美国文学选读03

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1、2021/8/61The Voice of American Women:An Overview of American Women Writers 2021/8/62Hannah Adams(1755 1831)Anne C.Lynch Botta(1815 1891)Julia A.Dyson(1818 1852)Elizabeth M.Chandler(1807 1834)Elizabeth F.Ellet(1818 1877)Emily B.N.Haven(1827 1863)Caroline Hentz(1800 1856)Margaret M.Davidson(1787 1844)

2、The Voice of American Women2021/8/63Harriet Beecher Stowe“Eliza made her desperate retrest across the river just in the dusk of twilight.The gray mist of evening,rising slowly from the river,enveloped her as she disappeared up the bank,and the swollen current and floundering masses of ice presented

3、a hopeless barrier between her and her pursuer.”(from Uncle Toms Cabin)汤姆大叔的小屋2021/8/64Edith Wharton2021/8/65Sarah Winnemucca 2021/8/66Kate Chopin 2021/8/67American Women Writers For 19th-century women,writing for publication was intruding into the hitherto masculine world of letters.Many women writ

4、ers remained outside or on the margins of the literary marketplace,especially during their lifetimes.Many wrote under pseudonyms笔名 or anonymously.But others became prominent writers in mid-19th-century America.The voices of women in American literary history before 1920(a date generally marking the

5、beginning of the modern period)reflect visions and styles as diverse as their experiences.2021/8/68American Women WriterswMany writers were phenomenally successful in their day,subsequently fading from public memory and inadequately represented in library collections.wTheir works are in the process

6、of being rediscovered and reevaluated.2021/8/69Important American Women WritersAnne Bradstreet(1612-1672)Margaret Fuller(1810-1850)Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)Kate Chopin(1851-1904)Mary E.Wilkins Freeman(1852-1930)Charlotte Perkins Gilman(1860-1935)Edith Wharton(1862-19

7、37)Toni Morrison(1931-)获获Nobel Prize黑人作家黑人作家Joyce Carol Oates(1938-)2021/8/610Anne Bradstreet（教科书没有写)Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672),born Anne Dudley in Northampton,England.Anne Bradstreet is one of the most important figures in the history of American Literature.She is considered by many to be the first

8、 American poet,and her first collection of poems,“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America,By a Gentlewoman of Those Parts”,doesnt contain any of her best known poems,it was the first book written by a woman to be published in the United States.第一个在美国出版书的女性Mrs.Bradstreets work also serves as a doc

9、ument of the struggles of a Puritan wife against the hardships of New England colonial life,and in some way is a testament to plight of the women of the age.Annes life was a constant struggle,from her difficult adaptation to the rigors of the new land,to her constant battle with illness.(1612-1672)2

10、021/8/611Anne BradstreetwAnne Bradstreets The Tenth Muse,published in 1650;wMeditation May 13,1657 is a conversion that Bradstreet implements to symbolize the return to her health correlated with her souls redemption.wHere Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House July 18th,1666 is a lament,

11、a“farewell”to what is already lost,her material goods and texts,that“store I counted best.”The poem is also concerned with her persistent attention to the transient qualities of human existence.2021/8/612Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our HouseJuly 18th,1666Copied Out of a Loose PaperI

12、n silent night when rest I took,For sorrow near I did not look,I wakened was with thundring noiseAnd piteous shrieks of dreadful voice.That fearful sound of“Fire!”and“Fire!”5Let no man know is my desire.I,starting up,the light did spy,And to my God my heart did cryTo strengthen me in my distressAnd

13、not to leave me succorless.10 2021/8/613Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our HouseJuly 18th,1666Copied Out of a Loose PaperThen,coming out,beheld a spaceThe flame consume my dwelling place.And when I could no longer look,I blest His name that gave and took,That laid my goods now in the d

14、ust.15Yea,so it was,and so twas just.It was His own;it was not mine.Far be it that I should repine,He might of all justly bereftBut yet sufficient for us left.202021/8/614Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our HouseJuly 18th,1666Copied Out of a Loose PaperWhen by the ruins oft I pastMy sor

15、rowing eyes aside did castAnd here and there the places spyWhere oft I sat and long did lie.Here stood that trunk,and there that chest,25There lay that store I counted best,My pleasant things in ashes lie,And them behold no more shall I.Under the roof no guest shall sit,Nor at thy Table eat a bit.30

16、2021/8/615Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our HouseJuly 18th,1666Copied Out of a Loose PaperNo pleasant talk shall ere be told,Nor things recounted done of old.No Candle ere shall shine in thee,Nor bridegrooms voice ere heard shall be.In silence ever shall thou lie,35Adieu,Adieu,alls va

