初级英文文法

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1、54初级英文文法 Unit 1名词、冠词 -11. 名词的种类2. 名词的数3. 名词的所有格4. 冠词Unit 2be 动词、一般动词的现在式-31. be动词的现在式-am、are、is2. 一般动词的现在式3. 一般动词的否定句Unit 3be动词 、一般动词的过去式-51. be动词的过去式2. be动词(过去式)的否定句3. be动词(过去式)的疑问句4. 一般动词的过去式5. 一般动词(过去式)的否定句6. 一般动词(过去式)的疑问句Unit 4代名词-71. 人称代名词2. 所有代名词3. 反身代名词4. 指示代名词5. 不定代名词Unit 5时态 -121. 现代简单式2. 过

2、去简单式3. 现在进行式4. 过去进行式5. 未来式Unit 6WH问句、祈使句、感叹句-151. WH问句2. 祈使句3. 感叹句Unit 1名词、冠词名词，用来表示人或事物、动物，能做为主语、补语、受词。其中可计数的，称为可数名词；不可计数的，称为不可数名词。1.名词的种类普通名词 表示具有一定形状的个体，为可数名词，有单数/复数之分。例：book(书)、pencil(铅笔)、dog(狗)、spaceship(太空船)等。集合名词 表示一个单位的群体，或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。例：class(班级；班上的同学)、family(家庭；家人)、audience(听众)等。例 1.

3、 My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。2. My family are all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。专用名词 如人名、地名等，用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词，第一个字母须大写。例：Bob(鲍伯)、Smith(史密斯)、April(四月)、London(伦敦)等。下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the 。例the United States(美国)、The United Nations(联合国)物质名词 表示不具有一定形状的物质名词，如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数，但前面不加a或an。例：glass(玻璃)、wood(木头)、paper(纸)、b

4、utter(奶油)、fruit(水果)、meat(肉)、sugar(糖)、air(空气)、gas(瓦斯)、water(水)等。物质名词在计算数量时，用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即：数字+容器(度量衡)+of+物质名词例：1. a loaf of bread (一条面包) 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)3. a sheet of paper (一张纸) 4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖)抽象名词 表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与“数”无关。前面不加a或an，没有复数形式。例：beauty(美丽)、honesty(诚实)、love(爱)、pati

5、ence(耐心)、happiness(幸福)、music(音乐)等。2.名词的数表示人或事物的名词中，有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形，称之为单数；个数超过一个时，称之为复数。规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加S大部分名词例：dog-dogs (狗) book-books (书) girl-girls (女孩)名词字尾为s 、sh、ch、x、o加es例：class-classes (班级) bus-buses (公交车) dish-dishes (盘子)bench-benches (长凳) box-boxes (盒子)注意：名词字尾为子音+o时，复数名词加es，如tomatoes(蕃茄)。但有

6、例外，如photos(照片)，pianos(钢琴)等。名词字尾为子音+y去y+ies例：baby-babies (婴儿) story-stories (故事) city-cities (城市) lady-ladies (女士)名词字尾为f或fe去f或fe+ves例：leaf-leaves (叶子) wife-wives (老婆) knife-knives (刀子)handkerchiefs(手帕)，chiefs(领袖)，roofs(屋顶)不规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加en，ren例：ox-oxen (公牛) child-children (小孩)改变元音例：man-men (男人) woman

7、-women (女人) goose-geese (鹅) tooth-teeth (牙齿) mouse-mice (老鼠)单复数同形例：fish-fish (鱼) deer-deer (鹿) sheep-sheep (绵羊)Chinese-Chinese (中国人) Japanese-Japanese(日本人)3.名词的所有格名词的所有格形式单数名词名词s例：the boys schoolbag (男孩的书包) Joans dress (Joan的洋装)复数名词名词s例：a girls school (一所女校) these students teacher (这些学生的老师)字尾非S的复数名词

