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1、定义1语.言学语.言Languiasagseystoefamrbivtorcasarylymbuoslefsdohrum语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。识.别特征DesiFgenatIurtefsteotrhsdeefipnopnegrotfhuem语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。任意性移位性多产性文化传递双重性语.言能力语.言运用Perforimstahnacctruaalliozftahtkinosonwli语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7历.时语言学共.时语言学9语.言la10言.语p11规.定性12描.述性三、问答题什么是语言学?
2、thescientifisctudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticulalranguage,butlanguagesingeneral.hescopeoflinguisti语言学的研究范畴hestudyoflanguageasaholeLsoftencalleqgeneraHinguistic普通语言学hestudyofsounds,hichareusedinlinguistCcunicatioiscalleqbhonetics（语音学）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicatioinscalle
3、qbhonology（音系学）hestudyoftheayinhichorpheesarearrangedtoforordsirecalledorphology（形态学）hestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsynta（句法学）hestudyofeaningmlanguageiscallecteantics（语义学）Thestudyofmeaningincontexotfuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyis
4、calledsociolinguisti（c社会语言学）hestudyoflanguageitheferenctotheorinfindiscallecpsycholinguist（s心理语言学）hestudyofapplication（sastherecoveryofspeechabilityi）sgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics（应用语言学）utinanarrosense,appliedlinguisticrseferstotheapplicatioonflinguistipcrincipleasndtheoriestolanguageteachinga
5、ndlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage（Otherelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicaUinguistics（神经语言学）atheaticallinguistic（数字语言学）coputationalnguisticnd（计算机语言学）oeportaidtistinetioinslinguisti语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticstudyde
6、scribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.TraditiongarlammarisprescriptiwvheilemodernlinguistiicsdescriptivTe.hetaskoflingui
7、stissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactualluyse,whetheritis“correcotr”not.ynchronianddiachronic共时和历时hedescriptiofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptioonfalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.angueandparole语言和言语hew
8、islinguistdeaussureadethedistinctiobnetweenlangueandparoleearly20tchentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguistiscystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizatioofnlangueinactualuse.Saussurmeadethedistinctioinordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforserioustudy.Hebelieveswhatli
9、nguistsshoulddoistoabstracltanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiegsoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjecotfsstudyoflinguistics.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用ProposedbyAmericanlinguisNt.Chomskyinthelate1950Hedse.finescompetenceastheidealuserksnowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperf
10、ormancetheactualrealizatiofnthisknowledgeinlinguisticommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistisstodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.7同.义词SynonymyIrteferstothesamenessorclosesimilaritoyfmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms12上.下义关系HyponymyIrteferstothesenserelatiobnetweenam
11、oregeneral,moreinclusivweordandamorespecifiwcord.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinatea,ndthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.13反.义词AntonymyItthsetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondiffererdtimension.分类radatbnyms分级反义词matterofdegree例子ldmiddleagedyourhptwarmcoldntonym互补反义词分类例子关系反义词中间可以加成分，如上、中、下言语行为理论叙述句行为句言内行为言外行为言后行为合作原则会话含义话语的言外之义是说话人通过故意违反某一准则而获得这种听者能懂的暗含之意言内行为、言外行为和言后行为例子
英语语言学中的一些基本定义
