英语的连读弱读和缩读(精品)

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1、为什么听不懂老外的发音原来英语有连读、弱读和缩读连读(一)什么是连读。在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重。如:notatall这个短语。连读时听起来就像是一个单词。注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中。在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和元音出现,也不可连读。如:Pleasetakealookatit.这个句子中takealookatit是同一个意群,那么take与a可连读,look与at

2、可连读,at与it可连读。在Thereisabookinit.一句中book与in往往不连读,因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。(二)连读的详细情况1.在同一个意群中,相邻的两个词,前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,往往要拼在一起连读。如:He is a student.(is与a要连读)That is a right answer.(That与is,is和a,right和answer都可以连读)Ill be back in half an hour.(back和in,half和an,an与hour都可以连读)。2.在同一个意群中的两个单词,如果前面的单词以r或re结尾,后面的单

3、词以元音音素开头,则r或re要发/r/音,并与其后的元音音素相拼。如:hereandthere连读时往往读作/。hiErEndTZE/。apairofshoes连读时读作/EpZErEvFU:z/.（三）音的组合任何一个单词都是由音素的不同组合而成。英语中，同一音节中两个或两个以上相邻的辅音结合在一起，这种结构叫做辅音群（或辅音连缀、辅音丛）。两个、三个辅音的连缀，在英语中是普遍的。像sixths/siksz/这样四个辅音的连缀却比较少。英语单词里，辅音连缀所出现的位置有一定规律，通常只出现在词首或词尾。值得特别注意的是，辅音群中，辅音之间决不能夹有元音;以不发音的元音结尾的词，朗读时，辅音后

4、面也不能附加元音。请注意以下几个方面:（1）辅音群中的辅音之间不能加上中元音/。这是初学者常出现的错误，如:blue/blu:/读成/blu:/;flood/fld/读成/fld/。这种错误在三个辅音组成的辅音群中更常见。又如:screen/skri:n/读成了/skri:n/。汉语中，声母/p/、/b/、/m/之后都加有元音。学英语时，这种中国式的语音习惯只有通过大量的练习来改变。练习英语发音时，我们可以将第一个辅音遮住，先读/kri:n/，再加/s/，读/skri:n/。（2）在辅音 /r/的辅音群中，像/br/，/r/，/r/，初学者常把卷舌音/r/念成舌边音/l/。如:three/ri

5、:/念成/lui:/。其原因是两个音在连接时舌尖没有及时地离开齿龈，作卷舌的动作。（3）/s/ 3对爆破音，朗读/sp/、/sk/、/st/时，清辅音/p/、/k/、/t/不能念成送气音，而要将它们略微浊化，向/b/、/、/d/*近。而且朗读位于它们之前的/s/时，送气也不能太强。（4）在以/l/ 另外一个辅音的辅音群中，有的学生不会读浊音的/l/，而用/来替代。如:film/film/读成/fim/，world/w:ld/读成/w:d/。其原因是舌尖没有抵住上齿龈，舌后部未用力。还有一种是将舌尖卷曲发成浊音的/l/。这也是不正确的。（5）在一个辅音 /l/的辅音群中，有些同学往往在辅音与/l

6、/之间加上一个中元音/。如apple/pl/读成/pl/。其原因是舌身在发音活动中移动太慢，舌尖没有及时移到上齿龈浊音的/l/的位置。（6）在一个辅音 /n/的辅音群中，有些同学感到困难的是“鼻腔爆破”辅音群/tn/和/dn/。有些人常在/t/、/d/与/n/之间夹中元音/:cotton/ktn/读成/ktn/。这样读的结果是没有实现鼻腔爆破，因为/t/、/d/、是从口腔内与/同时发出的。为了避免这样的发音错误，在/t/与/n/或/d/与/n/连读时，舌尖不要离开齿龈，这样舌身便把气流挡在口腔内，迫使它从鼻腔与/n/一同发出。四.话语的节奏英语的话语如同音乐一样有一定的节奏。话语中的音乐像音乐