8、名词s例：childrens playground (小孩的游乐园) womens activities (女性的活动)特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格及个别所有格例：1. Harry and Bills father is a scientist. (Harry和Bill的父亲是一位科学家。)2. Harrys and Bills fathers are scientists. (Harry和Bill的父亲都是科学家。)(无)生物所有格：A的BB of A例：1. 桌子的脚the legs of the table2. 车门(车子的门)the door of the car3. 女孩的名字th

9、e girls namethe name of the girl所有格之后的名词，如在句中非常容易理解时，可以省略。例：1. Shes going to the dentists. (她要去看牙。)2. I met him at barbers. (我在理发院遇到他。)3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds. (我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。)4.冠词冠词可分为不定冠词a(an)及定冠词the，它通常放在名词之前，用来修饰名词。 例：a book(一本书) a girl(一个女孩) a young man(一位年轻人) an apple(一个苹果) an umbre

10、lla(一把伞) an old woman(一个老女人)a(an)的发音一般来说aE，anEn，但强调“一个”时，特别加重语气可读成ae，anAn1. I read a novel. 2. I read a novel, not two.E eThe的用法 定冠词the可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词，可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其在母音前，读TI；子音前则读TE。例：1. Please shut the door. (请关门。)2. The rich arent always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。)the+形容词泛指的人，代表复数。比较：不定冠词(a &an)定冠词(

11、the)表示不特定之事物表示特定之事物只能接可数名词可接可数名词及不可数名词只能用于单数可用于单数及复数Unit 2 be动词一般动词的现在式be动词的现在式am、are、isbe动词的含意 a.是(表状态)例：We are happy. (我们很高兴。)b.在(表存在)例：She is in America. (她在美国。)主词+be动词主词be动词例句第一人称amI am a boy.第二人称areYou are my sons.第三人称.单数名词isHe is my student.be动词的否定句含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not(不)即可。

12、肯定句：主词+am(are、is).否定句：主词+ am(are、is)+not.例：He is a good baseball player. (他是位好的棒球员。)(否定句)He is not a good baseball player. (他不是位好的棒球员。)= Hes not a good baseball player.=He isnt a good baseball player.be动词的疑问句含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词拿到主词前，句尾加(?)即可。肯定句：主词+am(are、is).疑问句：Am(Are、Is)+主词?例：l. Tha

13、t is his camera. (那是他的照相机。)(疑问句) Is that his camera? (那是他的照相机吗？)2. The girl is a junior high school student. (那女孩是国中生。)(疑问句) Is the girl a junior high school student? (那女孩是国中生吗？)be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。(问句) Am (Are、Is)+主词？(答句)Yes,主词+am(are、is)No,主词+am(are、is)例：1. Is that man your math te

14、acher? (那个人是你们的数学老师吗？)(答句) Yes, he is. / No, hes not. (是，他是。/ 不，他不是。)2. Are you eating your lunch? (你正在吃你的午餐吗？)(答句) Yes, I am. / No, Im not.(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)一般动词的现在式(1)一般动词的含义举凡日常生活中具体的动作，(如：吃饭eat，走路walk.等)及抽象的动作，(如：喜欢like，思考think.等)皆为一般动词。(2)主词+一般动词现在式的句子中，主词为第三人称单数时，一般动词须加s或es。人称数单数复数第一人称I like dogs

15、.We like dogs.第二人称You like dogs.You like dogs.第三人称He likes dogs.They like dogs.一般动词加s或es的方法：大部分动词加s，其发音为s或z例：works、playsksez一般动词字尾为o、s、sh、ch时，加es。例：goes goz washes 5waFIz watches 5watFIz一般动词字尾为子音加y时，须去y再加ies。例：crycries kraz studystudies stQdIzhave和hashave(有；吃)的单数动词为has1. They have a lot of money. (他

16、们有许多钱。)2. He has a lot of money. (他有许多钱。)一般动词的否定句含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用助动词do或does。而do或does之后必定出现原形动词。do用于主词为I、you、复数。does用于主词为第三人称单数。肯定句：主词+一般动词否定句：主词+do/ does + not +原形动词例：l. The twin brothers go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟搭公交车上学。)(否定句) The twin brothers do not go to school by bus.=Th