17、nity.Then straight I gin my heart to chide:And did thy wealth on earth abide?Didst fix thy hope on moldring dust?The arm of flesh didst make thy trust?402021/8/616Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our HouseJuly 18th,1666Copied Out of a Loose PaperRaise up thy thoughts above the skyThat du

18、nghill mists away may fly.Thou hast a house on high erect,Framed by that mighty Architect,With glory richly furnished,45Stands permanent though this be fled.Its purchased and paid for tooBy Him who hath enough to do.A price so vast as is unknownYet by His gift is made thine own;50Theres wealth enoug

19、h,I need no more.Farewell,my pelf,farewell my store.The world no longer let me love,My hope and treasure lies above.2021/8/617Here follows some verses upon the burning of our house,July 10th,1666.2021/8/618Meditation May 13,1657As spring the winter doth succeed And leaves the naked trees do dress,Th

20、e earth all black is clothed in green.At sunshine each their joy express.My suns returned with healing wings,5My soul and body doth rejoice,My heart exults and praises sings To Him that heard my wailing voice.My winters past,my storms are gone,And former clouds seem now all fled,102021/8/619Meditati

21、on May 13,1657But if they must eclipse again,Ill run where I was succored.I have a shelter from the storm,A shadow from the fainting heat,I have access unto His throne,15 Who is a God so wondrous great.O hath Thou made my pilgrimage Thus pleasant,fair,and good,Blessed me in youth and elder age,My Ba

22、ca*made a springing flood.20*Baca,in the Bible,allegorical name of a valley.The English expression“vale(or valley)of tears”may be a translation of this,through the Vulgate.2021/8/620Meditation May 13,1657O studious am what I shall do To show my duty with delight;All I can give is but Thine own And a

23、t the most a simple mite.2021/8/621Anne Bradstreet It is clear to see that Annes faith was exemplary示范的,and so was her love for children and her husband,Governor Simon Bradstreet.Annes poems were written mainly during the long periods of loneliness while Simon was away on political errands.Anne,who

24、was a well educated woman,also spent much time with her children,reading to them and teaching them as her father had taught her when she was young.While it is rather easy for us to view Puritan ideology in a bad light because of its attitude towards women and strict moral code,her indifference to ma

25、terial wealth,her humility and her spirituality,regardless of religion,made her into a positive,inspirational鼓舞的 role model for any of us.2021/8/622Anne Bradstreet Another one of Annes most important qualities was her strong intuition直觉,although only subtly hinted at in her work,probably for fear of

26、 reprisal from the deeply religious Puritan community,one cannot help but feel her constant fascination with the human mind,and spirit,and inner guidance.Her style is deceptively simple,yet speaks of a woman of high intelligence and ideals who was very much in love,and had unconditional faith.While

27、it was difficult for women to air their views in the 17th Century,Anne Bradstreet did so with ease,as her rich vocabulary and knowledge brought a lyrical,yet logical quality to her work which made it pleasant for anyone to read.2021/8/623Emily Dickinson wAlthough Emily Dickinson is one of the greate

28、st of American poets,she was all but unpublished until four years after her death,and her poems did not find a reliable editor until Thomas H.Johnson,whose Poems of Emily Dickinson was published in 1955.wThe handiest edition of the poems is probably Johnsons one-volume Complete Poems of Emily Dickin

29、son.Little.Brown,1960.(1830-1886)2021/8/624Life StoryDickinson was born on Dec.10,1830,in Amherst,Mass.,the eldest daughter of Edward Dickinson,a successful lawyer,member of Congress,and for many years treasurer财务 of Amherst College,and of Emily Norcross Dickinson,a submissive谦逊的,顺从的,timid woman.202

30、1/8/625Life StorywOne of the finest lyric poets in the English language,the American poet Emily Dickinson was a keen observer of nature and a wise interpreter of human passion.wHer family and friends published most of her work posthumously死后.2021/8/626Historical BackgroundwAmerican poetry in the 19t

31、h century was rich and varied,ranging from the symbolic fantasies of Edgar Allan Poe through the moralistic quatrains of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to the revolutionary free verse of Walt Whitman.wIn the privacy of her study Emily Dickinson developed her own forms and pursued her own visions,oblivio

32、us of literary fashions and unconcerned with the changing national literature.w受谁影响-If she was influenced at all by other writers,they were John Keats,Ralph Waldo Emerson,Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning,Isaac Watts(his hymns),and the biblical prophets(圣经).2021/8/627Early EducationwAmherst in t

33、he 1840s was a sleepy village in the lush Connecticut Valley,dominated by the Church and the college.wDickinson was reared in Trinitarian Congregationalism,but she never joined the Church and probably chafed at the austerity of the town.wConcerts were rare;card games,dancing,and theater were unheard

