GMAT语法总结(必看哦亲)

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1、GMAT语法秘籍QQ：983786585；John（G760+5）Chapter 1 语法使用无错误：1、 主谓一致（1） 主语和谓语l 在英文中永远只有主谓搭配，同位语对谓语动词单复数没有影响Students each haveEach of the students hasFive hundreds students, a group, each havel 主语，同位语，谓语（2） 倒装：There be + A and BBe 动词的单复数由A决定介词短语/形容词短语 作表语放句首+系+主强调：It is A that /who谓语. （谓语的单复数由that/who前面的真正主语保持

2、一致）（3） 定语从句中的主谓一致：-A of B that 谓语，that 从句中的谓语动词英语先行词的数保持一致。一般A为先行词，但有时B也可以作先行词（这需要逻辑上判断）。-One of 复数名词 that 谓语，从句中的动词用复数形式。-The only one (the first one of) of 复数名词 that 谓语，从句中的动词用单数形式，因为此时先行词是one。-N1 谓语 N2， that N1 谓语 N2， which （that 修饰紧跟前面，which 不一定）（逗号Which 不可以指代前面整个句子，但是可以指代前面句子里的任意一个名词，一般是离逗号最近的那

3、个）（4） 名词性从句和分词短语+单谓，但是若用上述相同的两个成分，谓语用复数。（5） 如果原题主语谓语中间插进了很多定语状语，答案可能是把定语状语放到前面，让主语和谓语靠在一起，这样可以make the clause strongere.g. Tom, in his books, carefully coordinating with his narratives, capitalized In his books, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Tom capitalized（6） 有时候用and连接的两个名词是指

4、同一个人和事，而且and后面的名词前又无冠词（如：my house and home），谓语应用单数；如果后面那个名词前面加了冠词，主语则变成了复数，谓语要用复数。如：my friend and the classmate Jane；如果and后面的名词前加了not，主语又是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如the farmer, and not the city dweller, is hurt when food price falls。（7） “an amount(sum) of +不可数名词” 作主语，谓语单数；”quantity of +不可数名词” 作主语，谓语单数；而”large sum

5、s of/ quantities of +可数或不可数名词” 作主语，谓语复数；（8） 可数对象只能用number或few或many修饰；不可数对象只能由amount，little或much修饰；a number of ：大量的；the number of ：的数量；numbers of+可数名词的修饰必错。（9） no 修饰名词作主语时，看名词的单复数；若名词为单数，谓语用单数；若名词为复数，谓语用复数。（10） 在句子结构中注意数的一致，名词A+ be/动词（act as）+名词B，应该保证A和B 在单复数上的一致。Some bat caves have residents that ta

6、ke on different duties such as defending,acting as sentinels.(这里residents和sentinels一致)（11） A 介/连 +谓l 随后原则Not only, but also Notbut NeithernorEitherorNorOrl 随前原则A of B + 谓语所有其他不是随后原则的 A with B, A as well as B, be integral to A and BA, including BA, together/along with BA, no less than/more than BA be

7、sides BA except Bl 看of 后面的名词决定Part/most/some/all/分数百分比/the rest of +n+谓语l 复数动词 A and B, 无论A和B是可数还是不可数（A or B, 谓语动词就近原则，看B。）例题：Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.A- little water or ser

8、vices existB- little water or services exists C- few services and little water existsD- there is little water or services availableE- there are few services and little available water A total of +复数n An average ofAn average of 12 persons comel 单数动词 完整句子做主语 news 表整体性词组A body/collection/array/series/s

9、et/portion/group of +复数n+单数v例外A total of/an average of复数n+复数v 物质名词作主语，谓语动词用单数 Equipment, stone, citrus (柑橘), iron, milk, dioxin(OG 有复数dioxins) 学科名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，但以下两个作特殊含义时例外 Statistics (统计数据), Economics (经济政策) +复数 The average of 集体名词administration, army, audience, class, crowd (一群，一伙)， faculty (全体教员)

10、， orchestra, team, group.l Majority/minority/plurality 作主语-指整体动词+单数v-指整体的每一个个体+复数vsThe majority of students in this class are hard workers.The student majority is opposed to the death penalty. 单数名词+ majorityl 一些外来词的复数形式：以-is结尾的词变复数改为-es：analysisanalyses，crisiscrises；以-um结尾的词变复数改为-a：bacteriumbacteria