7、的小节一样组成节奏群。每个节奏通常都会含有轻读音节与重读音节。在一个英语句子中，名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词常要强读，而介词、冠词、代词等虚词则一般弱读。英语的节奏规律是*重读音节与轻读音节的组合加重复来体现的。英语口语中的节奏基本体现在各个重读音节（用“”来表示）之间，其时距大体相同。英语是一种以重音计时的语言，各个重音与它跟随的若干轻读音节（用“”表示）构成一个节奏群，有时一个节奏群是一个空拍（“”表示）开始的（空拍在英语中也叫做“silentstress”）。节奏群用“/”来标识。我们用大致相同的时间来朗读每个节奏群。因此，为了真正取得节奏效果，碰到轻音少的节奏时，我们就可以念慢些，轻

8、音较多的节奏群则必须念快一些。例如:daylight/flashlight.One/Two/Three/Four，/lets/go/lets/go.Petersyoungersister/leftthebagathome.Thisisthe/furniture.两个重音之间的轻读音节越多，我们在每个轻读音节上花的时间便越少。有时一个节奏群是以空拍开始，后面紧跟着几个轻音节，这样的节奏群常见句首或句子中需要停顿的地方。例如:Heisa/student./Yes/Peter，/hewasat/home.五.弱读单词在句中可以强读，也可以弱读，主要取决于上下文所表达的意思。有些英语单词本身具有两种或

9、两种以上不同发音。以单词some为例，该词在重读或单独出现时，其元音的发音与单词sum完全一样。但是，当some在句子中作为非重读单词时，其元音就显得短而模糊。弱读音节中最常见的音是中元音/。一个单词在强读或弱读具有不同（两种或两种以上）发音时，这些不同的形式就叫词的强读式或弱读式。英语单词中有强读式和弱读式的单词大约有50多个，而且他们多出现在句子的非重读音节里。从词性上看，它们大多为单音节的限定词、助动词、动词be、介词、关联词和人称代词等。例如:some/sm/sm/sm/，have/hv/hv/v/;were/w:/w/，must/mst/mst，ms/mst，ms/;do/du:/d

10、/du/d/，and/nd/nd，n/n/;of/v/v/v/，them/m/m/m/;we/wi:/wi/等。六.音的连读在英语的实际运用中，人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起，一口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙，这种读法叫“连读”（用“（”来表示）。英语有三种连读形式:（1）辅音（除了/r/、/w/和/j/）元音:单词末尾的辅音同下一个以元音开头的单词连读。例如:readi（t/ri:dit/，brushu（p/brp/。在朗读这种连读时，可以采用这样的技巧:把前面词的末尾辅音移到后一个词的开头来读。如:puti（to（n可读成/pu-ti-tn/。（2）元音元音:前一个词的末尾元音和后

11、一个词的起首元音连在一起读出，使它们中间不出现停顿。如:doit/du-it/，heatesome/hietsm/，轻轻地滑到下一个元音上。（3）/r/ 元音:这一类连读分为词末连接音/r/和外加音/r/与元音的连读。a）单词末尾或音节末尾的r在英式英语中是不发音的。但是，在连贯话语里，如果这个单词后面紧跟着一个以元音开头的词，而且两个词在意义上密切相关且中间无停顿隔开时，就可能是原来不发音的字母r读为/r/，并同后一个单词的元音字首相连。例如:thereis/riz/，forever/f:rev/。b）为了避免让两个意义相关的比邻词的末首元音分立而读，我们通常在前一个词的结尾元音和后面单词的

12、起首元音之间加上/r/音，这就是外加音/r/。如:ideaofit/aidirvit/，thesofaoverthere/sufruv-/。七.语调我们说话时可以随意改变音高，使音调上升或下降。我们还可以像歌唱家那样突然抬高话语的音调。音调的这种上扬或下降叫语调。英语有两种基本的语调:升调和降调（分别用符号“.”、“”表示）。升降的过程可以是急促的，也可以是缓慢的，还可以形成不同的组合。说话人可以通过语调准确地表达各种信息。（1）升调:升调多用来表示“不肯定”和“未完结”的意思，比如一般疑问句，语气婉转的祈使句，以及用陈述句子形式表示疑问的各类句子。如:a）ShallItellhimtocom