17、e twin brothers dont go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟不搭公交车上学。)2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. (Sam在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)(否定句) Sam does not have dinner at the restaurant.=Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant. (Sam不在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)比较否定句a. be动词：He is my boyfriend. (他是我男朋友。) He isnt my boyfriend. (他不是我男朋友。)b. 一般动词：

18、He likes dogs. (他喜欢狗。)He doesnt like dogs. (他不喜欢狗。)一般动词的疑问句含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用助动词do或does。而do或does之后，必定出现原形动词。肯定句：主词+一般动词疑问句：Do/Does+主词+原形动词？例：l. You visit your grandmother on Sundays. (你每逢假日探访你祖母。)(疑问句) Do you visit your grandmother on Sundays? (你每逢星期日探访你祖母吗？)2. He comes from England.

19、 (他来自英国。)(疑问句) Does he come from England? (他来自英国吗？)助动词do或does开头的疑问句，Yes或No之后，也须用do或does做简答。(问句) Do / Does+主词+原形动词？(答句) Yes, 主词+do/does.No, 主词+dont/doesnt.例：Does the little boy go to school? (这小男孩上学了吗？)(答句) Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.(是，他是。/ 不，没有。)比较疑问句a. be动词：She is beautiful. (她是美丽的。)Is she beau

20、tiful? Yes, she is.(她美丽吗？) (是的，她是。)b.一般动词：She loves tennis. (她喜欢网球。)Does she love tennis? Yes, she does. (她喜欢网球吗？) (是，她喜欢。)Unit 3 be动词一般动词的过去式be动词的过去式was和were现在式过去式be动词amwasisarewere过去式be动词表示过去时间中发生的状态。1.(现在式) He is busy now.(他现在很忙。）(过去式) He was busy then.(他那时很忙。)2.(现在式) My parents are at home now.(

21、我父母现在在家。)(过去式) My parents were at home yesterday.(我父母昨天在家。)时间副词改变，动词也必须改变be动词(过去式)的否定句含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not (不)即可。肯定句：主词+was(were). 否定句：主词+was(were)+not.例：1. Mr. Brown was a vet. (Brown先生是一位兽医。）(否定句) Mr. Brown was not a vet. (Brown先生不是兽医。）= Mr. Brown wasnt a vet.2. Joe and Brian wer

22、e in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Brain在客厅。）(否定句) Joe and Brain were not in the living room at that time.= Joe and Brain werent in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Bram不在客厅。）be动词(过去式)的疑问句含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词放到主词前，句尾加问号(?)即可。肯定句：主词+was(were).疑问句：Was(Were)+主词?例：1. Wendy was in

23、the seventh grade last year. (Wendy去年是七年级。)(疑问句) Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year? (Wendy去年读七年级吗？)be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。(问句) Was(Were)+主词?(答句) Yes, 主词+was(were).No, 主词+was(were)+not.例：Were you a pianist? (你是钢琴家吗？)(答句)Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt.(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)一般动词的过去式一般动词的过去式，分为规

24、则变化及不规则变化。(1)规则变化ed原形动词+ed例：helphelped (帮忙) spellspelled (拼字) wantwanted (想要)原形动词字尾有e+d例：loveloved (爱) dancedanced (跳舞)原形动词为子音+短母音+子音重复字尾+ed例：stopstopped (停止) planplanned (计划)原形动词字尾为子音+y去y+ied例：studystudied (读书) crycried(哭).(2)不规则变化例：eatate (吃) readread (读) riderode (骑) comecame (来)gowent (去) haveha

25、d (有; 吃) seesaw (看) teachtaught (教)givegave (给)taketook (拿)例：1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。)(过去式)I walked to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。)(过去式) Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。)主词为第三人称单数时，过去式动词不须加s一般动词(过去式)的否定

26、句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)否定句：主词+did not+原形动词例：l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)= He didnt call you last night.2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。)

27、(否定句) My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday.= My sister and I didnt watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。)比较：否定句(过去式)a. be动词：She was at home. (她在家。)She wasnt at home. （她不在家。）b. 一般动词：She studied English. (她学英语。)She didnt study English. (她没学英语。)一般动词(过去式)的疑问句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时，不

