定语从句精简版

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1、英语定语从句用法详解一、有关概念所谓定语从句，就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。学习定语从句，首先要弄清两个重要概念先行词和关系词。先行词是我们汉语中从来没有听过的一个新概念，它其实指的就是被定语从句所修饰的词。由于定语从句修饰名词或代词时，定语从句通常是后置的，所以人们就将放在定语从句前被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。那什么是关系词呢？其实它就是用于引导定语从句的引导词。事实上，英语中的各类从句，不管性质如何，它们都需要有一个词来“引导”，正如人们给引导状语从句的词语取了个名字叫从属连词一样，人们也给引导定语从句的词语取了个名字，叫它关系词，因为它通常被放在先行词和

2、定语从句之间起连接作用，以表明两者之间的修饰关系，同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。二、关系词与先行词的关系先来看看关系词有哪些。根据关系词在定语从句中的作用，我们可以将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等，英语中比较常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等。类似地，关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当状语等，英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个，即when, where和why。关系词与先行词之间的关系很简单，简单得

3、可以划一个等号。因为，关系词的含义在本质上等价于先行词，它与先行词指的就是同一个人或同一个事物。I know the man who lives next door. 我认识住在隔壁的那个人。这是一个含有定语从句的复合句。句中的the man为先行词，who lives next door为修饰the man的定语从句She will never forget the day when she got married. 她永远不会忘记她结婚的这一天。句中的the day为先行词，when she got married为修饰the day的定语从句；在定语从句中，when是关系词，它在定语从句

4、中用作状语，从意义上说，它在此与“介词+先行词”所表示的意思等价，也就是说上面的句子与下面这个句子等价：She will never forget the day. On that day she got married. 她永远不会忘记这一天，在这一天她结婚了。三、定语从句的翻译首先，我们必须要明白一点，那就是引导定语从句的which, who, when, where, why等是关系词（关系代词或关系副词），而不是疑问词，所以不能按疑问词的意思来理解。英语中的定语从句总是后置的，即要放在被修饰名词或代词之后；但在汉语中，定语通常是前置的，也就是说定语要放在被修饰名词的前面，并通常表现为“

5、的”这样的形式。当我们翻译英语中定语从句的时候，一般可以按汉语习惯，将定语从句翻译在被修饰的名词或代词之前，而其中的关系词一般就是译成汉语中的“的”。如：He showed me the article that he had written. 他把他写的文章拿给我看。句中的that he had written为修饰名词the article的定语从句，翻译时就可译为“他写的文章”，其中的关系代词that在此译成了“的”字。She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。句中的which arrived just no

6、w为修饰名词the train的定语从句，翻译时就可译为“刚才到的那列火车”，其中的关系代词which在此也译成了“的”字。四、关系代词的省略省略关系代词最典型的情形就是当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候。在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有that, which, who, whom。如：Those books (that) you lent me were very useful. 你借给我的那些书很有用。句中的(that) you lent me为修饰those books的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句中用作动词lent的宾语，故可以省略。I wore the n

7、ecklace (which) my mother had left me. 我戴着我妈留给我的项链。句中的(which) my mother had left me为修饰the necklace的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词which在定语从句中用作动词left的宾语，故可以省略。Do you still remember the boy (who, whom) I was going out with? 你还记得那个跟我约会的小伙子吗?句中的(who, whom) I was going out with为修饰the boy的定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词who / whom在定语从

8、句中用作句尾介词with的宾语，故可以省略。注意：我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中，即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略。另外，当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时，此时也不能省略。如：I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。此句中的关系代词which虽然也是用作宾语，但不能省略，因为它是直接跟在介词with后面作宾语。但是，如果将此句改写一下，将介词with置于句末，则可以将关系代词whom省略。如：I wanted to find som

9、eone (whom) I could discuss books and music with. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。五、主要关系代词的用法1. that的用法that是所有关系代词中最常用的，它既可指人也可指物，既可用作主语也可用作宾语。如：This is the photo (that) I took. 这就是我拍的照片。They live in a house that was built 200 years ago. 他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里。The man that I saw told me to come here. 我见到的人让我到这里来。2. who

10、/ whom的用法关系代词who和whom均只能指人，不能指物；从理论上说，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语；whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语。但在实际运用中，除非是直接用作介词后作宾语，否则凡是用宾格whom的地方。如：I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。She is the girl (who, whom) you saw in school. 她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩。注意，如果关系代词是直接用作介词后作宾语，不可以用who来代替whom。如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin

11、. 我和她谈话的那个姑娘是我表妹。句中的whom直接用在介词to的后面作宾语，故不可省略。3. whose的用法不要以为关系代词whose只用于指人，其实它也可以用于指事物；whose在定语从句中主要用作定语。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的人。It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛，名字我忘了。第一句中的关系代词whose指人，第二句中的关系代词whose 指物。六、主要关系副词的用法1. when的用法关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的

12、先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988, in 2008等，所以此处用in which。Ill never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。Dont

13、 forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。2. where的用法关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表

14、示在住在某城市，英语习惯上说明live in a city，所以此处用in which。This cross marks the spot where she died. 这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句中的where she died为修饰the spot的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于at which。表示在在某一地点，英语习惯上说明at a spot，所以此处用at which。3. why的用法关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。如：These a

15、re the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。Do you know the reason why she doesnt like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 七、限制性和非限制性定语从句根据从句与主句的关系是否紧密来区分，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。所谓限制性定语从句，它的作用是对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句的作用则只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它是可有可无的，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，