13、eandsee.you?（一般疑问句的正常语调）b）You.like.him?（用于陈述句形式的疑问句中，期待得到对方证实）c）.Whathaveyougotthere?（用于特殊疑问句中，语气亲切热情）d）.Rightyou.are.（用于某些感叹句中，表示轻快、活泼、鼓励等意义）e）Shebought.red，.yellow，and.greenrugs.（用于排例句中，区别语义）（2）降调:降调表示“肯定”和“完结”。一般用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、命令句和感叹句中。例如:a）Swimmingismyfavouritesport.（用于陈述句表示肯定的意义）b）Whatdidyoufindth

14、ere?（降调用于特殊疑问句表示说话人浓厚的兴趣）c）Tellmeallaboutit.（语气较强的命令）d）Haveyougotthetickets?（降调用于一般疑问句表示说话人的态度粗率、不耐烦或不高兴）e）Hownice!（用于感叹句，表示感叹）英语中除了升调、降调这两种最基本的语调外，还有降升调、升降调、升降升调、平调等。我们掌握了基本的降升调后，可以查阅参考书，再增加这方面的知识连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。(连读符号：)(1)“辅音+元音”型连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中

15、的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。ImanEnglish boy.Itisanold book.Let me havea lookatit.Ms Black worked inanoffice lastyesterday.I calledyou halfanhourago.Putiton, please.Notatall.Please pickitup.(2)“r/re+元音”型连读如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。Theyre my fatherand mother

16、.I looked forit hereand there.Thereis a football underit.Thereare some books on the desk.Hereis a letter for you.Hereare foureggs.But whereis my cup?Whereare your brotherand sister?但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与and不可连读）(3)“辅音+半元音”型连读英语语音中的/

17、j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。Thankyou.Nice to meetyou.Didyou get there lateagain?Wouldyou likea cupof tea？Couldyou help me, please?“音的同化”常把/d/+/j/读成/dV/，did you听上成了/dIdVu/，would you成了/wudVu/，could you成了/kudVu/。(4)“元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。Iam Chinese.H

18、eis very friendly to me.She wants to studyEnglish.Howand why did you come here?She cant carryit.Itll take you threehours to walk there.The question is tooeasy for him to answer.(5)当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。Isit ahat or a cat?（hat与or之间不可以连读）Thereisa good book in my desk. （book与in之

19、间不可以连读）Can you speakEnglish or French? （English与or之间不可以连读）Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet与 at，eight与or之间不可以连读）She opened the door and walkedin. （door与and之间不可以连读）失去爆破6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。(1)“爆破音+爆破音”型6个爆破音【t、d、k、g、p、b】中的

20、任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.Were going to wo

21、rk on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?Its a very col(d) day, but its a goo(d) day.You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.I bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book.(2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。6个爆破

22、音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。(1)“爆破音+爆破音”型6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.Wha(t) time does he get up every morni

23、ng?This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.Were going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?Its a very col(d) day, but its a goo(d) day.You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.I bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d

24、) book.(2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.Goo(d) morning, dear.Uncle Lis fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don(t) know.The forty-fir

25、s(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult.Goo(d) luck, Lin Tao.爆破音+m/n，爆破音也会失爆！/p/， /t/， /k/开头的音节发 /b/， /d/， /g/在背诵新东方80篇，总结出来的一点东西：1. 音标中无重读音节的，要轻轻的读，不要读出有高低调的声音！不要老爱把音节读成渐高调，感觉有点歇斯底里，很难听的！2. 重音且长音要尽量拖长，发音要饱满，但是i:除外，这个音节只需轻轻带过！ee、啊：、呃：读起来让人听着这个音节很明显。3. 短音的i有时候不发音，只起到一个连接的作用；传说中的100句英语可以帮你背7000单词1.Typicaloft

26、hegrasslanddwellersofthecontinentistheAmericanantelope,orpronghorn.1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2.OfthemillionswhosawHaleyscometin1986,howmanypeoplewilllivelongenoughtoseeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury.2.1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3.Anthropologistshavediscoveredthatfear,happiness,sadn