28、可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)疑问句：Did+主词+原形动词.?例：1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。)(疑问句) Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗？)(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.(是的，他们看了。/ 不，他们没看。)2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Gra

29、ce写了一封信给David。)(疑问句) Did Grace write a letter to David? (Grace写信给David了吗？)(答句) Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.(是，她写了。/ 没，她没有。)比较：疑问句(过去式)a. be动词：He was sick. (他病了。)Was he sick? (他病了吗？)b. 一般动词：He did his homework. (他做功课了。)Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗？)Unit 4代名词人称代名词人称代名词的人称及格数格人称单数复数主格所有格受格主格所有格受格第

30、一人称Imymeweourus第二人称youyouryouyouyouryou第三人称hehishimtheytheirthemsheherherititsit第一人称说话者第二人称听话者第三人称第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者主格、所有格、受格的用法主格+动词所有格+名词一般动词+受格/介系词+受格例：1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。)2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。)It的用法 it可表示天候、时间、距离例：l. It rains a

31、lot in Taipei in spring. (it表天候)(台北春天下很多雨。)2. It was two oclock when he came back home. (it表时间)(他两点回到家。)3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it表距离)(从这里到机场距离是5公里。) it表示某一状况此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。例：1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门？)B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack。)2. Its all up t

32、o you. (一切由你决定。)3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)4. I dont feel like it. (我不想。) It可以当假主词代替一件事例：1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。)(假主词)2. Its important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话，这很重要。)(假主词)3. Its no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。)(假主词)we、you、they的特殊用法例：1. We had a heavy rai

33、n yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。)2. You dont see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。)3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。)所有代名词数格人称单数复数所有格所有代名词所有格所有代名词第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryoursyouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits所有代名词的用法 所有代名词=所有格+名词例：1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)2.

34、 My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) are there. (我的脚踏车在这里，而他的在那里。)所有代名词所代替的名词，要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。 伴随双重所有格：例：I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)= an old friend of mine 名词的所有代名词=所有格例：My dog is black, and Jasons is white. (我的狗是黑的，而Jason的是白的。)= Jasons dog反身代名词反身代名词的形成第一

35、、二人称所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)第三人称受格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfthemselvesherselfitself反身代名词的用法例：l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。)2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。)(强调句:He himself can do it.)

36、4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。)指示代名词用来指示人或事物的代名诃，称之为指示代名词。this(these) / that(those)一般用法用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these)；距离远者用that(those)。例：1. This is my mask, and that is Marys. (这是我的面具，而那是Mary的。)2. Who is this? (你是谁？)电话用语。Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁？)3. Things are easier these days

37、. (这几天事情简单多了。)代替用法代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that；代替复数名词用those。但this(these)无此用法。例：1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung. =The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。)2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood. =Her interests are diffe

38、rent from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。)so 作为动词的受词或补语，指前面出现过的字或是句子。例：l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗？)B: I hope so. (我希望如此。)(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.(你仍然不舒服吗？如果是的话，你必须看医师。)3. Nancy can play the violin, and so

39、 can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴，而我也会。)She is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。) She is smart. So is he. (她很聪明。他也是。)such 有“那样的事物(人)”之意，可当代名词、形容词，也可用于单复数。例：1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花，例如玫瑰，向日葵。)2. I dont know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。) such(+a)(+形容词)+名词3. Have you tasted any such food

40、before? (你以前曾经尝试过任何这样的食物吗？)such前可接all、other、another、any、few、every、no等。same 一般都加the，表示“相同的(事物)”之意。例：l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗？)B: Give me the same, please. (我也要咖啡。)2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. (他使用和我相同的打字机。)不定代名词表示不特定的人或物，或者是表示非一定数量的代名词，称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。例：1. So

41、me of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文)(代名词)2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文)(形容词)one /onesone等于a/an+单数名词，用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时，则用ones。例：1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch). (我弄丢了我的表，我必须再买一只。)2. I like small cars better than large ones (cars). (我喜欢小车胜于大车。)one = a/an+单