11、，datumdata；以-on结尾的词变复数改为-a：criterioncriteria；以-us结尾的词变复数改为-i：nucleusnuclei，stimulusstimuli；以-a结尾的词变复数改为-ae：lavalavae；formulaformulae；以-ex/-ix结尾的词变复数改为-ices：indexindices；2、 平行结构（1） 平行结构的对称： 形式对称； 主动与被动可以对称；现在分词与过去分词可以对称； 语法对称，如to do is to do 单复数对称，如unlike a typical automobile loan, a lease loan 时态对称；

12、 比较级别上对称； 意义上对称：如动作性名词对称结构； a. 动作性名词-动作性名词 Duty assignment and the staffing of people (不是the staff) 动作性名词 The onset, the assignment, the staffing, the splitting apart (裂开) 动词ing前面加the 就变成名词 b. 两个句子用and连接，最好主语一致 To Ann, Paris is her home and she remained in France during WWII. Ann made Paris her home

13、 and she remained in France during WWII. 如果不能完全对称，也可以部分对称，如in part 就与partly不对称（2） 省略：to do A, to do B and to do C 可以变为to do A, do B and do C； 把to 改为can一样成立，be也可以省略，一般把to, be 省略的都是正确答案，注意要么全有，要么全省。（3） 注意平行结构的各个部分是否前后搭配得当，如adj+ 名词A and/or +名词2 以及动词A and/or动词B+名词，应该分别考虑能否搭配问题。（4） 注意大平行中有小平行，而且平行结构最后一个i

14、tem之前要有and连接，搞清楚谁与谁平行。Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride. (carry和后面动作是大平行，cost, get, allow, have 这四个是小平行，因为carry这个动作没有参加compared，而是自成一个层

15、次，而另外的四个动词是compared的项目，它们自己组成小平行，所以第一个and是有必要的)（5） 肯定句用and，否定句用or，选择句用or，两个不同程度的词要用or连接（damage or vanish）；只有出现not/no的才是否定句，nor/neither/never都不是I have never been to USA and Australia.（6） 副词不能做连词，如worrying over, also over.; its worry concerning, also concerning全错（7） 代词平行排列I prefer to hire employees wh

16、o work hard to those that dont. ()I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those who dont.（8） . .and V. (如果and前面出现多个动词，要先理解句子的逻辑含义，看and后面的动词是跟哪个层次的动词相平行。)New items developed for automobiles in the 1997 model year included a safer air bag, which, unlike previous air bags, eliminated the possibilit

17、y that a burst of smoke would appear when the bag inflated and make an already terrified passenger think the car was on fire. (make与appear平行，不是与eliminated平行，所以如果用made就错了)（9） that.and thatVoters may agree thatand thatVoters may agree and that ()（10） notbut (rather)His inventions did not spring to lif

18、e in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous work.His invention sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly form previous work. ()（11） fromtoTo 可以用till和until代替，如（from the turn of the century until the late 1980s）From to 结构中，加上up或者down是多余的，如（fromdown to或fromup to必错

19、）（12） 前面分句用to do,后面分句也尽量用to doThe best way to build a house, but the most popular method now is to do.(不用that，doing)The only way to know is to take the plunge.The only way to know is taking the plunge. ()（13） to, to, or toThey use their power to find and attach prey, to defend themselves, or to comm

20、unicate and navigate.They use their power either to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or also for communicating and navigating. ()（14） To do sth is to do sth; doing sth is doing sth; sth is sth.（15） rather than(若rather than后面是动词，一般均为原形，无论该结构是在句首还是在句中出现)A recent study has found that within

21、the past few years, many doctors have elected to retire early rather than face the threats of lawsuits. (to 可省略)A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors have elected to retire early rather than facing the threats of lawsuits. ()若在考试中，5个选项里安排有的选项用instead of 表达，有的用rather t

22、han表达。在此时，如果rather than的选项没有缺陷，请优先考虑rather than结构。Instead of是介词词组，只能用于连接名词短语，动名词或代词短语。3、 代词使用（是否找到其源头，源头是否make sense）（1） 常见指代错误： 模糊指代：即一个代词可以指代其前面的两个或两个以上的指代对象，同时又很难决定究竟该代词指代哪一个。 遥远指代：即代词与其指代对象应该尽可能开进，不要离太远。 暗示指代：代词被用来指代一个用定语形式暗示的名词或一个根本就未在句中出现过的名词。（2） 同一句话中相同代词（they, them, their）必须指代相同的词。（3） 代词前面出现

