跨文化交际名词术语解释

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1、Globalization is con sidered as a process of increasi ng involvment in inter national busi ness operati ons.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。3. Melting pot means a sociocultural a

2、ssimilation of people of different backgrounds and n ationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。4 Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communicatio

3、n event 跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大 人类群体的行为产生影响。7. Culture identity refers to ones sense of belonging to a

4、 particular culture or ethnic group 文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture 亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所 形成的文化。9. Subgroup are gro

5、ups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems. 亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。10. Rules may refers to socially agreedon behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。u. Norms are culturally ingrai ned principles of correct and in cor

6、rect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味 着一 种显性或隐性的处罚。13. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. 社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。14. Acculturation refers to an individuals learning and ad

7、opting the norms and values of the new host culture 文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。15 分隔和隔离 separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture 在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。16. 融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part

8、of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时乂保留了自己文化的完整性。17. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an in dividual relinquishes an origi nal culture for another when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream cultu

9、re,they lose their previous culture 人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。18. 边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological con tact with the larger society人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份/而且与广大 社会失去了心理联系。19. 文化震荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic

10、 experie nee that an in dividual may en cou nter when en ter ing a differe nt culture .人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。20. |21. 信，息源 source is the pers on with an idea he orshe desires to com muni cate 是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。22. 编码 encodingis the process of putting an idea into a symbol. 是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。23. 信息me

11、ssage is the resulting object人交流的内容，编码的结果O24. 渠道channel是信息传递的手段。血 干扰 noise 指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。27解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.反馈feedback指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。人际交际 interpersonal communication: a small n umber of in

12、dividuals who are in teracting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate in terpretaio ns from them 扌旨少数丿、之可 的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，乂能立即从对方那里获得解释。内文化交际 intracultural communication is defined as communicat

13、ion between and among members of the same culture.JH 同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾 向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正 式和仪式化。跨民族交际 interthnic communication : refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一种族，不同民族背景的人

14、们之间的交际。跨种族交际 interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics 指信息原和 信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。跨地区交际 interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the domin

15、ant culture within a country. 指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交 换 过程。世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of huma ni tya nd nature .指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of

16、 the u n ive rs e .对超自然力量宁宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体主义collectivism :个人融入集体对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a societys toleranee for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to mans search for truth 是关于一个社会对不 确定性和模棱 两可的容忍程度。42权利距离power distance :组织或机构里边，没有权力的成

17、员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的 程度。43.,44. 感觉 sensation: is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent 人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。45. 低语境low context:交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分山显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息 蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。46. 咼语境high versus :在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和悄景中，明显的语 码负载较少的信息量。47. 焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not

18、 knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transection 在新坯：境下人们不知女口 彳可应对，过多关注自己的悄绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。48 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.

19、i从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法(2)Assuming similarity in stead of difference refers to the assumpti on that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is. j LJ.49. 定势 stereotypes： refers to negative or positive jud

20、gment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership针对U标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。50. 偏 见 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particulargroup,racejeligio n sexual orie ntati on.偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。51. 种族主义是基于种族 Racism isany policy,pract

21、ice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to in dividuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信 仰或态度。52. -语言绝对论：Linguistic determinist is that Ianguage structure controls thought and cultural n orms .语言结构控制思维和文化。54语言相对论：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is con tro

22、lled by and con trols Ian guage.文化由 语言来决定，同时也决定语言。55. 言语交际 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using Ianguage当来自不同文化背景的人们用语 言进行交流时言语交际就发生了56. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actio ns that are avoided by a partic

23、ular group of people, or in certai n for religious or social reas ons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避 免使用的一些词语或行为。57. 委婉语： Euphemism means the act of substituting a mildjndirector vague term for onecon sidered harsh,blu nt,or offe nsive 指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硕的或冒犯的言 语。58. 非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers

24、to intertional use of non spoke n symbol to communicate a specific message 运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。（广义）refers to eleme nts of the en vir onment that com muni cate by virtue of peoples use of them 人们交际时运 用的环境因素。59.畐U 语言:Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interru

25、pt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与 口 语交际有 关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.60.60. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time是指研究人们如何看待 和使用时间。61. 时空行为 ： proxemics refers to the perception and use of space in eluding territoria

26、lity and perso nal space 指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。62. 目光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究 U 光传递的交流 信息。63.气味行为 Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics 对通过味道进行 交 流的研究。64.触觉行为 Haptics:refers to com mun icati ng through the use of bodily

27、con text 通过身体接触来进 行交流。66 身势语行为 Kinesics： is the term used for communicating through various types of body moveme nts in eludi ng facial expressi on sAestures,posture and sta nee ,and other man n erisms that may accompany or replace oral messages指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的 行为 举止。67. 色彩学 C

28、hromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood,emotions,and impression of others 指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。68. 69. 节 Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。70. 良好的交际 Competent communication： as intera

29、ction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的LI标的有效交 际。71.跨文化能力 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in

30、 another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity/zthe ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate on es com mun icati on and in teracti on accordi ng to the con text 扌旨 理解和适应标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当 的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。72. 跨文化交际能力包括：in volves cog niti on affect and

31、behavior ,which are in separable in reality.认 知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。73. 认知 Cognition:Thecogn itive aspects of intercultural commu nication compete nee arethe mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and non verbal codes指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。7

32、4. 情感 Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experienee when communicating with someone from a different culture?z|你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的时候，你所经历的情 感状态75. 目的 lntentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction指引你如何 进行一个特定的跨文化交际。76. 行动 Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective .指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。77. 移情 Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other peoples points of view能够以他人 的 观点看待和感受事悄。