42、数名词 it = the+单数名词例：1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧！)2. I bought a good camera. Ill lend it (=the camera) to you. (我买了一台相机。我会把它借给你。)both/all用法：both(两者都)，用于二个人或二个东西，常用作复数。All(全部；所有的)可用于人及事物。代表可数名词时，总数为三以上。也可代表不可数名词。位置：be动词或助动词之后。一般动词之前。定冠词(the)、所有格、数词、形容词之前。例：1. Both of her children we

43、nt to New York. (她的两个小孩都去了纽约。)2. Ive read both these papers. (我看过这两份报纸了。)3. All of my money was stolen. (我的钱都被偷了。)4. You may take all these toys. (你可以拿所有的玩具。) You may take them all.注意：both、all出现于否定句，表示“部分否定”。例：1. I do not know both of her parents. (她的父母亲我并非都认识。) = I know just one of her parents.2. N

44、ot all of them come from England. (他们并非都来自英国。)=Just some of them come from England.either/neithereither: 指两者中不论哪一个都可以但是只选其中一个之意。neither:为both的否定。表两者都不意指全部否定。本身为否定字，不可和not同时出现。例：1. Do you know either of the visitor? (你认识这两位访客中的任何一位吗？)2. I dont like both hats. (这两顶帽子我并非都喜欢。)I like neither of the hats.

45、 (这两顶帽子我都不喜欢。)either, neither也有副词用法。例：Bill didnt come to my party, and ken didnt, either. (=and neither did Ken.)(Bill没来参加我的派对，而Ken也没有。)some /any一般而言，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句，疑问句及条件句。可代替可数名词及不可数名词。例：1. Some of the boys were late. (这些男孩当中有些迟到了。)2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse. (我皮夹里有些钱被偷了。)3.

46、Please lend me some money if you have any. (如果你有钱的话，请借我一点。)4. Do you have any magazines to read? (你有杂志可读吗?)other /anotherother: 表其它(人、事物)之意，其复数为others。another: 从an + other衍生而来，表示不特定的另一个别的人、事物，无复数形。例：1. I have two students. (我有两个学生。)One is short; the other is tall. (一位矮个子；另一个高个子。)2. I have three flow

47、ers. (我有三朵花。) One is red; the others are yellow. (一朵红的；其它黄的。)One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. (一朵红的；另一朵黄的；还有一朵粉红的。)3. I dont like this one; show me another. (让我看另一个。)show me the other.(“两个之中”让我看另一个。)4. Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? (有些男孩在这里，但其它人呢？)5. Some peop

48、le said yes and others said no. (有些人说是，其它的说不。)比较：其它：none等none：可表示人或事物，可用于可数名词及不可数名词。several：表示“数个(物)，数个(人)”，只用于可数名词的复数。most：表示“大部分人(事物)”，可用于可数名词的复数, 或不可数名词，通常前面不加冠词the。例：1. None of the telephones is (或are) working. (这些电话中没有一支可用。)2. Several of my friends attended the meeting. (我的朋友中有几位参加了会议。)3. Most

49、of it is true. (大部分是眞的。)4. Most of the people know it. (大部分人都知道这件事。)most可当形容词，为many, much的最高级，前面可加冠词the。例：1. Who got the most New Years cards? （谁收到最多新年卡？）2. She is the most beautiful girl that Ive ever seen. (她是我看过最美的女孩。)Units 5 时态现代简单式动词形式：be动词：am / are / is一般动词：主词为第三人称单数，一般动词加s。时间副词：now (现在)、every

50、+时间(每天)使用时机表示现在的状态或动作例：1. There are many visitors in the zoo. (动物园里有许多游客。)2. Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。)表示现在习惯性的动作例：1. David often sleeps during class. (David常在上课时睡觉。)2. My parents take exercise in the park every morning. (我父母每天早上在公园做运动。)表示不变的事实、真理例：The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)过去简单式动词形

51、式：be动词：was /were一般动词：过去式动词，分为规则变化及不规则变化。时间副词：yesterday昨天yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) 昨天早上(下午、晚上)the day before yesterday前天last+时间(上)例：last week上星期 last night昨天晚上 last year去年时间+ago (前)例：two hours ago (二小时前) five days ago (五天前)before以前then(=at that time)那时使用时机表示过去的动作或状态例：1. I bought this yes