27、ess,andsurpriseareuniversallyreflectedinfacialexpressions.3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4.Becauseofitsirritatingeffectonhumans,theuseofphenolasageneralantiseptichasbeenlargelydiscontinued.4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。5.Ingrouptoremaininexistence,aprofit-makingorganizationmust,inthelo

28、ngrun,producesomethingconsumersconsiderusefulordesirable.5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。6.Thegreaterthepopulationthereisinalocality,thegreatertheneedthereisforwater,transportation,anddisposalofrefuse.6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。7.Itismoredifficulttowritesimply,directly,andeffectivelythantoemplo

29、yflowerybutvagueexpressionsthatonlyobscureonesmeaning.7.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。8.Withmodernofficesbecomingmoremechanized,designersareattemptingtopersonalizethemwithwarmer,lesssevereinteriors.8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。9.Thedifferencebetweenlibelandslanderisthatlibelisprinted

30、whileslanderisspoken.9.诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。10.Thekneeisthejointswherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.10.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。11.Acidsarechemicalcompoundsthat,inwatersolution,haveasharptaste,acorrosiveactiononmetals,andtheabilitytoturncertainbluevegetabledyesred.11.酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属

31、的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。12.BillieHolidaysreputationasagreatjazz-bluessingerrestsonherabilitytogiveemotionaldepthtohersongs.12.BillieHolidays作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。13.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationofwhatisconceivedtobereality.13.理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。14.Longbefore

32、childrenareabletospeakorunderstandalanguage,theycommunicatethroughfacialexpressionsandbymakingnoises.14.儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。15.Thankstomodernirrigation,cropsnowgrowabundantlyinareaswhereoncenothingbutcactiandsagebrushcouldlive.15.受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。16.Thedev

33、elopmentofmechanicaltimepiecesspurredthesearchformoreaccuratesundialswithwhichtoregulatethem.16.机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。17.Anthropologyisascienceinthatanthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodo*英语易网*entobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.17.人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，

34、而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。18.Fungiareimportantintheprocessofdecay,whichreturnsingredientstothesoil,enhancessoilfertility,anddecomposesanimaldebris.18.真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。19.Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.19.音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，

35、其音量经久不衰。20.AlthoughpecansaremostplentifulinthesoutheasternpartoftheUnitedStates,theyarefoundasfarnorthasOhioandIllinois.20.虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.21.用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。22. The chief foods

36、eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.22.一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.23.在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。24. Most substance c

37、ontract when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid.24.大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.25.大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculp

38、tors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.26.到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.27.伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first wo

39、man medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.28. Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf tha

40、n as the inventor of the telephone.29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.30.采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of

41、 elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.31.骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.32.科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to pred

42、ict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.33.对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.34.消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。35. Futurism, an

43、early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.35.未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is

44、abundant and largely protected.36. Everglades是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(法律)保护。37. Lucretia Motts influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.37. Lucretia Motts的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。38. The activities

45、of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.38.国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into t

46、he Pacific.39.大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.40.对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。41. The annual worth of Utahs manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farm

47、ing combined.41.尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.42.墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main fo

48、cus of social psychology.43.社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.44.给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。45. Quails typically have short rounded

49、wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.45.典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brow

50、s.46.根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.47.直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.48. Jo

51、hn Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.49.父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but

52、 hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.50.北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of inFORMation on a single map.51.使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of do

53、ctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.52.无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile p

54、roduction.53.恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.54.使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the v

55、ery first pictures ever made.55.优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.56.相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose

56、 territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.57.十八世纪时，小乌龟是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.58.在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。59. Before sta

57、ring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.59.谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been t

58、he least studied.60.在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.61.购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展，原因很简单，因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage

59、 have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.62.电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.63.人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。64. The pigme

60、ntation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.64.珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度，温度和含盐度的制约。65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonethel

61、ess be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.65.尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.66.鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活，还可以在岸上短距离移动。67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.67.科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论