of hippo and at least two types of elephants. We may never know the full extent of this incredible mammalian diversity, but there were probably more than twice as many spe

59、cies a million years ago as there are today. That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the same story everywhere. Most of lifes experiments have ended in extinction. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone. So, sho

60、uld we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever? I believe it is. We know that the well-being of human race is tied to the well-

61、being of many other species, and we cant be sure which species are most important to our own survival. But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the worlds biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries ju

62、stify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden? Is it legitimate to spend large sums of money to save some species be it an elephant or an orchid in a nation in which a sizable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line?Su

63、ch questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in impoverished nations. Nonetheless, I believe that we can and should do a great deal. Its a matter of changing priorities. Plenty of money is available for scientific field studies and conferences on endangering species. But what ab

64、out boots and vehicles for park personnel who protect wildlife from poachers? What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by. People in poor countries should not be asked to choose betwe

65、en their own short-term survival and long-term environmental needs. If their governments are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from international sources. To me, the choice is clear. Either the more affluent world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out. Of course, we must be careful not to allow the establishment of slush funds or rely on short-term, ha