23、一个以上的同复数（或单数）的名词，代词指代一定有问题。（4） 代词不能指代一句话，只能指代一个特定的主体，当动作发出者是前面的整句话，即前面整句话对后文的影响，用“新名词/doing”，不能用it/that/which/to do（5） 虽然代词不能指代一句话，但有例外（it作形式宾语），it is+ adj.+ to do/ that（6） 代词只能指代中心词，不能指代修饰语，但有一个例外：A of B, it（可以指代A or B）（7） 代词优先指代句子主语，除非明显看出单复数不一样（8） 特指泛指（9） 有it尽量把它往前面放，减少指代歧义。如果放越后面，指代的可能性对象就越多，语意不

24、清。（10） 代词不能指代“插入语”中的名词，因为插入语随时可以抽离, in, them: them 不能指代in的宾语（11） 5个选项同时使用名词和代词，尤其是原题使用了代词，答案一般选把代词换成了名词的选项（12） 名词1+动词+名词2+代词。往往有歧义，不知道代词指代谁，从语法上来说首先指代名词2，如实际上指代名词1，则句子表达不清。解决办法：1）名词1以及名词2一个用单数一个用复数；2）不用代词，但是此处重复名词1或名词2的部分内容。（13） 动词后面用来指代一个动作的只能用so，如think so，do so（14） 指代前面提到的example or instance时，用suc

25、h而非these（15） Do可以代替动词不定式，如 their wines are priced to sell and they do(代替sell)（16） 指代人的时候只能用who(m)，不能用that/which（17） 如果代词指代的是一个被修饰的名词或代词，则该代词的含义是指整个意思（包括修饰成分的含义）4、 修饰（1） 现在分词作定语 当现在分词作定语与定语从句无太大差别时，为了简洁，优先用分词形式。 现在分词作定语时表示的动作的发生时间要与谓语动词的时态相一致，但当两者发生的时间不一致时，分词不能取代定语从句。The young man who sat between Mar

26、y and John yesterday will come to our party. 含有情态动词的定语从句也不能用-ing短词代替。Will you find us a woman who can repair the TV? 当用某个物体的持续性动作对该物体进行限定性修饰时，应采用-ing形式，相当于表明此动作是该物体的一个永久属性。The planet orbiting the Mar. 若是法令或权力的内容，可用现在分词短语来对该法令或全力进行限定，如the regulation banning smoking. 现在分词作定语有动作进行中的意思，句子中的其他成分最好能与其对应。S

27、tate officials report that soaring rates for liability insurance are forcing cutbacks in the operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.（2） 过去分词作定语 现在分词：主动进行；过去分词：被动完成。（3） 现在分词在句末（句中）表示伴随方式和伴随结果 表示伴随方式或情况，相当于另一分句，一般放在句末，有时也放在句

28、首和句中。Too old to bear arms himself, Frederick Douglass served as a recruiting agent, traveling through the North and exhorting Black men to join the Union army. 表示伴随结果，相当于另一分句，一般放在句末。After the Arab conquest of Egypt in A.D 640, Arabic became the dominant language of the Egyptians, replacing older lan

29、guages and writing systems. /The environmental Protection Agencys proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nations fuel supply problems. () (应该是., which says)（4） 分词短语逻辑主语的判断a) 分词短语在

30、句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语b) ing分词短语在句尾: 表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语,注意这里的句子可以是从句。 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加 (现在分词做状语表结果，OG154和259。)注意也有可能在从句中作伴随结果。Although improved efficiency in converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce harvest rates, it wi

31、ll stimulate demand by increasing supply and lowering prices, thereby boosting consumption.Analysts blamed Mays sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.c) ed分词短

32、语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词OG127d) ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词OG191e) 介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing,句子 在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语 在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是（5） 关于分词修饰语的理解 by tigercaiqunA.当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;The state religion of ancient china allowed the ritual worship of heaven, performed by

33、emperors only, perceiving them as special links between the earthly and celestial realms. (前面的performed 没有错，就近修饰了ritual worship of heaven，但是后面的perceiving 不能修饰emperors，修饰主句的主语，所以逻辑错误，应该改为,who were perceived as)B.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；C.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词

34、. 所以OG127说C选项:the phrase having been assigned.is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear.-就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了.(另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰-OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有

35、OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.D.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;E.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语. 这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179F.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名