52、terday. (我昨天买了这个。)2. There was an old temple over there. (那里以前有座古庙。)表示过去习惯性的动作例：My father used to smoke, but now he doesnt. (我父亲以前常吸烟，但现在不抽了。)现在进行式动词形式：be动词(am, are, is)+V-ingV-ing的形成原形动词+ing大部分动词例：talktalking saysaying speakspeaking原形动词字尾有e去e + ing例：havehaving writewriting comecoming原形动词为子音+短母音+子音重

53、复字尾+ing例：putputting cutcutting swimswimming例：We are eating breakfast. (我们现在正在吃早餐。)比较：1. We ate breakfast before going to school. (我们上学前已经吃过早餐。)2. We eat breakfast every morning. (我们每天早上吃早餐。)使用时机表示现在正在进行的动作。例：John is watching the baseball game on television. (John正在看电视上的棒球赛。)表不重复发生的动作。常伴随着always, all

54、 the time, again and again等副词或副词词组。例：l. He is always complaining. (他老是抱怨。)2. The car is breaking down all the time. (这辆车老是故障。)表示最近的未来即将发生的动作。此用法常用于某些动词, 如：come, go, start, leave, arrive等。例：1. Im leaving for Kenting tomorrow. (我明天前往垦丁。)2. My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon. (我男朋友今天下午即将来看

55、我。)注意：某些动词不可用于进行式中。 表感官的动词see, hear, smell等。 表情感的动词love，like等。 其它have, know等例：Im seeing the bird in the tree. ( )Im looking at the bird in the tree. () (我正在看树上的那只鸟。)过去进行式动词的形式：was(were)+V-ing例：He was playing frisbee in the park then. (那时他正在公园玩飞盘。)使用时机表示过去某一时点正在进行的动作。例：l. We were playing chess at eig

56、ht yesterday evening. (昨晚8点我们正在下棋。)2. Lily was talking a bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时Lily正在洗澡。)表示过去时间某一期限中，反复性的动作。例：1. Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV. (无论何时我去看他，他都在看电视。)2. In those days, we were getting up at six oclock. (在那些日子，我们都六点起床。)末来式未来式用来表示发生于未来的动作或状态，常用be going to或will。be g

57、oing to+原形动词be going to的涵义be gomg to在用于表现未来时，常表示用于实现性非常高的事或事先计划好的行为。时间副词tomorrow明天tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening )明天早上(下午、晚上) the day after tomorrow后天next+时间(下)例：next week (下星期) next year (明年)in+时间 在(时间)后例：in a few days在几天后in a week在一周之后例：l. Im going to visit my uncle tomorrow. (明天我要去探望我叔叔。)2.

58、 I have to buy the ladder because Im going to paint the house. (我必须买个楼梯，因为我打算油漆房子。)3. I dont feel good; Im afraid Im going to be sick. (我觉得不舒服；恐怕我要生病了。)4. Are they going to have a party on Cristmas Eve? (圣诞前夕他们打算开派对吗？)will(将要)+原形动词will+原形动词will为表示未来的助动词，且不分人称，其后须接原形动词。例：l. We will leave junior high

59、school soon. (不久我们将自国中毕业。)=We are going to leave junior high school soon.=We are leaving junior high school soon. 2. I will be fifteen years old next year. (明年我就15岁了。)( I am going to be fifteen years old next year.)年龄不须事先计划，所以不可用be going to。3. A: I cant move the large box. (我搬不动这大箱子。)B: Ill do it for you. (我来帮你。)( I am going to do it for you.)很明显地，这并不是事先计划好的行为，所以不可用be going to。4. I will not change my mind. (我将不改变主意。)= Ill not change my mind. = I wont change my mind.5. Will people live on Mars in the future? (人类未来会在火星上生存吗？)Will you?Will you另外可表示请求或邀约。表请求Will you? 回答：Sure. / Ok. / All right.N