34、 of.For relaxation she walked the hills with her dog,visited friends,and read.wBut it is also obvious that Puritan New England bred in her a sharp eye for local color,a love of introspection and self-analysis,and a fortitude that sustained her through years of intense loneliness.2021/8/628Early Educ

35、ationwDickinson graduated from Amherst Academy in 1847.wThe following year(the longest time she was ever to spend away from home)she attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary at South Hadley,but because of her fragile health she did not return.wAt the age of 17 she settled into the Dickinson home and t

36、urned herself into a competent housekeeper and a more than ordinary observer of Amherst life.2021/8/629Early WorkwIt is not known when Dickinson began to write poetry or what happened to the poems of her early youth.w Only five poems can be dated prior to 1858,the year in which she began gathering h

37、er work into hand-written fair copies bound loosely with looped thread to make small packets.wShe sent these five early poems to friends in letters or as valentines,and one of them was published anonymously without her permission in the Springfield Republican(Feb.20,1852).wAfter 1858 she apparently

38、convinced herself she had a genuine talent,for now the packets were carefully stored in an ebony黑檀 box,awaiting inspection by future readers or even by a publisher.2021/8/630Early WorkwPublication,however,was not easily arranged.After Dickinson besieged her friend Samuel Bowles,editor of the Republi

39、can,with poems and letters for 4 years,he published two poems,both anonymously:I taste a liquor never brewed(May 4,1861)and Safe in their Alabaster Chambers(March 1,1862).w wAnd the first of these was edited,probably by Bowles,to regularize(and thus,flatten)the rhymes and the punctuation.wDickinson

40、began the poem:I taste a liquor never brewed-/From Tankards scooped in Pearl-/Not all the Frankfort Berries/Yield such an Alcohol.But Bowles printed:I taste a liquor never brewed,/From tankards scooped in pearl;/Not Frankfort berries yield the sense/Such a delicious whirl.She used no title;Bowles ti

41、tled it The May-Wine.(Only seven poems were published during her lifetime,and all had been altered by editors.)2021/8/631Friendship with T.W.HigginsonwIn 1862 Dickinson turned to the literary critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson for advice about her poems.wShe had known him only through his essays in t

42、he Atlantic Monthly,but in time he became,in her words,her preceptor and eventually her safest friend.“w She began her first letter to him by asking,Are you too deeply occupied to say if my verse is alive?Six years later she was bold enough to say,You were not aware that you saved my life.wThey did

43、not meet until 1870,at her urging,surprisingly,and only once more after that.Higginson told his wife,after the first meeting,I was never with anyone who drained my nerve power so much.Without touching her she drew from me.I am glad not to live near her.2021/8/632Friendship with T.W.HigginsonWhat Dic

44、kinson was seeking was assurance as well as advice,and Higginson apparently gave it without knowing it,through a correspondence that lasted the rest of her life.He advised against publishing,but he also kept her abreast of the literary world(indeed,of the outside world,since as early as 1868,she was

45、 writing him,I do not cross my fathers ground to any house or town).He helped her not at all with what mattered most to her-establishing her own private poetic method-but he was a friendly ear and a congenial mentor during the most troubled years of her life.Out of her inner turmoil came rare lyrics

46、 in a form that Higginson never really understood-if he had,he would not have tried to edit them,either in the 1860s or after her death.Dickinson could not take his surgery,as she called it,but she took his friendship willingly.2021/8/633Years of Emotional CrisiswBetween 1858 and 1866 Dickinson wrot

47、e more than 1100 poems,full of aphorisms格言警句,paradoxes,off rhymes,and eccentric古怪的,反常的 grammar.wFew are more than 16 lines long,composed in meters based on English hymnology.The major subjects are love and separation,death,nature,and God-but especially love.wWhen she writes My life closed twice befo

48、re its close,one can only guess who her real or fancied lovers might have been.Higginson was not one of them.wIt is more than likely that her first dear friend was Benjamin Newton,a young man too poor to marry,who had worked for a few years in her fathers law office.He left Amherst for Worcester and

49、 died there in 1853.2021/8/634Years of Emotional CrisiswDuring a visit to Philadelphia a year later Dickinson met the Reverend Charles Wadsworth.Sixteen years her senior,a brilliant preacher,already married,he was hardly more than a mental image of a lover.wThere is no doubt she made him this,but no

50、thing more.He visited her once in 1860.When he moved to San Francisco in May 1862,she was in despair.w Only a month before,Samuel Bowles had sailed for Europe to recover his health.Little wonder that in her first letter to Higginson she said,I had a terror.-and so I sing as the Boy does by the Buryi

51、ng Ground-because I am afraid.wShe needed love,but she had to indulge this need through her poems,perhaps because she felt she could cope with it no other way.2021/8/635Years of Emotional CrisiswWhen Bowles returned to Amherst in November,Dickinson was so overwhelmed she remained in her bedroom and