36、词1+分词.见OG208。（6） 介词短语 介词短语放在不同的位置，效果有显著差异，介词短语作定语时一定要紧跟其所修饰的对象。The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one registered to an individual with a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds. ()The department defines a private passenger vehicle as one that is registered to an individual and that

37、 has a gross weight of less than 8,000 pounds.(with修饰one就应该紧跟one，如果没有这样的选项，就换一种表达)The science of economics, for four decades, is one that was dominated by Keynesians. ()The science of economics is one that for four decades has been dominated by Keynesians.(for短语修饰从句，就应在从句中，而不应跑到主句中作成分) with复合结构的用法:

38、with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。1）With+宾语+介词短语2）with+宾语+过去分词(宾语与宾补之间是被动关系) 3）with+宾语+现在分词(宾语与宾补之间是主动关系) 4）with+宾语+to do(不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义) 5）with+宾语+形容词/副词 6）with复合结构的作用The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale, with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up

39、to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. (withdone)（7） 同位语结构：一般修饰名词或名词短语，解释的是整个名词，而不是名短中某个词，故同位语不是核心词修饰；必须对其修饰对象有解释力；同位语结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。 名词性同位语：名词解释名词：n. ,n; n. ,a/an+n 或a/an+n. ,n.-Life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a speciali

40、zed contract between individual underwriters and their clients. -The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of not paying back their loans on time, a group collectively known as the supreme lending market. That引导同位语结构：抽象名词（evidence, result, principle等）+that从

41、句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释-The rumor spread that a new school would be built here.-Recent findings lend strong support to the theory that a black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way and of many of the 100 billion other galaxies estimated to exist in the universe. 概括性同位语结构：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象；短语/句子，a

42、program/an advance/a practice that-Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what appears to be an ancient lake shore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors.While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant

43、genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation. 名词重复性同位语结构：n. ,n(重复所修饰的名词)+that或n. ,the same n.(重复所修饰的名词)thatMost states impose limitations on the authority of the legislature to borrow money, limitations intended to protect taxpayers and the credit of the state governm

44、ent. 形容词同位语结构：不仅仅名词，有些形容词也可以作同位语，例如：different from, twice as many as，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯修饰最近的词语，但是不绝对。-According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1970, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey. 关于同位语用法中的the和逗号 如果把职位，称号放在人名前面，没有冠

45、词或者有定冠词，就不用逗号：Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk 如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号：A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号：Creative and original, Thelonious Monk（8） 定语从句 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句：有该修饰时，修饰对象的外延是否有变化，如果变小了就是限定性，如果没变就是非限定性。 That+限制性定语从句；前面不能加介词，要紧跟名词，不能跳跃修饰。 Which+非限定性定语从句；

46、前面可以加介词，不能紧跟名词，要加逗号，可以跳跃修饰，但一般认为是修饰前面最近的词，应该尽可能地紧靠要修饰的对象。Analysts blamed Mays sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than usual in some regions, which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture. (which由于没有紧靠要修饰的对象weather，所以指代不能，因为它会优先修饰最近的名词

47、regions) 有which不要替换成with，用with指代不清The company earns a profit, which have increased 5 percent during the first three years.The company earns a profit, with a 5 percent increase during the first three years. () Who、whom人；that、which物；whose人，物 N where and in which X N where and who X N whoand whose Time

48、/period when; 2012 when; Age in which; Year that; Date at which; 前面整句话对后面的影响，用doing/新名词；不能用which, to do, this, it N thatV如果that后面的修饰语太长，则可以将that放到V后面：A new type of jet engine is being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world.(避免头重脚轻)（9） 独立主格结构做伴随状语：独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻

49、辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成。一般放在句首或者句尾，起状语作用，表伴随原因、条件、状态等 一般独立主格，与主句行程松散逻辑关系，与主句描述动作、状态同时发生或存在，形式为：n. +n.; n. + -ed/ing形式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词短语 With型独立主格，与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系，形式为：由“with+宾语+宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随，修饰邻近分句主语，with后面宾语为与主语相关的东西。这一结构中的宾补可由现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词或介词短语等来充当。例：Visitors to t

50、he park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.Most states impose limitations on the authority of the legislature to borrow money, with their objectives to protect taxpayers and the credit of the state

51、 government. (with独立主格修饰前面的主语states错误的) each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing 形式They have five groups, each having its own executive., each with its own executive., each equipped with its own executive., each a powerful team. 分数型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾, 分数+of them + 介词短语