16、有无逗号通常是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。从所使用的关系词来看，在限制性定语从句中，that可以代替who, whom和which等，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如：He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。另外，关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句；但关系副词why则只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。

17、Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气八、关系代词还是关系副词一般说来，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，其后要用关系副词when来引导定语从句；先行词是表示地点的名词时，其后要用关系副词where来引导定语从句。但这只是一般情况，有时会有特殊情况：Dont forget the time that Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房

18、子。这两句均含有定语从句，它们所修饰的先行词分别为the time和the house，分别为表示时间和地点的名词，但为什么后面接的是关系代词that，而不是关系副词when和where呢？分析一下上面的两个句子：在Dont forget the time that Ive told you中，定语从句that Ive told you之所以要用that来引导，是因为从句中的动词told缺宾语，tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth，所以定语从句要用关系代词引导。在This is the house that he bought yesterday中，定语从句hat he bought

19、 yesterday之所以也要用that来引导，同时是因为从句中的动词bought缺宾语，所以定语从句也要用关系代词引导。确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词；若不缺，用关系副词。关系代词as的用法1. 用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像的”“凡是的”“一类的人(物)”。如：Hes not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。 He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事

20、半途而废的人。 You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的敬重。2. 用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如：He is late, as is often the case. 他迟到了，这是经常的事。David, as you know, has not been well lately. 大卫最近身体不太好，这你是知道的。高考真题1【2013安徽】29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize

21、 for Literature in 2012, made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.A. it B. that C. what D. which2【2013北京】27. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where3【2013福建】27. The book tells stories of the earthquake th

22、rough the eyes of those _ lives were affected.A. whose B. that C. who D. which4【2013湖南】21. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which5【2013江苏】32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China , he remembers

23、starting as early as his childhood.A. where B. which C. what D. when6【2013江西】33.He wrote a letter _ he explains what had happened in the accident.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. how7【2013辽宁】34. He may win the competition, _ he is likely to get into the national team.A. in which case B. in that case C. in

24、what case D. in whose case8【2013山东】31. There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science. A. asB. that C. when D. where 9【2013山东】35. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. A. whenB. whereC. which D. whom 10【2013陕西】16. is often the case with childr

25、en, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. A. It B. That C. What D. As11【2013四川】9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.A. what B. which C. when D. where12【2013天津】6. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.A. that B. which

26、 C. who D. what13【2013新课标II卷】4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which14【2013新课标I卷】33.”You cant judge a book by its cover,” .A. as the saying goes oldB. goes as the old sayingC. as the old saying goesD. goes as old the saying15【2013浙江】5. The

27、 children, _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A. all of what B. all of which C. all of them D. all of whom16【2013浙江】13. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A. what B. where C. when D. why17【2013

28、重庆】24. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.A them B. that C. which D. whomDDABB CAACD DBCCD BD定语从句专项训练40题1._ have plenty of money will help their friend. A. Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who2.This is the longest train _ I have ever seen. A. which B. that

29、C. what D. whom3._ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.A. Which B. That C. As D. Who 4.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the farm _ you visited last week. A. when, where B. which, which C. when , which D. which , where 5.The radio set _ last week has gone wrong. A.I bought it B. w

30、hich I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought6.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. them C. that D. which7.The day will come _ the people all over the world will win liberation. A. that B. where C. which D. when8.Mr. Herpin is one

31、of the foreign experts who _ in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working9.They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom10.My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. wit

32、h which C. without which D. that11.He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom12.A harvester is a machine _ we harvest crops or a person _ is harvesting. A. which , who B. that , that C. with which , who D./, that13.I have bought the same dress _ s

33、he is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what14.In the police station I saw the man from _ room the thief had stolen the TV set. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose15.This is the very reason we all know. A. why B. that C. for which D. what 16.Please put the letter _ he can easily find it. A. in which

34、B. where C. the place where D. in the place17.The house _ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago. A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which18.Antarctic, _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which19

35、.The reason _ I was away from school is _ I was ill yesterday. A. that, that B. why, why C. why, that D. that, why20.It was a meeting _ importance I didnt realize at that time. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose21. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants. A. where B. there C. that

36、 D. which22.They have decided to stay at home, _ , I think , _ a wise choice. A. which , are B. which , is C. that , are D. that , is23.All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. those B. that C. which D. what24.Did you see the man _ ? A.I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. whom

37、 I nodded to him D. whom I nodded to just now25.I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is26.-How do you like the book? -Its quite different from _ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one what D. the one27.Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire

38、 burn? A. that B./ C. which D. it28. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that 29.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to whom B who C. from whom D. that 30.Willma won three Olympic gold medals in track, _ made her

39、mother very happy. A. it B. that C. which D. this 31.She heard a terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 32. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor. A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose 33.The weather turned out to be very good, _ was

40、more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 34.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 35.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers. A. that B. when C. which D./ 36.

41、I dont like the way you speak to her. A. / B. in that C. which D. of which37. Is there any other reader wants to renew his book? A. who B. whom C. whose D. which38. Id like to buy the same bike you are riding. A. that B. that C. as D. like39. He has two sons, are soldiers. A. both of them B. neither of which C. neither of whom D. both of whom40. Is this book you want to borrow from the library? A. that B. which C. the one D. /答案: 15 ABCCC 610 DDCBC 11-15 CCADB 16-20 BDDCD 21-25 ABBDB 26-30 DADAC 31-35 BDBBB 36-40 AACDC