52、sent a note down,.That you return to us alive is better than a summer,and more to hear your voice below than news of any bird.“w By the time Wadsworth returned from California in 1870 and resettled in Philadelphia,the crisis was over.His second visit,in 1880,was anticlimax.Higginson had not saved he

53、r life;her life was never in danger.w What had been in danger was her emotional equilibrium and her control over a talent that was so intense it longed for the eruptions that might have destroyed it.2021/8/636Last YearswIn the last 2 decades of her life Dickinson wrote fewer than 50 poems a year,per

54、haps because of continuing eye trouble,more probably because she had to take increasing responsibility in running the household.wHer father died in 1874,and a year later her mother suffered a paralyzing stroke that left her an invalid until her death.There was little time for poetry,not even for ser

55、ious consideration of marriage(if it was actually proffered)with a widower and old family friend,Judge Otis Lord.w Their love was genuine,but once again the timing was wrong.It was too late to recast her life completely.Her mother died in 1882,Judge Lord 2 years later.wDickinsons health failed notic

56、eably after a nervous collapse in 1884,and on May 15,1886,she died of nephritis肾炎.2021/8/637Works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Cant Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz When I died(4)Mine by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights Wild Nights2021/8/638Because I could not

57、stop for DeathBecause I could not stop for Death-He kindly stopped for meThe Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality.We slowly drovehe knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For his Civility礼貌,殷勤We passed the School,where Children stroveAt Recessin the RingWe passed the f

58、ields of Gazing GrainWe passed the Setting Sun2021/8/639Because I could not stop for DeathOr rather he passed UsThe Dews drew quivering and chillFor only Gossamer,my GownMy Tipperonly TulleWe paused before a House that seemedA Swelling of the Ground坟墓The Roof was scarcely visibleThe Cornicein the Gr

59、oundSince thentis Centuriesand yetFells shorter than the DayI first surmised the Horses HeadsWere toward Eternity 2021/8/640I heard a Fly苍蝇苍蝇 buzzwhere I diedI heard a Fly buzzwhere I diedThe stillness in the Room Was like the Stillness in the AirBetween the Heaves of StormThe Eyes around had wrung

60、them dryAnd breaths were gathering firmFor that last Onsetwhen the KingBe witnessed in the Room2021/8/641I heard a Fly buzzwhere I diedI willed my Keepsakessigned awayWhat portion of me beAssignableand then it was There interposed a FlyWith Blueuncertain stumbling BuzzBetween the light and meAnd the

61、n the Windows failed and thenI could not see to see2021/8/642themes(1)religion doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility2021/8/643style(1)p

62、oems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness,brevity(4)musical device to create cadence(rhythm)(5)capital letters emphasis(6)short poems,mainly two stanzas段(7)rhetoric techniques:personification make some of abstract ideas vivid2021/8/644Whitman vs.Dickinson 1.Similarities:(1)Them

63、atically,they both extolled,in their different ways,an emergent America,its expansion颂扬,its individualism and its Americanness美国性,their poetry being part of“American Renaissance”.(2)Technically,they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the i

64、ambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before:they were pioneers in American poetry.2021/8/645Whitman vs.Dickinson2.Differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large;Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitman is“national”in his outlook,Di

65、ckinson is“regional”.(3)Dickinson has the“catalogue technique”(direct,simple style)which Whitman doesnt have.2021/8/646狄金森vs.李清照 在美国文学史中，很少有人能像艾米莉狄金森（Emily Dickinson，18301886）那样富有深邃、真挚和传奇的色彩，这些特点不仅体现在她的诗歌和思想方面，而且也包含在她本人的生活经历和感情世界里。对大多数人来讲，艾米莉一直是一个难解的迷，除了朋友在未经她同意的情况下，把她的7首诗作拿去发表之外，艾米莉生前几乎没有在美国文坛上留下任何

66、痕迹。人们是在艾米莉去逝几十年后才开始逐步认识她的，她是那种生不逢时而身后名显的天才，有些像荷兰画家凡高。所不同是，凡高生前贫困潦倒以致精神崩溃。而艾米莉本人则生活在一个中产阶级家庭，过着衣食无忧安逸闲在的生活，潜心读书写作，淡泊世间功利，与世隔绝生活在一个封闭狭小的空间里，筑造自己丰富而深邃的精神巢穴，终日里“守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑。”（李清照）2021/8/647Charlotte Perkins GilmanwThe glory of our race is its power of communication.We share our strength and knowledge and rise as one;we share our failure and weakness and help each other bear it.wCharlotte Perkins Gilman,Our Place Today,18912021/8/648Charlotte Perkins GilmanCharlotte Perkins Gilman(1860-1935)was born