52、/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing 形式-At the turn of the twentieth century, forest covered as much as 90 percent of Thailand and accommodated as many as 300,00 elephants, a third of them domesticated and performing various essential tasks and performing various essential tasks. 独立主格与同位语最主要的区别是：同位语描述的是事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解

53、释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。（10） 形容词短语作伴随状语：通常表示状态，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。Full of apologies, the manager approached us.He was too excited, unable to say a word.（11） Without Without+名词/doing, 中间不能插任何修饰语（例如any） without your permission/ without thereby provoking () 相对简洁，尽量使用 强烈语气表达：without原文中通常没有，但是通过判断句子语气需

54、要加强，就加5、 动词（1） 时态 一般现在时自然现象，统计数据，实验结论，客观事实。 一般过去式Originally, original, first, centuries ago，the year before lastTo have done 表示的是一般过去时，不是现在完成时e.g. They are thought to have lived 2,000 years ago 一般将来式The possibility that/the likelihood thatIf, unless, before, when, as soon as等引起的状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时

55、替代将来时，常与将来的时间状语连用。 现在进行时政府法规法令 directive, sentencebecoming 现在完成时-Since-短语 （the world has ever seen, than ever before possible）-within/during/over/in + the past/last/recent + 时间短语-现在完成时与过去时区别：过去时就是过去的动作，完成了；现在完成时，除了过去的动作完成了，它区别于过去时的地方就在于它强调对现在的影响。要说什么时候通用，那就是抓住本质“对现在有没有影响？”没有的话，两者都可以。-在含有since引入的时间短语

56、的简单句或者含有since引导的时间短语从句的复合句中，简单句和复合句的谓语动词应该使用现在完成时，而在此类复合句中，从句的谓语动词即可能是过去时，I have lived in Yunnan since I was a child.也可以是现在完成时，He has never been to see me since I have been ill.另外，在”It issince从句”的句型中，主句中谓语动词可用可不用现在完成时，It is three years since I came to the college. 过去完成时：表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的时态作对比，也即如

57、果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时态，那么必不会出现过去完成时。在用by the time, by the end of 1984这样的时间状语来判断时态时，句子可能用一般将来时也可能用过去完成时，这由by引导的时间点所决定，若此时间点发生在说话之前，用过去完成时；若在说话之后，用将来时。Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been constructed in violation of the citys building code

58、.(过去的过去；在地震发生之前已经建成的)Earlier in the year过去完成时The economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year. Continue不能用进行时不能用复合时Is and will continue doing X 不能无根据地改变原句的时态：除非1.原句有明显的动词时态和状语搭配错误。（比如用过去时修饰NEVER,用完成时修饰YESTERDAY）2.原句有明显的语法问题，而语法正确答案之中，没有和原句一致的时态；其他情况，慎重修改原句时态。另外，现在完成时态，一般

59、不需要明显的时间词就可以使用，因为它所隐含的时间是现在now.（2） 语态（主动与被动） 被动语态：针对划线部分，主动语态永远优先于被动语态。 有些动词不用被动：lead, lack, enter, last等。 有时候被动语态忽略了动作发出者，而主动语态的动作发出者更明确，所以选主动语态。The bank holds $3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that it does not expect payments to be made when they are due.The bank

60、 holds $3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that payments are not expected to be paid when they are due. ()（3） 语气（一般语气与虚拟语气）虚拟语气：（表示说话人说的并非事实，而是一种假设，愿望，怀疑，推测） 虚拟条件句的四种形式： But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该. If it were not / (had not bee

61、n) for N Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N) Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气） 虚拟条件句的时态：时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词

62、表示主观判断，推测和表示要求，建议，命令的虚拟语气： 以下动词宾语从句需要用虚拟语气：都要省略should。1) 表示建议：advocate/advise/move/recommend that . do .sb. suggest/propose that . do .(如果是物作主语就不需要虚拟，动词是“暗示”的意思)2) 表示命令：order/decree/mandate/command/demand/direct that . do/be .3) 表示要求：request/require/insist that . do . If.,(then).If she wins the lottery, she will give half the money to charity.If she won the lottery, she would give half the money to charity.If she had won the lottery, she would have given half the money to charity.6、 比较（具有可比性，形式和逻辑上对称平行）（1） 比较前后的比较对象尽可能形式对称，对于前面曾出现过的不可数名词或单数名词，用that代替；而用thos