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1、英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homers Iliad and Odyssey Artistic features: 1

2、. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical w

3、ay for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 声誉之宫Medieval Ag

4、es popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight BeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of ar

5、t, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation

6、and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth

7、) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. 牧人日历 The theme is t

8、o lament over the loss of Rosalind. 爱情小唱n2. Thomasl More托马斯莫尔14781535 One of the greatest English humanists乌托邦n3. Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting

9、 style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.学术的推进随笔(famous quotas: )nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4.Ben Jonson狐狸5. Christo

10、pherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595 “University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） 帖木耳大帝n 马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616lHistorical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour C

11、omedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century 1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674

12、（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics:失乐园n复乐园Dramatic poem:力士参孙 论出版自由n为英国人民声辩 我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2. John Bunyan约

13、翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:天路历程n3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument

14、with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段论 Meditations 沉思录The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:IV The 18th Century A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restraine

15、d emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English n

16、ovel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1. Alexanderl Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.批评论n Artistic features: 1.Using “hero

17、ic couplets” 卷发遇劫记 道德论人论n愚人记2. Samuell Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊17091784 Dictionary =英语大词典n3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） 格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议n 书战 木桶的故事n 一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731（小说家，

18、新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth

19、 into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. 5. Henry Fieldin

20、g亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁大诗人江奈生威尔德爱米利亚n plays:一七三六年历史记事堂吉柯德在英国n6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774 poem

21、s:旅游人荒村 novel:威克菲尔德牧师传n7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816 情敌n 造谣学校8. William Blake威廉布莱克17571827 天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. 经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and puri

22、ty Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence 天堂与地狱的婚姻n9. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 约翰安德生，我的爱人 一朵红红的玫瑰n 往昔时光 不管那一套n 我的心在那高原上 V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wo

23、rdsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, po

24、etry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordswort

25、h威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in sol

26、itude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solita

27、ry Reaper孤独的割麦女 序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834 The Lake Poets 古舟子颂 柯里斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory 半夜冰霜 忧郁颂 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷

28、，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. 唐璜恰尔德哈罗德尔游记该隐 当初我们俩分别 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression

29、麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛钦契一家诗辩无神论的必要性 Lyrics: 西风颂 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the s

30、pring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contai

31、ns five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )致云雀 5. Joh

32、nl Keats约翰济慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂心灵颂 忧郁颂 秋颂n Theme: The theme of John Keats poem, To Autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.

33、Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the ch

34、ange of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. 理智与感情 傲慢与偏见(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of m

35、arriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters曼斯菲尔德庄园爱玛诺桑觉寺劝导7. Walterl Scott沃尔特斯科特17711832 (历史小说之父”)Fat

36、her of history novels 罗伯罗伊 艾凡赫VI The Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯18121870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer 匹克威克外传 奥利

37、弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿） 老古玩店 圣诞颂歌 董贝父子大卫科波菲尔 荒凉山庄艰难时世 双城记(London & Paris) 远大前程 我们共同的朋友 2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷18111863 or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan) 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855 简爱Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity scho

38、ol. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introduction to

39、the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. 雪莉 教师 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特18181854 呼啸山庄A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnsh

40、aw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella 5. George Eliot乔治艾略特18191880l 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 亚当比德 织工马南米德尔马契 6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德丁尼生18091892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） 悼念 To memorialize his friend 冲击、冲击、冲击 国

41、王叙事诗7. Robertl Browning罗伯特白朗宁18121889 我已故的公爵夫人 海外乡思Elizabeth Barrett Browing: 葡萄牙十四行诗8. Robert Louis Stevenson 金银岛 9. Thomasl Hardy托马斯哈代18401928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels 德伯家的苔丝Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 无名的裘德 绿荫下远

42、离尘嚣 卡斯特桥市长还乡PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国VII 19001950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德18561900（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Arts Sake） 4 Comedies:认真的重要 温德米尔夫人的扇子一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫 Novel:多利安格雷的画像 Fairy Stori

43、es:快乐王子故事集2. George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧18561950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist Plays Plays Unpleasant 华伦夫人的职业鳏夫的房产 Plays Pleasant 武器与人左右命运的人Plays 人与超人匹格玛利翁苹果车圣女贞德Novelists (Realists)1. Joseph Concrad吉姆爷黑暗的心1.Why the books title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart o

44、f Africa, and the color of peoples skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilizedMiddle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as th

45、e Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, relig

46、ion.Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans

47、mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.CommentThe book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to pre

48、vent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once one of the darker places of the earth before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primev

49、al savage tendencies which lurk in the background.This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.4.Character【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intr

50、insic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative StructureIn Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Mar

51、low tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtzs story.2. William Somerset Maugham人性的枷锁3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)印度之行霍华兹别墅Modernists